Theotocopuli, Domenico (El Greco) - Spanish artist. Born in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; died at Toledo, 7 April, 1614. Titian - Biography of the artist, with bibliography. Teniers, David - The name of two eminent Flemish landscape painters; the elder, born at Antwerp in 1582; died there in 1649; the younger; born at Antwerp in 1610; died at Brussels in 1694. Thalberg, Sigismond - Life, musical highlights, comparisons with Liszt, and comments on his better and worse works. Tallis, Thomas - Focusing especially on his contributions to Catholic liturgics and hymnody, even after the English Reformation. Taverner, John - English composer. (1475-1535) Tartini, Giuseppe - Provides biography and background on his becoming a musician against his parents' wishes. Includes noted works and evaluation of his technical and theoretical brilliance. Tasso, Torquato - Italian poet. (1544-1595) Thompson, Right Honourable Sir John Sparrow David - Jurist and first Catholic Premier of Canada. (1844-1894) Tamaulipas - Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of Linares. Templars, The Knights - The earliest founders of the military orders. Titus - Biography of the first-century Roman Emperor. Trajan - Emperor of Rome (A.D. 98-117), b. at Italica Spain, 18 September, 53; d. 7 August, 117. Tiberius - Brief biography of the second Roman emperor. Thirty Years War - Though pre-eminently a German war, was also of great importance for the history of the whole of Europe. Telesio, Bernardino - Short article on the life and teachings of this 16th-century scholar, by William Turner. Theodore of Gaza - A fifteenth-century Greek Humanist and translator of Aristotle. Trithemius, John - Scholar and Benedictine abbot. (1462-1516) Taoism - Religion derived from the philosophical doctrines of Lao-tze. Temptation of Christ - Christ endured temptation only from without, inasmuch as His human nature was free from all concupiscence. Trasilla and Emiliana, Saints - Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century. Thomas Becket, Saint - Biography of this martyr, also known as St. Thomas of Canterbury, where he was archbishop and where he was murdered in 1170. Theobald, Saint - Hermit, joined the Camaldolese late in life, died in 1066. Thomas the Apostle, Saint - Article on Thomas in Scripture and in legend. Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha, Saints - Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November. Ternan, Saint - Brief biography of this sixth-century bishop of the Picts. Timothy and Symphorian, Saints - Martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August. Tigris, Saint - Sister of St. Patrick. Thais, Saint - A penitent in Egypt in the fourth century. Tewdrig, Saint - Brief introduction to the Welsh martyr. Tarsicius, Saint - Was carrying the Blessed Sacrament on his person, and refused to surrender it when beset by a pagan mob. Martyr of the third or early fourth century. Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus, Saints - Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution. (c. 304) Telesphorus, Pope Saint - Martyr, died c. 136. Trudo, Saint - Late seventh century priest and monastic founder. Thecla, Saint - Short biography of the eighth-century Benedictine abbess of Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt. Theodore of Studium, Saint - Biography of this monk, priest, and abbot. He was a champion of the independence of the Church, and of the veneration of icons. St. Theodore died in 826. Theodotus of Ancyra, Saint - Patron of innkeepers. Trumwin, Saint - Seventh-century missionary bishop among the Picts. Thecla, Saints - The most famous of several saints named Thecla is Thecla of Iconium. Other saints of this name include a martyr from Gaza, an African martyr, one or two Roman martyrs, one who is purely legendary (Boniface and Thecla), and one St. Thecla of whom almost nothing is known. Teilo, Saint - Archbishop of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at Llandilo Vawr, Carmarthenshire, probably in or before 560. Trudpert, Saint - Seventh-century missionary in Germany. Tatwin, Saint - Archbishop of Canterbury; died 30 July, 734. Tarasius, Saint - Layman who became Patriarch of Constantinople by acclamation, called for the Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea, champion of Church unity and of the veneration of the holy ikons. Died 806. Theodore of Amasea, Saint - Soldier saint, martyred in 306. After refusing a court order to sacrifice to the gods, St. Theodore was released for a time of reflection--and burnt a pagan temple. Theophanes, Saint - He and his wife both entered monastic life. He signed the decrees of Nicaea II. Tassach, Saint - Irish saint, born in the first decade of the fifth century; died about 497. Theodorus and Theophanes, Saints - Brothers, natives of Jerusalem. Championed the veneration of images during the second Iconoclastic controversy in the East. Tiburtius and Susanna, Saints - Roman martyrs, feast 11 August. Trappists - The Cistercians who follow the reform inaugurated by the Abbot de Rancé (b. 1626; d. 1700) in the Abbey of La Trappe, and often now applied to the entire Order of Reformed Cistercians. Trent, Council of - Main object was the definitive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants. Tritheists - Heretics who divide the Substance of the Blessed Trinity. Thomas of Villanova, Saint - Spanish Augustinian, d. 1555. Educator, diligent in almsgiving, Archbishop of Valencia. Theodard, Saint - Archbishop of Narbonne, died 893. Thomas Aquinas, Saint - Lengthy article on the life, writings, and influence of this philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. Called the Angelic Doctor. Died in 1274. Thomas Sherwood, Blessed - Was imprisoned, tortured, and finally martyred (in 1578) for denying the royal supremacy. Thomas Sprott, Blessed - Also called Thomas Spratt. English priest and martyr. Article also has information on his companion in martyrdom the Bl. Thomas Hunt. The two died in 1600. Thomas Welbourne, Blessed - A schoolmaster, was martyred at York in 1605. Thomas Holland, Blessed - Short biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1642. Thomas More, Saint - Biographical article on the Lord Chancellor of England, and martyr. Beheaded 1535. Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo, Saint - Pioneering missionary archbishop of Lima, founded first seminary in the Americas, d. 1606. Thomas Whitaker, Blessed - Brief biography of this Lancashire priest, martyred in 1646. Thomas Thwing, Blessed - Priest, missionary to his native England, convicted of plotting to murder the king on the same evidence by which the other accused had been acquitted, martyred in 1680. Thomas Pickering, Blessed - Benedictine lay brother, martyred in 1679. Thomas Percy, Blessed - Earl of Northumberland, martyr, born in 1528; died at York, 22 August, 1572. Théophane Vénard, Saint - French missionary to West Tonkin, martyred in 1861. Thurston Hunt, Blessed - When Robert Middleton was arrested, Hunt tried to rescue him but was captured. The two priests were martyred at Lancaster in 1601. Efforts by the government to bring the condemned men into public disrepute were failures. Thomas Pilchard, Blessed - Or Pilcher. Short biography of the English priest and martyr. He was executed at Dorchester, 21 March 1586/7. Thomas Bullaker, Blessed - Hagiography of the English Franciscan priest, martyred in 1642. Thomas Ford, Blessed - English priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1582. Thomas Maxfield, Blessed - Real name, Thomas Macclesfield. Short biographical article on the priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1616. Thomas Johnson, Blessed - The last of nine London Carthusians to die of starvation in prison in 1537. He died 20 September, after nearly 5 months of barbaric treatment. Thomas Abel, Blessed - Biography of the priest and martyr, chaplain to Catherine of Aragon. Thomas Atkinson, Blessed - Priest martyred at York in 1616. Thomas Whitbread, Blessed - A native of Essex and Jesuit provincial, refused Titus Oates admission to the Society of Jesus. And the rest, as they say, is history. Whitbread died a martyr in 1679. Thomas Cottam, Blessed - A convert to Catholicism, entered the Jesuit novitiate, was ordained a priest. Imprisoned and tortured for a year and a half, he died a martyr in 1582. Thomas Alfield, Blessed - Priest, twice imprisoned, twice converted, died a martyr in 1585. Thomas Woodhouse, Blessed - Martyr who suffered at Tyburn 19 June, 1573. Thomas Garnet, Saint - Biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1608. Thérèse of Lisieux, Saint - Short biographical article by Edith Donovan. Teresa of Avila, Saint - Carmelite reformer and founder, mystic, author, d. 1582. Thomas Palasor, Blessed - English priest and martyr. Article also has some details on the his companions in martyrdom the Bl. John Norton and John Talbot. Died in 1600. Tarkin, Saint - Eighth-century Scottish bishop. Thomas Pormort, Blessed - English priest twice imprisoned. The second time he was tortured, and finally martyred in 1592. Thomas Belson, Blessed - Brief profile of the English martyr, who was executed with George Nicols and Richard Yaxley in 1589. Testament, Old - The Apostle St. Paul declares himself (II Cor., iii, 6) a minister "of the new testament", and calls (iii, 14) the covenant entered into on Mount Sinai "the old testament". Testament, New - Jesus Christ uses the words "new testament" as meaning the alliance established by Himself between God and the world, and this is called "new" as opposed to that of which Moses was the mediator. Thomas Christians, Saint - An ancient body of Christians on the east and west coasts of India, claiming spiritual descent from the Apostle St. Thomas. Trinità di Cava dei Tirrenti, Abbey of - Located in the Province of Salerno. Trinitarians, Order of - Towards the end of the twelfth century the order had 250 houses throughout Christendom, where its benevolent work was manifested by the return of liberated captives. Twiketal of Croyland - English abbot. (d. 975) Tulasne, Louis-René - Botanist. (1815-1885) Troy, John Thomas - Archbishop of Dublin. (1739-1823) Tuam, School of - Founded by St. Jarlath, it rivalled Clonmacnoise as a center of Celtic art in the eleventh century. Turkish Empire - Created in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries on the ruins of the Byzantine Empire, from the caliphate of Baghdad and independent Turkish principalities. Taensa Indians - A Muskhogean tribe living when first known on the west bank of the Mississippi, within the present limits of Tensas parish, Louisiana. Tacana Indians - The collective designation for a group of tribes constituting the Tacanan linguistic stock in different dialects, occupying the upper valleys of the Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers, on the eastern slope of the Andes, Department of Beni, north-western Bolivia. Tribe, Jewish - The earlier Hebrew term rendered in English versions by the word "tribe" is shebet, while the term matteh, prevails in the post-exilic writings. Tait Indians - A collective term for those members of the Cowichan tribe, occupying the Lower Fraser River, Yale District, British Columbia (Canada), between Nicomen and Yale. Toledo (Ohio) - A diocese in Ohio, U.S.A., formed out of the Diocese of Cleveland and erected into a separate jurisdiction, 15 April, 1910. Tyrannicide - The killing of a tyrant, and usually is taken to mean the killing of a tyrant by a private person for the common good. Tulancingo - Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of Mexico. Tabernacle - Vessel holding the Blessed Sacrament. Turkestan - Details of Chinese Turkestan and Russian Turkestan. Talmud - A post-Biblical substantive formation of Pi'el ("to teach"), and originally signified "doctrine" or "study". Tyana - Titular see of Cappadocia Prima. Tunstall, Cuthbert - Bishop of London, later of Durham. (1474-1559) Tarazona - The Diocese of Tarazona comprises the Spanish provinces of Saragossa, Soria, Navarre, and Logroño. Tarnow - Diocese in western Galicia, Austria. Tarsus - A metropolitan see of Cilicia Prima. Tynemouth Priory - Located on the east coast of Northumberland, England, occupied the site of an earlier Saxon church built first in wood, then in stone, in the seventh century, and famous as the burial-place of St. Oswin, king and martyr. Tasse, Joseph - Writer and journalist. (1848-1895) Tebaldeo, Antonio - Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1463; died. in 1537. Tychicus - Disciple and companion of St. Paul. Tell el-Amarna Tablets, The - A collection of some 350 clay tablets found in 1887 amid the ruins of the ancient Egyptian city of Akhetaton. Tropology, Scriptural - The theory and practice of interpreting the figurative meaning of Holy Writ. Tabernacle - Old Testament precursor to the Temple. Tuy - Suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Santiago. Temperance - One of the four cardinal virtues. Tabb, John Bannister - American poet and educator. (1845-1909) Tabernacles, Feast of - One of the three great feasts of the Hebrew liturgical calendar. Theology, Mystical - Mysticism and mystical prayer or contemplation considered from a Catholic perspective, along with a bibliography of famous Christian mystics. Takkali - The hybrid name by which the Carrier Indians of the northern interior of British Columbia were originally made known by the fur traders. Trissino, Giangiorgio - Italian poet and scholar. (1478-1550) Tenedos - A titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades. Tuscany - A division of central Italy, includes the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Massa and Carrara, Pisa, and Siena. Tamanac Indians - A tribe of Cariban linguistic stock occupying the territory about the Cuchivero River, a tributary of the lower Orinoco, Venezuela. Tenebræ - The name given to the service of Matins and Lauds belonging to the last three days of Holy Week. Telesphorus of Cosenza - A name assumed by one of the pseudo-prophets during the time of the Great Schism. Temptation - An incitement to sin whether by persuasion or by the offer of some good or pleasure. Terill, Anthony - English theologian. (1623-1676) Terracina, Sezze, and Piperno - Located in the Province of Rome. Tenure, Ecclesiastical - System of feudal tenure was not always restricted to lands, as church revenues and tithes were often farmed out to secular persons as a species of ecclesiastical fief. Terenuthis - Titular see, suffragan of Antinoë in Thebais Prima. Terrestrial Paradise - The name popularly given in Christian tradition to the scriptural Garden of Eden. Taparelli, Aloysius - Philosopher and writer on sociological subjects. (1793-1862) Trusts and Bequests - Defined as the right enforceable solely in equity to the beneficial enjoyment of property of which the legal title is in another. Tentyris - Seat of a titular suffragan see of Ptolemais in Thebaid Secunda. Tetzel, Johann - First public antagonist of Luther. (1465-1519) Turpin - Archbishop of Reims. Tartaglia, Nicolò - Italian mathematician. (1500-1557) Teutonic Order - A medieval military order modeled on the Hospitallers of St. John. Teuchira - A titular see in Libyan Pentapolis. Test-Oath, Missouri - The terms of the oath required the affiant to deny, not only that he had ever been in armed hostility to the United States, or to the lawful authorities thereof, but that he had ever "by act or word", manifested his adherence to the cause of the enemies of the United States. Thagaste - A titular see in Numidia. Theology of Christ (Christology) - Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ. Tanner, Matthias - Taught humanities, philosophy, theology, and Scripture, was made rector of the imperial university, and guided for six years the Bohemian province of his order. Thagora - Titular see in Numidia, mentioned by the "Rabula Peutingeriana", which calls it Thacora. Thangmar - Historian. (d. 1022) Talbot, John - English Catholic layman. Tintern Abbey - In Monmouthshire, England, founded in 1131 by Walter de Clare for Cistercian monks. Theft - The secret taking of another's property against the reasonable will of that other. Thaumaci - Titular see in Thessaly. Telepathy - A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to denote "the ability of one mind to impress or to be impressed by another mind otherwise than through the recognized channels of sense". Thelepte - A titular see in Byzacene. Thennesus - A titular suffragan see of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima. Theobald - Archbishop of Canterbury. (d. 1161) Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartes - A Platonist philosopher of the twelfth century. Thanksgiving Day - The custom originated in 1621, when Governor Bradford of the Plymouth colony appointed a day for public praise and prayer after the first harvest. Thayer, John - New England convert and priest. (1755-1815) Theonas - Bishop of Alexandria from about 283 to 301. Theodicy - Term was introduced into philosophy by Leibniz. Thalhofer, Valentin - German theologian. (1825-1891) Tabernacle Society - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Truchsess von Waldburg, Otto - Cardinal-Bishop of Augsburg. (1514-1573) Theology, Dogmatic - That part of theology which treats of the theoretical truths of faith concerning God and His works. Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Explores the question where Mary died and was buried, either Jerusalem or Ephesus. Trinity College - An institution for the higher education of Catholic women, located at Washington, D.C. Theophilanthropists - A deistic sect formed in France during the latter part of the French Revolution. Theology, Ascetical - Briefly defined as the scientific exposition of Christian asceticism. Theosophy - A term used in general to designate the knowledge of God supposed to be obtained by the direct intuition of the Divine essence. Theophilus (Bishop of Antioch) - Second-century Bishop of Antioch. Thorns, Feast of the Crown of - First instituted at Paris in 1239. Theology, Pastoral - The science of the care of souls. Teramo - Diocese in southern Italy. Testem Benevolentiae - An Apostolic Letter of Leo XIII addressed to Cardinal Gibbons, 22 January, 1899. Tyrie, James - Scottish theologian. (1543-1597) Theology, Moral - Limited to those doctrines which discuss the relations of man and his free actions to God and his supernatural end, and propose the means instituted by God for the attainment of that end. Theology, History of Dogmatic - Detailed article broken into time periods. Thomas, Charles L.A. - French composer. (1811-1896) Theophanes Kerameus - Twelfth-century archbishop and writer. Thomas a Kempis - Author of the "Imitation of Christ", born at Kempen in the Diocese of Cologne, in 1379 or 1380; died 25 July, 1471. Thierry of Freburg - A philosopher and physician of the Middle Ages, and a member of the Order of Saint Dominic. Thomas of Dover - Martyr. (d. 1295) Thacia Montana - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Thomas of Cantimpré - Medieval writer, preacher, and theologian. (1201-1272) Thonissen, Jean-Joseph - Professor of law at the University of Louvain, minister in the Belgian Government. (1817-1891) Tabæ - Titular see in Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis. Turin, University of - Founded in 1404, when the lectures at Piacenza and Pavia were interrupted by the wars of Lombardy. Tabasco - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archbishopric of Yucatán. Thapsus - Titular see in Macedonia. Transfiguration of Christ, Feast of the - Observed on August 6 to commemorate the manifestation of the Divine glory recorded by St. Matthew (Chapter 17). Thébaud, Augustus - Jesuit educator and publicist. (1807-1885) Tocqueville, Charles-Alexis-Henri-Maurice-Clerel de - Writer and statesman. (1805-1859) Tabbora - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Terrien, Jean-Baptiste - Dogmatic theologian. (1832-1903) Thompson, Francis - Poet. (1859-1907) Thomas á Jesu - Discalced Carmelite, writer on mystical theology. (1564-1627) Thomas of Celano - Franciscan poet and writer. (1200-1255) Triesnecker, Francis a Paula - Astronomer. (1745-1817) Thou, Jacques-Auguste de - French historian. (1553-1617) Thmuis - A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium. Tournon, Charles-Thomas Maillard de - Papal legate to India and China, cardinal, born of a noble Savoyard family at Turin, 21 December, 1668; died in confinement at Macao, 8 June, 1710. Thun-Hohenstein, Count Leo - Austrian statesman. (1811-1888) Tibaldi, Pellegrino - Known also as Pellegrino da Bologna and as Pellegrino Pellegrini, decorator, mural painter, and architect. 1527-1592) Tyre - Melchite archdiocese and Maronite diocese. Tabernacle Societies - The Association of Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and of work for poor churches was founded at Brussels in 1848 by Anne de Meeûs. Turnebus, Adrian - Philologist. (1512-1565) Tiara - The papal crown, ornamented with precious stones and pearls, which is shaped like a bee-hive, has a small cross at its highest point. Ticelia - Titular see, suffragan of Cyrene, in the Libya Pentapolis. Tichborne, Ven. Thomas - Born at Hartley, Hampshire, 1567; martyred at Tyburn, London, 20 April, 1602. Ticonius - An African Donatist writer of the fourth century who appears to have had some influence on St. Augustine. Thomas of Jorz - English theologian and cardinal. (d. 1310) Thomism - In a broad sense, the name given to the system which follows the teaching of St. Thomas Aquinas in philosophical and theological questions. Tilly, Johannes Tserclæs, Count of - Born at Brabant in 1559; died at Ingolstadt in April, 1632. Thugut, Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula - Austrian statesman, born at Linz, 31 March, 1736; died at Vienna, 28 May, 1818. Tepl - A Premonstratensian abbey in the western part of Bohemia. Thomas of Jesus - Reformer and preacher. (1529-1582) Thomas of Strasburg - A fourteenth-century scholastic of the Augustinian Order. Thorney Abbey - For some three centuries the seat of Saxon hermits, or of anchorites living in community, before it was refounded in 972 for Benedictine monks by Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, with the aid of King Edgar. Ticuna Indians - A tribe along the north bank of the upper Amazon. Thomas of Beckington - Bishop of Bath and Wells, born at Beckington, Somerset, about 1390; died at Wells, 14 January, 1465. Throne - The seat the bishop uses when not engaged at the altar. Tantum Ergo - The opening words of the penultimate stanza of the Vesper hymn of Corpus Christi. Tithes - The tenth part of the increase arising from the profits of land and stock, allotted to the clergy for their support or devoted to religious or charitable uses. Tiepolo - Article on Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Tiepolo and his son Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo. Tabor, Mount - Distinguished among the mountains of Palestine for its picturesque site, its graceful outline, the remarkable vegetation which covers its sides of calcareous rock, and the splendour of the view from its summit. Truce of God - A temporary suspension of hostilities, as distinct from the Peace of God which is perpetual. Thyräus, Hermann - German Jesuit. (1532-1591) Theodosius I - Roman Emperor (also known as Flavius Theodosius), born in Spain, about 346; died at Milan, 17 January, 395. Toledo (Spain) - Primatial see of Spain, whose archbishop, raised almost always to the dignity of cardinal, occupies the first place in the ranks of the higher Spanish clergy. Time - Article explores two questions, What are the notes, or elements, contained in the subjective representation of time? and To what external reality does this representation correspond? Tibet - Includes information on geography, history, and missions. Thundering Legion - The story of an expedition against the Quadi led by Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Thompson River Indians - Also known as Knife Indians. Thomas of Bradwardine - Theologian known as the Doctor Profundus. Toleration, Religious - The magnanimous indulgence one shows towards a religion other than his own, accompanied by the moral determination to leave it and its adherents unmolested in private and public, although internally one views it with complete disapproval as a "false faith". Thessalonians, Epistles to the - Two of the canonical Epistles of St. Paul. Tacapæ - Titular see of Tripolitana in northern Africa. Tincker, Mary Agnes - Novelist. (1833-1907) Tongerloo, Abbey of - Founded in 1128 near Antwerp, Belgium. Tonsure - A sacred rite instituted by the Church by which a baptized and confirmed Christian is received into the clerical order. Tintoretto, Il - Italian painter, b. at Venice, 1518; d. there 1594. Timucua Indians - A principal group or confederacy of ancient Florida. Taché, Alexandre-Antonin - First Archbishop of St. Boniface, Manitoba, missionary, prelate, statesman, and writer of Western Canada. (1823-1894) Trivet, Nicholas - Author of a large number of theological and historical works and commentaries on the classics, more especially the works of Seneca. Trapezopolis - A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan to Laodicea. Tornielli, Girolamo Francesco - Italian Jesuit, preacher and writer. (1693-1752) Titulus - In pagan times titulus signified an inscription on stone, and later the stone which marked the confines of property. Tiraboschi, Girolamo - Italian scholar. (1731-1794) Toledo, Francisco - Philosopher, theologian, and exegete, son of an actuary. (1532-1596) Tallagaht, Monastery of - Situated in the barony of Uppercross. Toleration, History of - Explores the attitude of the Church towards religious toleration. Toustain, Charles-François - French Benedictine, and member of the Congregation of St-Maur. (1700-1754) Theodulf - Bishop of Orléans, a writer skilled in poetic forms and a learned theologian, born in Spain about 760; died at Angers, France, 18 December, 821. Tonkawa Indians - A tribal group formerly ranging about the middle Trinity and Colorado Rivers, in Eastern Texas. Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques - Baron de L'Aulne, French minister. (1727-1781) Toaldo, Giuseppe - Priest and physicist. (1719-1797) Thanksgiving Before and After Meals - The word grace, which, as applied to prayer over food, always in pre-Elizabethan English took the plural form graces, means nothing but thanksgiving. Totonac Indians - One of the smaller cultured nations of ancient Mexico, occupying at the time of the Spanish conquest the coast province of Totonicapan. Tokio - Archdiocese comprising 21 provinces or 15 departments. Truth Societies, Catholic - Covers their establishment in various countries. Trichinopoly, Diocese of - Located in India, suffragan of Bombay. Tonica Indians - A small tribe living, when first known to the French, in small villages on the lower Yazoo River, Mississippi. Thompson, Edward Healy and Harriet Diana - English converts. Taché, Etienne-Pascal - Statesman, b. at St. Thomas (Montmagny, Province of Quebec), 5 Sept., 1795, son of Charles, and Geneviève Michon; d. 30 July, 1865. Tresham, Sir Thomas - Knight Bachelor (in or before 1524), Grand Prior of England in the Order of Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. Tower of Babel - Information on the history, site, and construction of the tower. Toba Indians - Tribe of the great Chaco wilderness of South America. Traducianism - In general the doctrine that, in the process of generation, the human spiritual soul is transmitted to the offspring by the parents. Trajanopolis - Titular metropolitan see of Rhodope. Toronto - Located in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Thomas of Hereford - Bishop of Hereford. (1218-1282) Torres, Francisco - Hellenist and polemicist. (1509-1584) Totemism - Constitutes the group of superstitions and customs of which the totem is the center. Touron, Antoine - Dominican biographer and historian. (1686-1775) Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles-Maurice de - Prince of Benevento, Bishop of Autun, French minister and ambassador. (1754-1838) Theocracy - A form of civil government in which God Himself is recognized as the head. Trajanopolis - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Tralles - A titular see, suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. Transylvania - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Kalocsa Bács. Transvaal - Vicariate apostolic. Portion of south Africa. Tadama - A titular see in Mauretania Cæsariensis. Torricelli, Evangelista - Italian mathematician and physicist, born at Faenza, 15 October, 1608; died at Florence, 25 October, 1647. Taenarum - A titular see in Greece, suffragan of Corinth. Trincomalee - Located in Ceylon, suffragan of Colombo. Transept - A rectangular space inserted between the apse and nave in the early Christian basilica. Tolomei, John Baptist - Jesuit theologian and cardinal. (1653-1726) Tournély, Honoré - Theologian. (1658-1729) Trebizond - An Armenian Catholic diocese. Tours - Archdiocese in France. Transcendentalism - The terms transcendent and transcendental have antithetical reference to experience or the empirical order. Trapani - Diocese in Sicily, suffragan of Palermo. Tongiorgi, Salvator - Italian philosopher. (1820-1865) Trenton - Diocese created 15 July, 1881, suffragan of New York. Tredway, Lettice Mary - Abbess of the Convent of Notre-Dame-de-Sion. Touttée, Antoine-Augustin - French Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation. (1677-1718) Tübingen, University of - Located in Würtemberg; founded by Count Eberhard im Bart on 3 July, 1477. Treviso - Diocese in Venetia (Northern Italy). Trebnitz - A former abbey of Cistercian nuns, situated north of Breslau in Silesia. Trichur - Vicariate Apostolic in India, one of the three vicariates of the Syro-Malabar Rite. Trent - Diocese; suffragan of Salzburg. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de - French botanist. (1656-1708) Tahiti, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located in the Society Islands, has an area of 600 square miles. Tunkers - A Protestant sect thus named from its distinctive baptismal rite. Torquemada, Tomás de - Grand Inquisitor of Spain. (1420-1498) Tuguegarao - Diocese in the Philippines. Tillemont, Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de - French historian and priest. (1637-1698) Triest-Capo d'Istria - Suffragan diocese of Görz-Gradiska. Transfiguration - Culminating point of Christ's public life, as His Baptism is its starting point, and His Ascension its end. Traditionalism - A philosophical system which makes tradition the supreme criterion and rule of certitude. Triduum - Three days. Frequently chosen for prayer or for other devout practices. Tricomia - Titular see, suffragan of Caesarea in Palaestina Prima. Tricarico, Diocese of - Located in the Province of Potenza in the Basilicata (Southern Italy), near the River Perrola. Tertiaries - Known as "Third Orders", those persons who live according to the Third Rule of religious orders, either outside of a monastery in the world, or in a religious community. Tripolis - A Maronite and Melchite diocese, in Syria. Tregian, Francis - Confessor, born in Cornwall, 1548; died at Lisbon, 25 Sept., 1608. Trier - Diocese; suffragan of Cologne. Tremithus - Titular see, suffragan of Salamis in Cyprus. Trani and Barletta - Diocese in Italy. Tricassin, Charles Joseph - Theologian of the Capuchin Order, b. at Troyes; d. in 1681. Troas - A suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespont. Trinity, The Blessed - The term employed to signify the central doctrine of the Christian religion, the truth that in the unity of the Godhead there are three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, these three persons being truly distinct one from another. Tricca - Titular see, suffragan of Larissa in Thessaly. Trocmades - Titular see of Galatia Secunda, suffragan of Pessinus. Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo - Mathematician, astronomer, and cosmographer. (1397-1482) Trokelowe, John de - A Benedictine monk of St. Albans and monastic chronicler still living in 1330, but the dates of whose birth and death are unknown. Trueba, Antonio de - Spanish poet and folklorist. (1821-1889) Trivento - Diocese in southern Italy. Tunstall, Venerable Thomas - Martyred at Norwich, 13 July, 1616. Trinity Sunday - The first Sunday after Pentecost, instituted to honour the Most Holy Trinity. Trumpets, Feast of - The first day of Tishri (October), the seventh month of the Hebrew year. Trope - A collective name which, since about the close of the Middle Ages or a little later, has been applied to texts of great variety (in both poetry and prose) written for the purpose of amplifying and embellishing an independently complete liturgical text. Trondhjem, Ancient See of - In 997 Olaf Trygvesson founded at the mouth of the River Nid the city of Nidaros, afterwards called Trondhjem. Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de - Viceroy of New France, born in France, 1603, of noble parents; died there in 1670. Treason, Accusations of - A common misrepresentation concerning the Elizabethan persecution of English and Irish Catholics from 1570 onwards is the statement that the victims devoted to imprisonment, torture, and death suffered not for their religious belief but for treason against the queen and her government. Talbot, James - Fourth son of George Talbot and brother of the fourteenth Earl of Shrewsbury. Chiefly known for having been the last priest to be indicted in the public courts for saying Mass. (1726-1790) Tunsted, Simon - English Minorite. (d. 1369) Todi - Diocese in Central Italy; immediately dependent on the Holy See. Trustee System - In the exercise of inherent rights of administering property, the Church often appoints deputies. Tschupick, John Nepomuk - A celebrated preacher, b. at Vienna, 7 or 12 April, 1729; d. there, 20 July, 1784. Triple-Candlestick - A name given along with several others to a church ornament used only in the office of Holy Saturday. Troyes - Diocese comprising the Department of Aube. Tubunae - A titular see in Mauretania Caesariensis. Tucson - Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe. Trujillo - Diocese comprising the Departments of Lambayeque, Libertad, Pinra, and the Province of Tumbes, in North-west Peru, formed by Gregory XIII. Tucumán - Suffragan to Buenos Aires, erected from the Diocese of Salta on 15 February, 1897. Tudela - Diocese in Spain. Truth - Defines ontological, logical, and moral truth. Tulle - Diocese comprising the Department of Corrèze. Tunic - A vestment shaped like a sack, which has in the closed upper part only a slit for putting the garment over the head, and, on the sides, either sleeves or slits through which the arms can be passed. Tunis - French protectorate on the northern coast of Africa. Turin - The chief town of a civil province in Piedmont and was formerly the capital of the Duchy of Savoy and of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Tunja - Diocese established in 1880 as a suffragan of Bogotá, in the Republic of Colombia, South America. Tuam - The Archdiocese of Tuam, the metropolitan see of Connacht, extends, roughly speaking, from the Shannon westwards to the sea, and comprises half of County Galway, and nearly half of Mayo, with a small portion of south Roscommon. Talbot, Peter - Archbishop of Dublin, 1669-1680; b. at Malahide, Dublin, in 1620. Types in Scripture - Offers several definitions. Talbot, Thomas Joseph - Brother of the fourteenth Earl of Shrewsbury, and of Bishop James Talbot. Tradition and Living Magisterium - The word tradition refers sometimes to the thing (doctrine, account, or custom) transmitted from one generation to another sometimes to the organ or mode of the transmission. Talon, Jean - First intendant in exercise of New France. Talon, Nicolas - French Jesuit, historian, and ascetical writer. (1605-1691) Talon, Pierre - A French-Canadian explorer, born at Quebec, 1676. Tamassus - A titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis. Tamburini, Michelangelo - Fourteenth General of the Society of Jesus. (1648-1730) Tamburini, Thomas - Moral theologian. (1591-1675) Tametsi - The first word of Chapter 1, Session 24, of the Council of Trent. Tamisier, Marie-Marthe-Baptistine - Initiator of international Eucharistic congresses, born at Tours, 1 Nov., 1834; died there 20 June, 1910. Tanagra - A titular see in Hellas, suffragan of Corinth. Tancred - Prince of Antioch, born about 1072; died at Antioch, 12 Dec., 1112. Taney, Roger Brooke - Fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Tanguay, Cyprien - Genealogist, born at Quebec, 1819; died 1902. Tanis - A titular see, suffragan of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima, capital of the fourteenth district of Lower Egypt. Tanner, Adam - Controversialist, born at Innsbruck in 1571; died at Unken, 25 May, 1632. Tanner, Conrad - Abbot of Einsiedeln, born at Arth in the Canton of Schwyz, 28 Dec., 1752; died 7 April, 1825. Tanner, Edmund - Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, Ireland, 1574-1579; born about 1526; died 1579. Tanucci, Bernardo - Marchese, Italian statesman, born at Stia in Tuscany, of poor family, in 1698 died at Naples, 29 April, 1793. Taos Pueblo - Town of the Pueblo group, inhabited by Indians speaking the Tigua language of Shoshonean linguistic stock. Tapestry - A fabric in which the two processes of weaving and embroidering are combined. Tapis, Esteban - Entered the Franciscan Order at Gerona, 27 Jan., 1778, and joined the missionary College of San Fernando, Mexico, in 1786. Tarabotti, Helena - Nun and authoress, b. at Venice, 1605; d. there 1652. Taranto - Diocese in southern Italy, on a bay in the Gulf of Taranto. Tarapacá - Situated in Chile, bounded on the north by the canon of the Camarones and on the south by the Loa River. Tarbes - The Diocese of Tarbes comprises the Department of the Hautes-Pyrenees (ancient territory of Bigorre). Tarentaise - Comprises the arrondissement of Moutiers in the Department of Savoie; it is also sometimes called the Diocese of Moutiers en Tarentaise, and is suffragan of Chambéry. Targum - The distinctive designation of the Aramaic translations or paraphrases of the Old Testament. Tarisel, Pierre - Master-mason to the king, b. about 1442; d. in August, 1510. Tarquini, Camillus - Cardinal, Jesuit canonist and archaeologist. (1810-1874) Tarragona - Its suffragans are Barcelona, Lérida, Gerona, Urgel, Vich, Tortosa, and Solsona. Taschereau, Elzéar-Alexandre - Archbishop of Quebec and first Canadian cardinal. (1820-1898) Tassin, René-Prosper - French historian, belonging to the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur. (1697-1777) Tassoni, Alessandro - Italian poet. (1565-1635) Tatian - A second-century apologist about whose antecedents and early history nothing can be affirmed with certainty except that he was born in Assyria and that he was trained in Greek philosophy. Taubaté - Diocese in Brazil, South America, established on 29 April, 1908, as a suffragan of Sãn Paulo. Tauler, John - Article on the life and teachings of this 14th-century German Dominican mystic and author. Taunton, Ethelred - Writer, born at Rugeley, Staffordshire, England, 17 Oct., 1857; died in London, 9 May, 1907. Tavistock Abbey - Located on the Tavy River in Devonshire, England, founded for Benedictine monks in 961. Tavium - A titular see in Galatia Prima, suffragan of Ancyra. Taxa Innocentiana - A Decree issued by Innocent XI, 1 Oct., 1678, regulating the fees that may be demanded or accepted by episcopal chancery offices for various acts, instruments, or writings. Taxster, John de - Sometimes erroneously called Taxter or Taxston. A thirteenth-century chronicler, of whose life nothing is known except that he was professed as a Benedictine at Bury St. Edmund's 20 Nov., 1244. Taylor, Frances Margaret - Superior General, and foundress of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God. (1832-1900) Te Deum, The - An abbreviated title commonly given a hymn in rhythmical prose, of which the opening words, Te Deum Laudamus, formed its earliest known title. Tegernsee - Benedictine abbey of Bavaria. Tehuantepec - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Oaxaca. Teleology - From Greek telos, end, and logos, science. Telese - A small town in the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy. Téllez, Gabriel - Spanish priest and poet, better known by his pseudonym of Tirso de Molina. (1571-1648) Tellier, Michel Le - Commissioned by Cardinal Mazarin to organize the royal army. Telmessus - Titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Te Lucis Ante Terminum - The hymn at Compline in the Roman Breviary. Temiskaming - The Vicariate Apostolic of Temiskaming, suffragan of Ottawa, Canada. Temnus - A titular see in Asia, a suffragan of Ephesus. Tempel, Wilhelm - German astronomer. (1821-1889) Temperance Movements - Covers the history in Europe, the United States, and Canada. Temple - The Latin form, templum, from which the English temple is derived, originally signified an uncovered area marked off by boundaries; especially the place marked off by the augurs to be excepted from all profane uses. Temple, Sisters of the - Established in London for educational purposes at the time of the Crusades. Temple of Jerusalem - In the Bible the sanctuary of Jerusalem bears the Hebrew name of Bet Yehovah (house of Jehovah). Tencin, Pierre-Guérin de - French statesman and cardinal. (1680-1758) Teneriffe - Suffragan of Seville, formerly called Nivariensis from Nivaria, the ancient name of the island. Tennessee - Includes geography, history, and demographics. Tenney, William Jewett - An author, editor, born at Newport, Rhode Island, 1814; died at Newark, New Jersey, 20 Sept., 1883. Teos - Titular see; suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. Tepic - A diocese of the Mexican Republic, suffragan of the Archbishopric of Guadalajara. Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne, The Sixteen Blessed - Guillotined at the Place du Trône Renversé (now called Place de la Nation), Paris, 17 July, 1794. Termessus - A titular see, suffragan of Perge in Pamphylia Secunda. Termoli - Located on the Italian coast of the Adriatic, having a small harbour near the mouth of the Petraglione. Terrasson, André - A French preacher, born at Lyons in 1669; died at Paris, 25 April, 1723. Tertullian - Ecclesiastical writer in the second and third centuries. Teruel - A suffragan of Saragossa. Texas - Includes geography, history, demographic, and government information. Thabraca - A titular see of Numidia near the sea, between the Armua and the Tusca. Thænæ - A titular see in Africa Byzacena. Thasos - A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. Theatines - A religious order of men, founded by Gaetano dei Conti di Tiene, Paolo Consiglieri, Bonifacio da Colle, and Giovanni Pietro Carafa, afterwards Pope Paul IV. Theatre, The - All forms of the drama were banned by the Fathers of both East and West indiscriminately and in terms of the severest reprobation. Thebaid - The valley of the Nile, under Roman domination, was divided into four provinces: Lower and Upper Egypt, Lower and Upper Thebaid. Thebes - A metropolitan titular see of Achaia Secunda. Thebes - Titular see of Thebais Secunda, suffragan of Ptolemais, and the seat of a Coptic Catholic diocese. Thegan (Degan) of Treves - Chronicler, died about 850. Assistant Bishop of Trier and friend of Walafrid Strabo. Theiner, Augustin - Theologian and historian. (1804-1874) Themiscyra - A titular see, suffragan of Amasea in the Hellespont. Themisonium - A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Thénard, Louis-Jacques, Baron - Chemist. (1777-1857) Theodore I, Pope - Reigned from 642 to 649. Theodore II, Pope - Son of Photius. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury - Seventh Archbishop of Canterbury. (602-690) Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia - Bishop in Cilicia and ecclesiastical writer. Theodoret - Bishop of Cyrus and theologian, born at Antioch in Syria about 393; died about 457. Theodoric the Great - King of the Ostrogoths. Theodorus Lector - A lector attached to the Church of St. Sophia of Constantinople in the early part of the sixth century. Theodosiopolis - A titular metropolitan see of Thracia Prima. Theodosius Florentini - Born at Münster, in the Grisons, Switzerland, 23 May, 1808; died at Heiden, in Appenzell, 15 Feb., 1865. Theophilus - Patriarch of Alexandria. (385-412) Thera (Santorin) - Diocese in the Cyclades. Thermae Basilicae - A titular see in Cappadocia Prima, suffragan of Caesarea. Thermopylae - A titular see and suffragan of Athens in Achaia Prima. Thessalonica - Titular metropolis in Macedonia. Theveste - Titular see of Numidia. Thibaris - Titular see in Byzacena. Thibaut de Champagne - Thibaut IV, count of Champagne and King of Navarre, and French poet. (1201-1253) Thiers, Louis-Adolphe - French statesman and historian, first president of the Third French Republic. (1797-1877) Thignica - A titular see in Numidia. Thijm, Joseph Albert Alberdingk - Dutch poet of the nineteenth century. Thijm, Peter Paul Maria Alberdingk - President of the Association Tijd en Vlijt and of Constantius Buter, also a member of the Flemish Academy, and for a time, its president. Thimelby, Richard - Missionary priest. (1614-1672) Third Orders - Lay members of religious orders, i.e. men and women who do not necessarily live in community and yet can claim to wear the habit and participate in the good works of some great order. Thou, Nicolas de - Bishop of Chartres, uncle of the historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou. (1528-1598) Three Chapters - (1) the person and writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia; (2) certain writings of Theodoret of Cyrus; (3) the letter of Ibas to Maris. Three Rivers - Formed from the Archdiocese of Quebec, to which it is suffragan. Thuburbo Minus - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Thugga - Titular see of Numidia. Thyatira - A titular suffragan see of Sardes in Lydia. Thynias - A titular see, suffragan of Nicomedia, in Bithynia Prima. Tiberias - Titular see, suffragan of Scythopolis, in Palaestina Secunda. Tiberias, Sea of - So called in John 21:1 (cf. 6:1), otherwise known as "the sea of Galilee". Tiberiopolis - Titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana. Tichborne, Ven. Nicholas - Martyr, born at Hartley Mauditt, Hampshire; suffered at Tyburn, London, 24 Aug., 1601. Tieffentaller, Joseph - Jesuit missionary and noted geographer in Hindustan. 1710-1785) Tierney, Mark Aloysius - Wrote "The History and Antiquities of the Castle of Arundel" (London, 1834) and several controversial pamphlets. Also acted as editor of the "Dublin Review", succeeding Quin, the first editor. Timbrias - A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. Timothy and Titus, Epistles to - Disciples of St. Paul. Tingis - A titular see of Mauretania Tingitana (the official list of the Roman Curia places it in Mauretania Caesarea). Tinin - Located in Dalmatia; suffragan to Kalocsa-Bacs. Tinos and Mykonos - A Latin diocese of the Cyclades. Tipasa - A titular see of Numidia. Tiraspol - Diocese in Southern Russia suffragan of Mohilev. Tisio da Garofalo, Benvenuto - An Italian painter of the Ferrarese school. (1481-1559) Tissot, James - French draughtsman and painter. (1836-1902) Titopolis - Titular see, suffragan of Seleucia Trachaea in Isauria. Titus, Bishop of Bostra - Born about 362-371. Tius - Titular see, suffragan of Claudiopolis in Honorias. Tivoli - Diocese in the Province of Rome. Tlaxcala - A former diocese of the colony of New Spain. Tlos - A titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Tobias - Name of various persons and a book in the Bible. Tomb - A memorial for the dead at the place of burial, customary, especially for distinguished persons. Tomi - A titular metropolitan see in the Province of Scythia, on the Black Sea. Tongues, Gift of - A supernatural gift of the class gratiae gratis datae, designed to aid in the outer development of the primitive Church. Tootell, Hugh - Historian commonly known as Charles Dodd. Died 1743. Torah - Signifies first "direction, instruction", as, for instance, the instruction of parents, or of the wise. Torbido, Francesco - Veronese painter and engraver. Torone - A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. Torres Naharro, Bartolemé de - Spanish poet and dramatist, born at Torres, near Badajoz, towards the end of the fifteenth century. Torrubia, José - A linguist, scientist, collector of fossils and of books, writer on historical, political, and religious subjects. Born towards the end of the seventeenth century at Granada, Spain; died in 1768. Tortona - Diocese in Piedmont, Italy. Tortosa - Located in Spain, suffragan of Tarragona. Tosephta - Hebrew, addition, supplement. Tostado, Alonso - Exegete, born at Madrigal, Castile, about 1400; died at Bonilla de la Sierra, near Avila, 3 Sept., 1455. Tosti, Luigi - Benedictine historian. (1811-1897) Touchet, George Anselm - Born at Stalbridge, Dorset; died about 1689. Toulouse - Includes the Department of Haute-Garonne. Tournai - Diocese in Belgium. Terce - Essay on the office of Terce, the earliest of the "little hours" in the day.