Senefelder, Aloys - Inventor of lithography. Scarlatti, Alessandro - Special emphasis on his religious works and his influence on later composers. Shirley, James - English poet and dramatist (1596-1666) Sichem - An Israelite city in the tribe of Ephraim, the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel. Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism - Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, was born in Paris, 17 Oct., 1760; died there, 19 May, 1825. He belonged to the family of the author of the "Memoirs". Severus Sanctus Endelechus - Christian rhetorician and poet of the fourth century. Syriac Language and Literature - Syriac is the important branch of the group of Semitic languages known as Aramaic. Snorri Sturluson - Historian, born at Hvammr, 1178; died 1241. Soissons - Includes, with the exception of two hamlets, the entire Department of Aisne. Schism, Eastern - From the time of Diotrephes (III John 1:9-10) there have been continual schisms, of which the greater number were in the East. Severus, Alexander - An article by Thomas J. Shahan on the emperor who was born at Acco in Palestine in 208, and murdered by his mutinous soldiers at Sicula on the Rhine. Septimius Severus - Founder of the African dynasty of Roman emperors. Shrovetide - Some history behind Carnival. Societies, Secret - A designation of which the exact meaning has varied at different times. Saxony, Albert of - Fourteenth-century philosopher. Spinoza, Benedict - Belonged to a family of Jewish merchants of moderate means, and was originally called Baruch. Born at Amsterdam, 24 Nov., 1632; died at The Hague, 21 Feb., 1677. Suárez, Francisco - Article on his life, teachings and works, by A. Perez Goyena. Socrates - Greek philosopher. (469-399 B.C.) Scaliger, Julius Caesar - Article by Paul Lejay on this scholar's life and writings. Scholasticism - A term used to designate both a method and a system. It is applied to theology as well as to philosophy. Sophists - A group of Greek teachers who flourished at the end of the fifth century B.C. Socinianism - The body of doctrine held by one of the numerous Antitrinitarian sects to which the Reformation gave birth. Simeon - The second son of Jacob by Lia and patronymic ancestor of the Jewish tribe bearing that name. Sophonias (Zephaniah) - The ninth of the twelve Minor Prophets of the Canon of the Old Testament; preached and wrote in the second half of the seventh century B.C. Saul - First King of Israel. Solomon - The second son of David by his wife Bathsheba, and the acknowledged favourite of his father. Sara - Wife of Abraham and also his step-sister. Sem (Shem) - Son of Noe. Samson - Most famous of the Judges of Israel. Spiritism - History and methods of Spiritism (here distinguished from Spiritualism) and the dangers inherent in its practice and beliefs. Saint Benedict, Medal of - A medal, originally a cross, dedicated to the devotion in honour of St. Benedict. Sexburga, Saint - Biography of the seventh-century English widow and abbess. Sixtus III, Pope Saint - Reigned 432-440. Senan, Saint - Sixth-century Irish missionary, bishop, and confessor. Was revered even in his earthly life for his sanctity, being visited by Sts. Ciaran and Brendan. Simon the Apostle, Saint - Also known as Simon the Zealot. Sechnall, Saint - Bishop, nephew of St. Patrick. First Irish Christian to write Latin poetry. Died 457. Sergius I, Pope Saint - Reigned 687-701 Sixtus I, Pope Saint - Martyr, reigned for ten years in the very early part of the second century. Swithin, Saint - Bishop of Winchester (d. 862). One of the two trusted counsellors of Egbert, King of the West Saxons. Sabina, Saint - Martyr in 126 or 127, at Rome. Stephen I, Pope Saint - Reigned 254-257. Simeon Stylites the Elder, Saint - First and most famous of the hermits whose asceticism involved living atop a pillar. Died in 459. Symphorosa, Saint - Martyr, d. circa 138. According to legend, her seven sons were martyred with her, and her acts were extant in the fifth century, but today we have no reliable testimonies about her life and martyrdom. Simplicius, Pope Saint - Reigned 468-483; date of birth unknown; died 10 March, 483. Simeon Stylites the Younger, Saint - From Antioch. 521-597, lived on a pillar for 68 years. Also a brief mention of St. Simeon Stylites III. Stephen, Saint - On the deacon, and first Christian martyr. Article suitable for teenagers and adults. Sixtus II, Pope Saint - This is the St. Sixtus who is commemorated in the Eucharistic Prayer. Pope who was one of the first martyrs of the Valerian persecution, in 258. Saturninus, Saint - First bishop of Toulouse, third-century martyr. Silvia, Saint - The mother of St. Gregory the Great. She died in about 592. Symmachus, Pope Saint - Lengthy article on this pope, who died in 514. Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrice, Saints - Two brothers and their sister, all martyrs in the Diocletian persecution. Sebastian, Saint - Article on this Roman martyr of the late third or early fourth century. Silverius, Pope Saint - Son of Pope St. Hormisdas. Named pope while yet a subdeacon, to thwart the Monophysites. Exiled through a forgery of his political and religious enemies, died of starvation in prison, probably in 537. Sergius and Bacchus, Saints - Soldiers, martyred in the Diocletian persecution in about 303. Universally venerated in the East. Siricius, Pope Saint - Siricius condemned Jovinian, but this did not spare the pope from criticism by St. Jerome. Sabbas, Saint - St. Sabbas, or Sabas. Basilian monk, hermit, founded the monastery at Mar Saba near Jerusalem. Died 532. Article also mentions five other saints of this name. Sylvester I, Pope Saint - In office for 21 years, while Constantine was emperor. St. Sylvester died in 335. Suitbert, Saint - Born in England, studied in Ireland, accompanied St. Willibrord on his missionary journeys. Died in 713. Samson, Saint - Biography of this Welsh-born abbot, reluctant bishop, confessor. Died about 565. Serapion, Saint - Bishop and theological author. Died 211. Spirituals - A general term denoting several groups of Friars Minor, existing in the second half of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth centuries, who, in opposition to the main body of the order, pretended to observe the Rule of St. Francis in its primitive severity. Society of Jesus, The - Comprehensive information about the past of the Jesuit order. Schism, Western - Only a temporary misunderstanding, even though it compelled the Church for forty years to seek its true head; it was fed by politics and passions, and was terminated by the assembling of the councils of Pisa and Constance. Sarum Rite - The manner of regulating the details of the Roman Liturgy that obtained in pre-Reformation times in the south of England and was thence propagated over the greater part of Scotland and of Ireland. Scotism and Scotists - Article on the school of philosophy inspired by John Duns Scotus, and its proponents in the fourteenth through nineteenth centuries. Seraphin of Montegranaro, Saint - Late sixteenth-century Italian Capuchin. Had the gift of reading hearts. Sylvester Gozzolini, Saint - Founder of the Sylvestrines. Canon, hermit. Died 1267. Stephen of Muret, Saint - Founder of the Order of Grandmont. Died 1124. Stephen Harding, Saint - English Cistercian, confessor, the third abbot of Cîteaux, d. 1134. Stephen, Saint - First King of Hungary. Baptized at the age of 10 by St. Adalbert, and died in 1038. Stanislaus of Cracow, Saint - Bishop and martyr, d. 1079. The patron saint of Poland. Sebastian Newdigate, Blessed - Martyred at Tyburn in 1535 for denying the royal supremacy. Swithin Wells, Saint - A married lay schoolmaster, hanged opposite his house in 1591 for the crime of attending mass. Seraphina Sforza, Blessed - Forced by her husband to enter the Poor Clares, d. 1478. Simon Stock, Saint - Biography of the English Carmelite, sixth general of the Order. Associated with the brown scapular. Died 1265. Sydney Hodgson, Blessed - Was martyred in 1591 for having assisted priests and for being a convert to Catholicism. Stanislas Kostka, Saint - Polish Jesuit, died in 1568 at the age of 17, less than a year after entering the Society. Sacraments - Presents the necessity, the nature, the origin/cause, the number, the effects, the minister, and the recipient of the Sacraments. Scripture - Sacred Scripture is one of the several names denoting the inspired writings which make up the Old and New Testament. Sergius III, Pope - Reigned 904-911. Sabinianus, Pope - Reigned 604-606. The son of Bonus, he was born at Blera (Bieda) near Viterbo. In 593 he was sent by St. Gregory I as apocrisiarius or Apostolic nuncio to Constantinople; but in some respects his administration of the office did not come up to Gregory's expectations. Society, The Catholic Church Extension - The first active agitation for a church extension or home mission society for the Catholic Church in North America was begun in 1904 by an article of the present writer, published in the "American Ecclesiastical Review" (Philadelphia). Saint Paul-without-the Walls - An abbey nullius. As early as 200 the burial place of the great Apostle in the Via Ostia was marked by a cella memoriæ, near which the Catacomb of Comodilla was established. Sozomen, Salaminius Hermias - One of the famous historians of the early Church, born at Bethelia, a small town near Gaza in Palestine. Strossmayer, Joseph Georg - Josip Juraj, Bishop of Diakovár, born at Essegg in Croatia-Slavonia, 4 February, 1815; died 8 April, 1905. Sabbatine Privilege - The name Sabbatine Privilege is derived from the apocryphal Bull "Sacratissimo uti culmine" of John XXII, 3 March, 1322. Stigmata, Mystical - Their existence is so well established historically that, as a general thing, they are no longer disputed by unbelievers, who now seek only to explain them naturally. Swinomish Indians - A tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, closely connected with the Skagit. They formerly held the territory about the mouth of the river Skagit together with the adjacent portion of Whidbey Island. Saba and Sabeans - This Saba (Sheba) must not be confounded with Saba (Seba) in Ethiopia of Is., xliii, 3; xlv, 14. It lies in the Southern Arabian Jôf about 200 miles north-west of Aden. Syriac Hymnody - To the general consideration set forth in the article hymnody and hymnology must be added some bearing particularly on the structure and liturgical use of hymns (madrashe), exclusive of poetical homilies or discourses (mimre), which belong to the narrative and epic class, while the hymns are lyrical. Sylvestrines - A minor monastic order or, strictly speaking, congregation following in general the Rule of St. Benedict but distinct from the Black monks and not forming a part of the confederation of Benedictine congregations. Syndicalism - Derived from the French syndicats, associations of workingmen uniting members of the same trade or industry for the furtherance of common economic interests. Synoptics - The name given since Griesbach's time (about 1790) to the first three canonical Gospels. Sabbath - The seventh day of the week among the Hebrews, the day being counted from sunset to sunset, that is, from Friday evening to Saturday evening. Sabaoth - In Hebrew, plural form of "host" or "army". The word is used almost exclusively in conjunction with the Divine name as a title of majesty: "the Lord of Hosts", or "the Lord God of Hosts". Sunday - Sunday (Day of the Sun), as the name of the first day of the week, is derived from Egyptian astrology. Seroux d'Agincourt, Jean-Baptiste-Louis-George - Born at Beauvais, 5 April, 1730; died at Rome, 24 September, 1814. He was a descendant of the counts of Namur. Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern - This mission was separated in 1894 from Northern Shan-Tung and erected into a vicariate Apostolic. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Society of the - An institution of religious women, taking perpetual vows and devoted to the work of education. Shan-si, Vicariate Apostolic of Southern - Erected in 1890; the mission is entrusted to the Franciscan Fathers. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Missionary Sisters of the - A religious congregation having its general mother house at Rome, founded in 1880 by Mother Francis Xavier Cabrini. Syncelli - A name which in the early Church was given to those monks or clerics who lived in the same room with their bishops, and whose duty it was to be witnesses to the purity of their lives or to perform the daily spiritual exercises in common with them. Sacrifice - This term is identical with the English offering (Latin offerre) and the German Opfer. Sabran, Louis de - Jesuit (1652-1732) Sacrilege - The violation or injurious treatment of a sacred object. In a less proper sense any transgression against the virtue of religion would be a sacrilege. Sumatra - Erected by a Decree of 30 June, 1911, and entrusted to the Dutch Capuchins. Sacristan - An officer who is charged with the care of the sacristy, the church, and their contents. In ancient times many duties of the sacristan were performed by the doorkeepers (ostiarii), later by the mansionarii and the treasurers. Slavonic Language and Liturgy - Although the Latin holds the chief place among the liturgical languages in which the Mass is celebrated and the praise of God recited in the Divine Offices, yet the Slavonic language comes next to it among the languages widely used throughout the world in the liturgy of the Church. Streber, Franz Ignaz Von - Numismatist and theologian, born at Reisbach, Lower Bavaria, 11 Feb., 1758; died at Munich, 26 April, 1841. Sacris Solemniis - The opening words of the hymn for Matins of Corpus Christi and of the Votive Office of the Most Blessed Sacrament, composed by St. Thomas Aquinas. Suburbicarian Dioceses - A name applied to the dioceses nearest Rome, viz. Albano, Frascati (Tusculum), Palestrina, Sabina, Ostia and Velletri, Porto and S. Rufina, the bishops of which form the order of cardinal bishops. Sadoleto, Jacopo - Cardinal, humanist, and reformer (1477-1547) Sadler, Thomas Vincent Faustus - Missionary born 1604; died at Dieulward, Flanders, 19 Jan., 1680-1. Sahagún, Bernardino de - Missionary and Aztec archeologist, b. at Sahagún, Kingdom of Leon, Spain, in or before the year 1500; d. at Mexico, 23 Oct., 1590. Sacra Jam Splendent - The opening words of the hymn for Matins of the Feast of the Holy Family. Sailer, Johann Michael - Professor of theology and Bishop of Ratisbon, b. at Aresing in Upper Bavaria 17 October, 1751; d. 20 May, 1832, at Ratisbon. San Salvador - Diocese. The Republic of Salvador, often incorrectly called San Salvador from the name of its capital, is the smallest and most thickly populated state of Central America. Sullivan, Alexander Martin - Irish politician, lawyer and journalist, b. at Bantry in 1830; d. at Dartry Lodge, Rathmines, Dublin, 17 Oct., 1884. Sabbatarians, Sabbatarianism - Defines Sabbatarianism as a rigorist conflation of the Christian Sunday with the Jewish Sabbath, devotes attention to Seventh-Day Sabbatarianism as well. Sadlier, Mary Anne Madden - Authoress, b. at Cootehill, Co. Cavan, Ireland, 30 Dee., 1820; d. at Montreal, Canada, 5 April, 1903. Sylvester, Bernard, of Chartres - A twelfth-century philosopher of Neo-Platonic tendencies. Saint Andrews, Priory of - One of the great religious houses in Scotland and the metropolitan church in that country before the Reformation. Saint Cloud - A suffragan of the Archdiocese of St. Paul, Minn., comprises the counties of Stearns, Sherburne, Benton, Morrison, Mille Lacs, Kanabec, Grant, Pope, Stevens, Isanti, Traverse, Douglas, Wilkin, Otter-Tail, Todd, Wadena, in the State of Minnesota, an area of 12,251 square miles. The bishop resides in St. Cloud, Stearns county. Sykes, Edmund - Born at Leeds; martyred at York Tyburn 23 March, 1586-7. Saint Albert - Diocese in Canada. Saint-Brieuc - Diocese; comprises the Department of the Côtes du Nord. Re-established by the Concordat of 1802 as suffragan of Tours, later, in 1850, suffragan of Rennes. Servants of Mary (Order of Servites) - Order founded on the feast of the Assumption, 1233 when the Blessed Virgin appeared to seven noble Florentines. Sullivan, Peter John - Soldier, lawyer, born at Cork, Ireland, 15 March, 1821; died at Cincinnati, Ohio, 2 March 1883. Syncretism - An explanation is given by Plutarch in a small work on brotherly love ("Opera Moralia", ed. Reiske, VII, 910). He there tells how the Cretans were often engaged in quarrels among themselves, but became immediately reconciled when an external enemy approached. Saint George, Orders of - Knights of St. George appear at different historical periods and in different countries as mutually independent bodies having nothing in common but the veneration of St. George, the patron of knighthood. Steinmeyer, Ferdinand - Jesuit missionary, born in Swabia, Germany, 13 Oct., 1720; died at Philadelphia, 17 Aug., 1786. Sadducees - A politico-religious sect of the Jews during the late post-Exile and New-Testament period. The old derivation of the name from tsaddiqim, i.e. the righteous; with assumed reference to the adherence of the Sadducees to the letter of the Law as opposed to the pharasaic attention to the superadded "traditions of the elders", is now generally discredited. Saint Boniface - Archdiocese; the chief ecclesiastical division of the Canadian West, so-called after the patron saint of the German soldiers who were among its first settlers. Sabbatical Year - The seventh year, devoted to cessation of agriculture, and holding in the period of seven years a place analogous to that of the Sabbath in the week; also called "Year of Remission". Saint Augustine, Abbey of - Benedictine monastery, originally dedicated to Sts. Peter and Paul, founded in 605 outside of the City of Canterbury, on the site of the earlier Church of St. Pancras. Saint Vincent de Paul, Society of - International association of Catholic laymen engaging in personal service of the poor. Sagalassus - A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. Sainctes, Claude de - French controversialist, b. at Perche, 1525; d. at Crèvecoeur, 1591. Saint Gall - A Swiss bishopric directly subject to the Holy See. It includes the Canton of St. Gall and, as a temporary arrangement, the two half-cantons of Appenzell Outer Rhodes and Appenzell Inner Rhodes. Saint Albans, Abbey of - Located in Hertfordshire, England; founded about 793 by Offa, king of the Mercians. Saavedra, Fajardo Diego de - Statesman and author, b. at Algezares, Murcia, Spain, in 1584; d. at Madrid in 1648. Saint Isidore, College of - In Rome, originally founded for the use of Spanish Franciscans during the pontificate of Gregory XV. Saint Louis (Missouri) - Created a diocese 2 July, 1826; raised to the rank of an archdiocese 20 July, 1847. Sutton, Sir Richard - Co-founder of Brasenose College, Oxford, date of birth unknown; d. September or October, 1524. Saint Omer, College of - Well-known Jesuit college at St. Omer, often spoken of under the anglicized form of St. Omers or St. Omer's, founded by Father Parsons in 1592 or 1593. Saint Andrews, University of - The germ of the university is to be found in an association of learned ecclesiastics, formed in 1410, among whom were: Laurence of Lindores, Abbot of Scone, Richard Cornwall, Archdeacon of Lothian, Wm. Stephen, afterwards Archbishop of Dunblane. They offered courses of lectures in divinity, logic, philosophy, canon and civil law. Saint Joseph, Diocese of - The City of St. Joseph, Missouri, was founded by Joseph Robidoux, a Catholic. At the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, St. Joseph was among the new episcopal sees proposed. Spalding, Martin John - Seventh Archbishop of Baltimore. (1810-1872) Saint-Ouen, Abbey of - Located in Rouen, France, this abbey was a Benedictine monastery of great antiquity dating back to the early Merovingian period. Sahaptin Indians - A prominent tribe formerly holding a considerable territory in Western Idaho and adjacent portions of Oregon and Washington. Saint Mark, University of - The highest institution of learning in Peru, located at Lima, under the official name of Universidad Mayor de San Marcos. Reputed to be the oldest university in the New World, created by a royal decree of 12 May, 1551. Saint-Cosme, Jean-François Buisson de - Born in Quebec, Canada, February, 1667; killed, 1707. Entering the Séminaire des Missions Etrangères of Quebec, he was ordained in 1690 and after serving for a time at Minas, Nova Scotia (then Acadia), was assigned to the western mission. Sahara, Vicariate Apostolic of - Vast desert of northern Africa, measuring about 932 miles from north to south and 2484 miles from east to west, and dotted with oases which are centres of population. Saint-Pierre and Miquelon - Prefecture apostolic comprising the only French possession in North America, a group of islands. Saint-Sulpice, Society of - Founded at Paris by M. Olier (1642) for the purpose of providing directors for the seminaries established by him. Saint Peter, Basilica of - The present Church of St. Peter stands upon the site where at the beginning of the first century the gardens of Agrippina lay. Saint Andrews and Edinburgh - The exact date of the foundation of the See of St. Andrews is, like any others in the earliest history of the Scottish Church, difficult, if not impossible, to fix. Saint Paul (Minnesota) - Archdiocese comprising the counties of Ramsey, Hennepin, Chisago, Anoka, Dakota, Scott, Wright, Rice, Lesueur, Carver, Nicollet, Sibley, Meeker, Redwood, Renville, Kandiyohi, Lyon, Lincoln, Yellow Medicine, Lac-Qui-Parle, Chippewa, Swift, Goodhue, Big Stone, and Brown, which stretch across the State of Minnesota from east to west, in about the center of its southern half. Saint Asaph, Ancient Diocese of - Founded by St. Kentigern about the middle of the sixth century when he was exiled from his see in Scotland. Saint Thomas of Guiana - Diocese; suffragan of Caracas, erected by Pius VI on 19 Dec., 1791, comprises the former state of Bermúdez, districts of Nueva Esparta and Guayana, and territories of Amazonas, Caura, Colón, Orinoco, and Yuruary, in the south and east of Venezuela. Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne - Diocese of Mauramanensis. Includes the arrondissement of Saint Jean-de-Maurienne in the Department of Haute Savoie. Schäzler, Constantine, Baron von - Theologian, b. at Ratisbon, 7 May, 1827; d. at Interlaken, 9 September, 1880. Saint-John, Ambrose - Oratorian; b. 1815; d. at Edgbaston, Birmingham, 24 May, 1875; son of Henry St. John, descended from the Barons St. John of Bletsoe. Saint-Victor, Abbey of - In 1108 William of Champeaux retired to a small hermitage dedicated to St. Victor, the martyr soldier. He was followed by many disciples and induced again to take up his lectures. Hence the origin of the Royal Abbey and School of St. Victor. Saint Lucius, Monastery of - Located in Chur, Switzerland. The Church of St. Lucius was built over the grave of this saint, whose relics were preserved in it until the sixteenth century. Saint-Denis - Diocese erected in 1850 as suffragan of Bordeaux, includes the Island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean about 350 miles cast of Madagascar. Saint-Denis, Abbey of - Situated in a small town to which it has given its name, about four miles north of Paris. Saint-Victor, Achard de - Canon regular, Abbot of St-Victor, Paris, and Bishop of Avranches, b. about 1100; d. 1172. Saint Peter, Tomb of - The history of the confusion and conflicting authorities surrounding the location of the tomb of Saint Peter. Salve Regina - The opening words (used as a title) of the most celebrated of the four Breviary anthems of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Saavedra Remírez de Baquedano, Angel de - Spanish poet and statesman, b. at Cordova, 10 March, 1791; d. at Madrid, 22 June, 1865. Saint Thomas, University of - University in Manila, founded in 1619 by the Dominican Miguel de Benavides, Archbishop of Manila. Saint-Dié - Diocese comprising the Department of the Vosges. Saint Thomas, Diocese of - Diocese comprising the Islands of São Thomé and Principe, in the Gulf of Guinea. Sacred Heart, Brothers of the - A congregation founded in 1821 by Père André Coindre, of the Diocese of Lyons, France. Its constitutions were modeled upon the constitutions of St. Ignatius based upon the Rule of Saint Augustine. Its members bind themselves for life by the simple vows of religion. Sidon - Titular metropolis of Pamphylia Prima. Saint Francis Mission - A noted Catholic Indian mission village under Jesuit control near Pierreville, Yamaska district, Province of Quebec, Canada. Salesian Society, The - Founded by Saint John Bosco, takes its distinctive name from its patron, Saint Francis de Sales. Salamon, Louis-Siffren-Joseph - Bishop of Saint-Flour; b. at Carpentras, 22 Oct., 1759; d. at Saint-Flour, 11 June, 1829. Saint George's - Diocese in Newfoundland. Beginning at Garnish it takes in the western portion of the south coast and then stretches along the Gulf of St. Lawrence, northwards, almost as far as the Straits of Belle Isle, lying between 55° 20' and 59° 30' west longitude and between 47° 30' and 51° 20' north latitude. Saint-Vallier, Jean-Baptiste de - Second Bishop of Quebec, b. at Grenoble, France, 14 Nov. 1653; d. at Quebec, Canada, 26 Dec., 1727; son of Jean de La Croix de Chevrières, and Marie de Sayne. Synod - A general term for ecclesiastical gatherings under hierarchical authority, for the discussion and decision of matters relating to faith, morals, or discipline. It corresponds to the Latin word concilium. Stoning in Scripture - At first an expression of popular fury analogous to "lynching", later came to be a natural and legally recognized method of execution. Salazar, Domingo de - Born in La Rioja, in the village of La Bastida on the banks of the Ebro, 1512; died in Madrid, 4 December, 1594. Devoted to the conversion of natives of the new world. Salmas - A Chaldean see, included in the ancient Archdiocese of Adhorbigan, or Adherbaidjan. Sale - Saliensis. Diocese in Victoria, Australia, comprises all the territory known as Gippsland. Syntagma Canonum - A canonical collection made in 1335 by Blastares, a Greek monk about whose life nothing certain is known. Salimbene degli Adami - Chronicler, b. at Parma, 9 Oct., 1221; d. probably at Montefalcone about 1288. Soul - The question of the reality of the soul and its distinction from the body is among the most important problems of philosophy, for with it is bound up the doctrine of a future life. Salmanticenses and Complutenses - Authors of the courses of scholastic philosophy and theology, and moral theology. Salamanca - Article on the Spanish diocese. Salvation - Salvation has in Scriptural language the general meaning of liberation from straitened circumstances or from other evils, and of a translation into a state of freedom and security. Saint Petersburg - The imperial residence and second capital of Russia, lies at the mouth of the Neva on the Gulf of Finland. Saint Hyacinthe - Diocese in the Province of Quebec, suffragan of Montreal. Salt Lake, Diocese of - Includes the State of Utah, and slightly more than half of the State of Nevada. Salto - Diocese in Uruguay, suffragan to Montevideo. Salvianus - Fifth-century Latin writer. Samoa - A group of islands situated in the south Pacific. Sacristy - A room in the church or attached thereto, where the vestments, church furnishings and the like, sacred vessels, and other treasures are kept, and where the clergy meet and vest for the various ecclesiastical functions. Stylites - Solitaries who, taking up their abode upon the tops of a pillar (stylos), chose to spend their days amid the restraints thus entailed and in the exercise of other forms of asceticism. This practice may be regarded as the climax of a tendency which became very pronounced in Eastern lands in the latter part of the fourth century. Salzmann, Joseph - Founder of St. Francis Provincial Seminary (St. Francis, Wisconsin) known as the "Salesianum", one of the best known pioneer priests of the North-west, b. at Münzbach, Diocese of Linz, Upper Austria, 17 Aug., 1819; d. at St. Francis, Wisconsin, 17 Jan., 1874. Salome - Daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias at whose request John the Baptist was beheaded. Saliva Indians - The principal of a small group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock (the Salivan), centring in the eighteenth century, about and below the junction of the Meta and Orinoco, in Venezuela. San Gallo - A celebrated family of architects, sculptors, painters, and engravers, which flourished in Italy during the Renaissance period, from the middle of the fifteenth to the end of the sixteenth century. The founder of the family was Francesco Giamberti (1405-80), a Florentine wood-carver; he had two sons, Giuliano and Antonio. Salvete Christi Vulnera - The Roman Breviary hymn at Lauds of the feast of the Most Precious Blood, is found in the Appendix to Pars Verna of the Roman Breviary (Venice, 1798). Salmeron, Alphonsus - Jesuit Biblical scholar, born at Toledo, 8 Sept., 1515; died at Naples, 13 Feb., 1585. Sámar and Leyte - The names of two civil provinces in the Visayan group of the Philippines. San José de Costa Rica - The Republic of Costa Rica, Central America, constitutes this diocese as a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Guatemala. Sánchez, Alonzo Coello - Painter - Born at Benyfayro, Valenciz, Spain, in 1513 or 1515; died at Madrid, 1590. Sánchez, Alonzo - Jesuit missionary and writer, born in Mondejar, Guadalajara, Spain, in 1547; died at Alcalá, 27 May, 1593. Salta, Diocese of - Comprises the civil Provinces of Salta and Jujuy in the northern part of the Republic of Argentina. Samosata - A titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis, capital of Commagenum. San Carlos de Ancud - The most southern of the Chilian dioceses. Sanction - Sanction signifies the authoritative act whereby the legislator gives a law value and binding force for its subjects. Sanctuary - Church architecture term. Synods, National - According to the recent canon law, national councils are the deliberating assemblies at which all the bishops of a nation are convoked by the patriarch or primate (Cf. Bened. XIV, "De Synodo", I, i), but, in order to include the ancient national synods, it would be more correct to say a legitimate assemblage of the episcopate of a nation, the decisions of which are valid for an entire national Church. Sabrata - A titular see in Tripolitana. Sabrata was a Phoenician town on the northern coast of Africa, between the two Syrta. With Oca and Leptis Magna it caused the Greek name Tripolis to be given to the region. Sacchoni, Rainerio - A learned and zealous Dominican, born at Piacenza about the beginning of the thirteenth century; died about 1263. Saint-Claude - The Diocese of Saint-Claude comprised in the eighteenth century only twenty-six parishes, subject previously to the Abbey of Saint-Claude, and some parishes detached from the Dioceses of Besançon and Lyons. Saltillo, Diocese of - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Linares, or Monterey. Sa, Manoel de - Portuguese theologian and exegete, b. at Villa do Conde (Province Entre-Minho-e-Douro), 1530; d. at Arona (Italy), 30 Dec., 1596. Sampson, Richard - English bishop (d. 1554) Samogitia - A Russian diocese, also called Telshi (Telshe), including the part of Lithuania lying on the Baltic. Sanctity - Explains the meaning of the term "sanctity" as employed in somewhat different senses in relation to God, to individual men, and to a corporate body. Saint Sylvester, Order of - The Order is neither monastic nor military but a purely honorary title created by Gregory XVI, 31 Oct., 1841. Sanchez, Thomas - Religious scholar/author - Born at Cordova, 1550; died in the college of Granada, 19 May, 1610. San Francisco - Archdiocese established 29 July 1853 to include multiple counties in the State of California, U.S.A. Sandwich Isands - Vicariate Apostolic comprising all the islands of the Hawaiian group. Sandomir - Ancient Polish city with existing traces of prehistoric construction. Sandemanians - An English form of the Scottish sect of Glassites, followers of John Glas (b. 1695; d. 1773) who was deposed from the Presbyterian ministry in 1728, for teaching that the Church should not be subject to any league or covenant, but should be governed only by Apostolic doctrine. Sambuga, Joseph Anton - Theologian, b. at Walldorf near Heidelberg, 9 June; 1752; d. at Nymphenburg near Munich 5 June, according to Sailer, but 5 January according to other statements, 1815. Sanetch Indians - A sub-tribe of the Songish Indians. San Antonio, Diocese of - Comprises all that portion of the State of Texas between the Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers, except the land south of the Arroyo de los Hermanos, on the Rio Grande, and the Counties of Live Oak, Bee, Goliad, and Refugio. Saint John - Diocese in the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. San León del Amazonas - Prefecture Apostolic in Peru. Syon Monastery - Middlesex, England, founded in 1415 by King Henry V at his manor of Isleworth. Saint-Flour - Diocese comprising the Department of Cantal, and is suffragan of the Archbishopric of Bourges. Sanctorum Meritis - The hymn at First and Second Vespers in the Common of the Martyrs in the Roman Breviary. Its authorship is often attributed to Rabanus Maurus (d. 856), Archbishop of Mainz. Sankt Pölten - Diocese in Lower Austria. San Salvador - The name given by Columbus to his first discovery in the New World. It is one of the Bahama group of islands. Sandeo, Felino Maria - Often quoted under the name of Felinus, Italian canonist of the fifteenth century. San Marino - An independent republic lying between the Italian Provinces of Forli, Pasaro, and Urbino. Saint Bartholomew's Day - This massacre of which Protestants were the victims occurred in Paris on 24 August, 1572 (the feast of St. Bartholomew), and in the provinces of France during the ensuing weeks, and it has been the subject of knotty historical disputes. Sanseverino, Gaetano - Restorer of the Scholastic philosophy in Italy, b. at Naples, 1811; d. there of cholera, 16 Nov., 1865. San Luis Potosí - Diocese in Mexico, erected by Pius IX in 1854. It includes the State of San Luis Potosí, and a small portion of the State of Zacatecas. San Marco and Bisignano - Diocese in the Province of Cosenza in Calabria, Italy. San Martino al Cimino - A prelature nullius in the territory of the Diocese of Viterbo, Province of Rome. Santa Casa di Loreto - Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the "Holy House" of Loreto has been numbered among the most famous shrines of Italy. Santa Fe (Argentina) - Diocese in the Argentine Republic, suffragan of Buenos Aires. Santa Lucia del Mela - Prelature nullius within the territory of the Archdiocese of Messina, Sicily. Sands, Benjamin and James - U.S. Navy admirals. San Miniato - A city and diocese in the Province of Florence, central Italy. Sandhurst - Diocese in Victoria, Australia; suffragan of Melbourne. Santa Maria de Monserrato - An abbey nullius in Brazil. Santa Agata dei Goti, Diocese of - In the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy; the city, situated on a hill at the base of Monte Taburno, includes an ancient castle. Stapleton, Theobald - Nothing is known of his career, except that he was a priest living in Flanders, and that in 1639 he published at Brussels a book called "Catechismus seu doctrina Christiana Latino-hibernica", which was the first book in which Irish was printed in Roman type. San Juan - Diocese in the Argentine Republic at the foot of the Cordillera of the Andes. Samuco Indians - The collective name of a group of tribes in southwestern Bolivia. Salutati, Coluccio di Pierio di - Italian Humanist b. in Tuscany, 1331; d. 4 May, 1406. Salisbury, Ancient Diocese of - The diocese was originally founded by Birinus, who in 634 established his see at Dorchester in Oxfordshire, whence he evangelized the Kingdom of Wessex. From this sprang the later Dioceses of Winchester, Sherborne, Ramsbury, and Salisbury. Sander, Nicholas - English exile - Born at Charlwood, Surrey, in 1530; died in Ireland, 1581. Sainte-Claire Deville, Charles - Geologist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 26 February, 1814; d. in Paris 10 October, 1876. Santa Maria (Brazil) - A Brazilian see, suffragan of Porto Alegre. Santiago del Estero - Diocese in the Argentine Republic, erected 25 March, 1907, suffragan of Buenos Aires. São Carlos do Pinhal - Diocese; suffragan of the Archdiocese of São Paulo, Brazil, South America, created on 7 June, l908. Santander - Diocese in Spain which takes its name not from St. Andrew as some believe, but from St. Hemeterius (Santemter, Santenter, Santander), one of the patrons of the city and ancient abbey. Saints Vincent and Anastasius, Abbey of - Located near Rome. Santini, Giovanni Sante Gaspero - Astronomer, b. at Caprese in Tuscany, 30 Jan., 1787; d. at Padua, 26 June, 1877. Salamanca, University of - Spanish university. Had its beginning in the Cathedral School under the direction, from the twelfth century, of a magister scholarum (chancellor). Samos - Titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades. The island, called in Turkish Soussan-Adassi, is 181 sq. miles in area and numbers 55,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom are Greek schismatics. Salt - Always used for the seasoning of food and for the preservation of things from corruption, had from very early days a sacred and religious character. San Severo - Diocese in the Province of Foggia (Capitanata), Southern Italy, situated in a fertile plain, watered by the Radicosa and Triolo. São Paulo - Ecclesiastical province in the Republic of Brazil, South America. São Thiago de Cabo Verde - This diocese has the seat of its bishopric on the Island of S. Nicolau. Stephen of Tournai - Canonist, born at Orléans, 1128; died at Tournai, September, 1203. Sardinia - The second largest Italian island in the Mediterranean. Santos, João dos - Dominican missionary in India and Africa, b. at Evora, Portugal; d. at Goa in 1622. Sala, George Augustus Henry - Journalist, b. in London, 24 Nov., 1828; d. at Brighton, 8 Dec., 1895, having been received into the Church before death. Samson - Abbot of St. Edmunds (1135-1211) Sanctus - The Sanctus is the last part of the Preface in the Mass, sung in practically every rite by the people (or choir). One of the elements of the liturgy of which exists the earliest evidence. São Luiz de Cáceres - Diocese in Brazil, suffragan of Cuyabá. Sacramentals - In instituting the sacraments Christ did not determine the matter and form down to the slightest detail, leaving this task to the Church, which should determine what rites were suitable in the administration of the sacraments. These rites are indicated by the word Sacramentalia, the object of which is to manifest the respect due to the sacrament and to secure the sanctification of the faithful. Sannazaro, Jacopo - Italian and Latin poet, b. at Naples, 28 July, 1458; d. at Rome, in Aug., 1530. Sarabaites - A class of monks widely spread before the time of St. Benedict. Saragossa, University of - Not definitively established until 1585, its real founder being Don Pedro Cerbunc, Prior of the Cathedral of Saragossa, and later Bishop of Tarrazona. Sardica - A titular metropolitan see of Dacia Mediterranea. The true name of the city (now Sophia, the capital of Bulgaria) was Serdica. São Salvador de Bahia de Todos os Santos - Brazilian archdiocese established in 1551. Sardes - A titular see of Lydia, in Asia Minor probably the ancient Hyde of Homer (Iliad, II, 844; XX, 385), at the foot of Mount Tmolus. Sandals, Episcopal - Unlike the ancient sandals, which consisted merely of soles fastened to the foot by straps, the episcopal sandals are in the form of low shoes, and resemble slippers. Savannah - The Diocese of Savannah comprises the State of Georgia and was created as such by Pius IX, 1850. Sassari - Archdiocese in Sardinia, Italy, situated on the River Rossello in a fertile region: a centre of the oil, fruit, wine, and tobacco industries. Schöffer, Peter - Publisher and printer, b. at Gernsheim on the Rine about 1425; d. at Mainz in 1503. Satolli, Francesco - Theologian, cardinal, first Apostolic delegate to the United States, b. 21 July, 1839, at Marsciano near Perugia; d. 8 Jan., 1910, at Rome. Santa Cruz de la Sierra - Diocese in Bolivia, erected on 6 July, 1605, as suffragan of Lima, but since 2 July, 1609, it has been dependent on La Plata (Charcas). Santa Catharina - Diocese; suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre (São Pedro do Rio Grande), in Brazil, South America, created in 1906. São Luiz de Maranhão - Diocese; suffragan of Belém de Pará, comprises the State of Maranhão in Northern Brazil. Sander, Anton - Historian, b. at Antwerp, 1586; d. at Afflighem, Belgium, 10 Jan., 1664. Santa Severina - Diocese in the Province of Catanzaro in Calabria, Southern Italy. Situated on a rocky precipice on the site of the ancient Siberena, it became an important fortress of the Byzantines in their struggles with the Saracens. Santa Fe (New Mexico) - Archdiocese in New Mexico, erected by Pius IX in 1850 and created an archbishopric in 1875. Sarayacú Mission - The chief Franciscan mission of the Ucavali river country, Department of Loreto, north-east Peru, in the eighteenth century. Saxe-Altenburg - One of the Saxon duchies in the east of Thuringia; situated on the west frontier of the Kingdom of Saxony. Savonarola, Girolamo - Dominican reformer. Born at Ferrara, 21 September, 1452; died at Florence, 23 May, 1498. Sarto, Andrea del - Artist - Born at Florence in 1486; d. there in 1531. Sainte-Geneviève, Abbey of - In Paris, founded by King Clovis who established there a college of clerics, later called canons regular. Savigny, Karl Friedrich - Diplomatist (1814-1875) Saragossa - Diocese in Spain. Savaric - Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury, and cousin of the Emperor Henry VI, date of birth unknown, d. at Rome, 1205. He was archdeacon of Canterbury, 1175, and archdeacon of Northampton, 1180. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha - One of the Saxon-Thuringian duchies. Santarem - Prelature nullius created in 1903, in the ecclesiastical Province of Belem do Pará. Songish Indians - A tribe of some importance formerly holding the south coast of Vancouver Island, B.C. Santo Domingo, Archdiocese of - Erected on 8 August, 1511, by Julius II who by the Bull "Pontifex Romanus" on that date established also the Sees of Concepción de la Vega and of San Juan of Porto Rico. Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs) - Consisting of twenty-eight white marble steps, at Rome, near the Lateran; according to tradition the staircase leading once to the prætorium of Pilate at Jerusalem, hence sanctified by the footsteps of Our Lord during his Passion. Sardica, Council of - One of the series of councils called to adjust the doctrinal and other difficulties caused by the Arian heresy, held most probably in 343. Sant' Angelo de' Lombardi - Diocese in the Province of Avellino, Southern Italy. The city was established by the Lombards at an unknown period. Saxo Grammaticus - Thirteenth-century Danish historian Sant' Angelo in Vado and Urbania - Diocese; S. Angelo in Vado is a city in the Marches, on the site of the ancient "Tifernum Metaurense", a town of the Umbrian Senones, near the River Metaurus, believed to have been destroyed by the Goths. Schäufelin, Hans Leonhard - A German wood engraver, pupil of Durer, b. at Nuremberg in 1490; d. there in 1540. Best known as an engraver, but also an artist of repute. Saskatchewan and Alberta - The twin provinces of the Canadian West, so called because they were formed on the same day. Scannabecchi, Filippo - Bolognese painter, born about 1360; died about 1410. Scheffmacher, John James - Jesuit theologian b. at Kientzheim, Alsace, 27 April, 1668; d. at Strasburg, 18 August, 1733. He was one of the greatest theologians of his time, an orator of power and influence and the author of valuable works on controversy. Scheiner, Christopher - German astronomer, b. at Wald, near Mindelheim, in Swabia, 25 July, 1575; d. at Niesse, in Silesia, 18 July, 1650. Schatzgeyer, Caspar - Inquisitor (1463-1527) Scapular - The most important part, of the habit of the monastic orders. Saxe-Meiningen - A Saxon-Thuringian duchy. The duchy came into existence in 1681, as the result of the various succession agreements among the seven sons of Duke Ernest the Pious of Saxe-Gotha. Sainte-Claire Deville, Henri-Etienne - Chemist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 11 March, 1818; d. at Boulogne, 1 July, 1881. Sault Sainte Marie - Ontario, Canada, diocese erected in 1904. Satala - A titular see in Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sabastia. Starr, Eliza Allen - Writer and artist, born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, 29 August, 1824; died at Durand, Illinois, 8 September, 1901. Savona and Noli - Province of Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa. Schönborn - The name of a German noble family, many members of which were prelates of the Church. São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro - Ecclesiastical province of Rio de Janeiro, the third of the seven constituting the Brazilian episcopate. San Xavier del Bac, Mission of - One of the eight missions founded by the Spanish Padres between 1687 and 1720 in the Pimeria Alta, within the present limits of the State of Arizona. Schelstrate, Emmanuel - Theologian, b. at Antwerp, 1649; d. at Rome, 6 April, 1692. While he was a canon of the cathedral of Antwerp, he was called to Rome by Innocent IX and made an assistant librarian of the Vatican Library. Sánchez, José Bernardo - Franciscan missionary - Born at Robledillo, Old Castile, Spain, 7 September, 1778; d. at San Gabriel, California, 15 January, 1833. Schedel, Hartmann - German Humanist and historian, b. at Nuremberg, 13 February, 1440; d. there on 28 November, 1514. Schelble, Johann Nepomuk - Musician, b. 16 May, 1789, at Huffingen in the Black Forest; d. there 6 Aug., 1837. Schlör, Aloysius - Ascetical writer, b. at Vienna, 17 June, 1805; d. at Graz, 2 Nov., 1852. Schinner, Matthæus - Bishop, cardinal, and statesman, b. at Muhlbach in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland, about 1470; d. of the plague at Rome, l October, 1522. Scammon, Ellakim Parker - Educator, b. at Whitefield, Maine, U.S.A., 27 Dec., 1816; d. at New York, 7 Dec., 1894. Scaramelli, Giovanni Battista - Ascetical writer, b. at Rome, 24 Nov., 1687; d. at Macerata, 11 Jan., 1752. Schöningh - History of this Catholic publishing house at Paderborn. Scholliner, Herman - Theologian and historian, b. at Freising in Bavaria, 15 January, 1722; d. at Welchenberg, 16 July, 1795. Schottenklöster - A name applied to the monastic foundations of Irish and Scotch missionaries on the European continent, particularly to the Scotch Benedictine monasteries in Germany, which in the beginning of the thirteenth century were combined into one congregation. Scherer-Boccard, Theodore, Count von - A Swiss Catholic journalist and politician; b. at Dornach in the canton of Solothurn, 12 May, 1816; d. at Solothurn, 6 Feb., 1885. Scherer, Georg - Pulpit orator and controversialist, b. at Schwaz, in the Tyrol, 1540, according to Duhr; d. at Linz, 30 Nov., 1605; entered the Society of Jesus in 1559. Sext - Article on the midday office. Schneeman, Gerard - Born at Wesel, Lower Rhine, 12 Feb., 1829; d. at Kerkrade, Holland, 20 Nov., 1885. Schola Cantorum - A place for the teaching and practice of ecclesiastical chant, or a body of singers banded together for the purpose of rendering the music in church. Schoenberg, Matthias von - Author, b. at Ehingen, in the Diocese of Constance, 9 Nov., 1732; d. at Munich, 20 Apr., 1792. Schenkl, Maurus von - Benedictine theologian and canonist, b. at Auerbach in Bavaria, 4 January 1749; d. at Amberg, 14 June, 1816. Schram, Dominic - A Benedictine theologian and canonist, b. at Bamberg, 24 October 1722; d. in the monastery of Banz near Bamberg, 21 September, 1797. Schubert, Franz - Composer (1797-1829). Schaumburg-Lippe - A German principality, surrounded by the Prussian province of Westphalia Hanover, and an exclave of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau (the Prussian County of Schaumburg). Schrank, Franz Paula von - Naturalist, b. at Varnbach near Schärding on the Inn, 21 August, 1747; d. at Munich, 22 December, 1835. Schrader, Clement - Jesuit theologian, b. at Itzum, in Hanover, Nov., 1820; d. at Poitiers 23 Feb., 1875. Schwann, Theodor - German physiologist and founder of the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms; b. at Neuss, 7 December, 1810; d. Cologne, 11 January, 1882. Schraudolph, Johann - Historical painter (1808-1879) Schmidt, Friedrich von - Architect (1825-1891) Schenute - A Coptic abbot. The years 332-33-34 and 350 are mentioned as the date of his birth, and the years 451-52 and 466 as the date of his death, all authors agreeing that he lived about 118 years. Schism - In the language of theology and canon law, the rupture of ecclesiastical union and unity. Scotland - The northern portion of the Island of Great Britain. Sylvius, Francis - Theologian, born at Braine-le-Comte, Hainault, Belgium, 1581; died at Douai, 22 February, 1649. Schlosser, John Frederick Henry - Jurist - b. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 30 December, 1780; d. there 22 January, 1851. Sarbiewski, Mathias Casimir - The Horace of Poland, b. near Plonsk, in the Duchy of Masovia, 24 February, 1595; d. 2 April, 1649. He entered the novitiate of the Jesuits at Vilna on 25 July, 1612. Schongauer, Martin - German painter and engraver, b. at Colmar between 1445 and 1450; d. probably in 1491, it is believed at Breisach. Scillium - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Perhaps the name should be written Scilium: the real name was possibly Scilli, or better, Scili. Saxe, Jean de - For a long time two astronomers of the Middle Ages were confounded under this name. (1) Joannes Danko (2) Jean de Counnout. Scandal - A word or action evil in itself, which occasions another's spiritual ruin. Santa Marta - Diocese in Colombia, erected in 1535, its first bishop being Alfonso do Tobes. Scythopolis - A titular metropolitan of Palaestina Secunda. It is the ancient Bethsan so often mentioned in the Bible, as proved by texts in the writings of Josephus. Scribes - In the New-Testament period the scribes were the professional interpreters of the Law in the Jewish synagogues. Scranton - Diocese in Pennsylvania Scalimoli - Theologian, better known by his religious name, Anrea di Castellana. Schols, Charles Mathieu - Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences. Born of Catholic parents at Maastriche, Holland, 28 March, 1849; died at Delft 17 March, 1897. Scruple - An unfounded apprehension and consequently unwarranted fear that something is a sin which, as a matter of fact, is not. Scrutiny - Definitions for the term as variously employed in canon law. Subreption - In canon law the concealment or suppression of statements or facts that according to law or usage should be expressed in an application or petition for a rescript. Secchi, Angelo - Astronomer, b. at Reggio in Emilia, Italy, 18 June, 1818; d. 26 Feb., 1878. Sarpi, Paolo - A Servite and anti-papal historian and statesman, b. at Venice, 14 August, 1552; d. there 14 or 15 January, 1623. Sebastia - The city, which existed perhaps under another name in pre-Roman times, was called Sebastia and enlarged by Augustus; under Diocletian it became the capital of Armenia Prima and after Justinian who rebuilt its walls, the capital of Armenia Secunda. Schwane, Joseph - A theological writer, b. at Dorsten in Westphalia, 2 Aril, 1824; d. at Münster, 6 June, 1892. Seckau - Diocese in Styria, Austria, suffragan of Salzburg. The See of Seckau was founded by Archbishop Eberhard II of Salzburg, with the permission of Honorius III, 22 June, 1218. Scopia - Archdiocese, ancient residence of the early Servian rulers is the modern Uscub. Scheeben, Matthias Joseph - Theological writer of acknowledged merit, born at Meckenheim near Bonn, 1 March, 1835; died at Cologne, 21 July, 1888. Schott, Gaspar - German physicist, b. 5 Feb., 1608, at Königshofen; d. 12 or 22 May, 1666, at Augsburg. Scepticism - Etymology of the word based on a Greek term meaning "speculation, doubt". Sect and Sects - Etymology and meaning of the word "sect" . Secularization - An authorization given to religious with solemn vows and by extension to those with simple vows to live for a time or permanently in the "world". Schwenckfeldians - The name of a Protestant sect founded by the nobleman Caspar von Schwenckfeld (b. at Ossig in Silesia in 1489 or 1490; d. at Ulm 10 December, 1561). Sedgwick, Thomas - Regius professor of divinity at Cambridge, 1557, rector of Stanhope, Durham, and vicar of Gainford, Durham, both in 1558; d. in a Yorkshire prison, 1573. Sebaste - A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Sculpture - In the widest sense of the term, sculpture is the art of representing in bodily form men, animals, and other objects in stone, bronze, ivory, clay and similar materials. Sebenico - Suffragan of Zara. Sebenico was the seat of a bishop before the establishment of a see. Sechelt Indians - A small tribe speaking a distinct language of Salishan linguistic stock, formerly occupying the territory about the entrance of Jervis and Sechelt inlets, Nelson Island, and south Texada Island. Sedilia - The name given to seats on the south side of the sanctuary, used by the officiating clergy during the liturgy. Scots College, The - Clement VIII gave Scotland its college at Rome. The Bull of foundation, dated 5 December, 1600, conferred on the college all the privileges already enjoyed by the Greek, German, and English colleges. Stevin, Simon - Born at Bruges in 1548; died at Leyden in 1620. Secret - The prayer said in a low voice by the celebrant at the end of the Offeratory in the Roman Liturgy. Seal - The use of a seal by men of wealth and position was common before the Christian era. It was natural then that high functionaries of the Church should adopt the habit as soon as they became socially and politically important. Schmid, Christoph von - Writer of children's stories and educator, b. at Dinkelsbuehl, in Bavaria, 15 Aug., 1768; d. at Augsburg in 1854. Secular Clergy - The secular cleric makes no profession and follows no religious rule. Sappa - Diocese in Albania, established in 1062. Seekers - An obscure Puritan sect which arose in England in the middles of the seventeenth century. They represented an Antinomian tendency among some of the Independents, and professed to be seeking for the true Church, Scripture, Ministry, and Sacraments. Science and the Church - Dicsusses the relationship between the two subjects. Schorlemer-Alst, Burghard Freiherr von - Social reformer, b. at Heringhausen, Westphalia, 21 Oct., 1825; d. at Alst, 17 March, 1895. Schwarz, Berthold - A German friar, reputed the inventor of gunpowder and firearms. There has been much difference of opinion regarding the bearer of this name and his share in the discovery attributed to him. Seghers, Charles John - Bishop of Vancouver Island (today Victoria), Apostle of Alaska. b. at Ghent, Belgium, 26 Dec., 1839; d. in Alaska, 28 Nov., 1886. Scoto-Hibernian Monasteries - A convenient term under which to include the monastic institutions which were founded during the sixth century in the country now known as Scotland, though that name was not used in its present sense until four hundred years later. Sehna, Diocese of - A Chaldean see, erected in 1853, its subjects being partly in Persia and partly in Turkey at Suleimanieh. Sedulius - Christian poet of the fifth century. Sedulius Scotus - An Irish teacher, grammarian and Scriptural commentator, who lived in the ninth century. Sedia Gestatoria - The Italian name of the portable papal throne used on certain solemn occasions in the pontifical ceremonies. Secularism - A term used for the first time about 1846 by George Jacob Holyoake to denote "a form of opinion which concerns itself only with questions, the issues of which can be tested by the experience of this life". Seduction - The inducing of a previously virtuous woman to engage in unlawful sexual intercourse. Sebastopolis - A titular see in Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebastia. The primitive name of this city was Carana, dependent on Zela, which was included in the principality given toAteporix by Anthony of or Augustus. Scutari, Archdiocese of - The Archdiocese of Scutari comprises 29 parishes. Stained Glass - The popular name for the glass used in the making of coloured windows. Segni - Located in the Province of Rome. The city, situated on a hill in the Monti Lepini overlooks the valley of the river Sacco. Segorbe - Diocese in Spain, bounded on the north by Castellón and Teruel, on the east by Castellón, on the south by Valencia, and on the west by Valencia and Teruel. Seleucids - The name given to the Macedonian dynasty, which was founded by Seleucus, a general under Alexander the Great. Seminary, Ecclesiastical - The word seminary (Fr. séminaire, Ger. Seminar) is sometimes used, especially in Germany, to designate a group of university students devoted to a special line of work. The same word is often applied in England and the United States to young ladies' academies, Protestant or Catholic. Seitz, Alexander Maximilian - Painter, b. At Munich, 1811; d. at Rome, 1888. Seleucia Pieria - Titular metropolis of Syria Prima. The city was founded near the mouth of the Orontes, not far from Mount Casius, by Seleucus Nicator about 300 B.C. Selvaggio, Giulio Lorenzo - Canonist and archaeologist, b. at Naples, 10 August, 1728; d. there, November, 1772. Semipelagianism - A doctrine of grace advocated by monks of Southern Gaul at and around Marseilles after 428. Semmes, Raphael - Naval officer, b. in Charles County, Maryland, U.S.A., 27 September, 1809; d. at Point Clear, Alabama, 26 August, 1877. Sens - Archdiocese comprising the Department of the Yonne. Schmalzgrueber, Francis Xavier - Canonist, b. at Griesbach, Bavaria, 9 Oct., 1663; d. at Dillingen 7 Nov., 1735. Sekanais - A Déné tribe whose habitat is on both sides of the Rockies. Segneri, Paolo - Italian Jesuit, preacher, missionary, ascetical writer, b. at Nettuno, 21 March (cf. Massei) 1624; d. at Rome, 9 Dec., 1694. Sejny, Diocese of - A diocese in the northwestern part of Russian Poland. Seleucians - A Gnostic sect who are said to have flourished in Galatia. Senanque - Cistercian monastery and cradle of the modern Cistereians of the Immaculate Conception. Swedenborgians - The believers in the religious doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. As an organized body they do not call themselves Swedenborgians, which seems to assert the human origin of their religion, but wish to be known as the "Church of the New Jerusalem", or "New Church", claiming for it Divine Authorship and promulgation through human instrumentality. Saint James of Compostela, Order of - Founded in the twelfth century, owes its name to the national patron of Spain, St. James the Greater. Sens, Councils of - Chronology of councils held at this location. Self-Defense - The right of a private person to employ force against any one who unjustly attacks his life or person, his property or good name. Sena, Balthasar - Indian missionary and philologist, b. at Barcelona, Spain, about 1590; d. at Guarambare, Paraguay, 19 July, 1614. Sentence - In canon law, the decision of the court upon any issue brought before it. Seidl, Johann Gabriel - Poet, author of the present Austrian national hymn, b. at Vienna, 21 June 1804; d. there, 17 July, 1875. Seneca Indians - The westernmost and largest of the five tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy of central and western New York. Scriptorium - A large room set apart in a monastery for the use of the scribes or copyists of the community. Sergius II, Pope - Reigned 844-847. Sergius IV, Pope - Reigned 1009-1012. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Society of the - Founded in Belgium. Sibour, Marie-Dominique-Auguste - Born at Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux (Drome, France), 4 August, 1792; died in Paris, 3 January, 1857. Severinus, Pope - Reigned May-August 640, Schwind, Moritz von - Painter - Born at Vienna, 1804; died at Munich, 1871. Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Southern - On 2 Jan., 1882, the then vicar Apostolic of Shan-tung, Rt. Rev. Mgr. D. Cosi, elected as pro-vicar Apostolic for the southern part of his vicariate Father John Baptist Anzer, a member of the Steyl Seminary. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach - A grand duchy in Thuringia, also known in recent times as the Grand duchy of Saxony. Seerth - A Chaldean see, appears to have succeeded the See of Arzon in the same province. Schools, Clerks Regular of the Pious - Called also Piarists, Scolopli, Escolapios, Poor Clerks of the Mother of God, and the Pauline Congregation, a religious order founded in Rome in 1597 by St. Joseph Calasanctius. Ségur, Sophie Rostopchine, Comtesse de - French writer (1797-1874). Serrae - Titular metropolitan see in Macedonia, more correctly Serrhae, is called Siris by Herodotus. Seripando, Girolamo - Italian theologian and cardinal, b. at Troja (Apulia), 6 May, 1493; d. at Trent 17 March, 1563. Sergeant, John - Writer, born at Barrow-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, in 1623; died in 1710. Saint Bonaventure, College of - At Quaracchi, near Florence, Italy, famous as the centre of literary activity in the Order of Friars Minor, was founded 14 July, 1879, by Mgr. Bernardino del Vago, Archbishop of Sardis, then minister general of the order. Setebo Indians - Tribe of Panoan linguistic stock formerly centering about the confluence of the Manoa with the Ucayali River, Loreto province, north-eastern Peru. Schwanthaler, Ludwig von - Founder of the modern Romantic school of sculpture, b. at Munich in 180 2; d there, 1848. Schannat, Johann Friedrich - German historian, b. at Luxembourg, 23 July, 1683; d. at Heidleberg, 6 March, 1739. Settignano, Desiderio da - Artist, born at Settignano, Tuscany, 1428; died at Florence, 1463. Saint John's University - The legal title of a Catholic boarding-school at Collegeville, Minnesota, conducted by the Benedictine Fathers of St. John's Abbey. Solimôes Superiore - A prefecture Apostolic in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, erected by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Consistory, 23 May, 1910. Sessa-Aurunca - Diocese in Campania, Province of Caserta (Southern Italy). Seven Deacons - The seven men elected by the whole company of the original Christian community at Jerusalem and ordained by the Apostles, their office being chiefly to look after the poor and the common agape. Saint Joseph's College, University of - Founded in 1864 by Rev. Camille Lefebvre in Memramcook, New Brunswick, Canada. Seraphim - A Hebrew masculine plural form, designates a special class of heavenly attendants of Yahweh's court. Seville - Archdiocese in Spain. Servites, Order of - The fifth mendicant order, the objects of which are the sanctification of its members, preaching the Gospel, and the propagation of devotion to the Mother of God, with special reference to her sorrows. Senegambia - Vicariate Apostolic, to which is joined the Prefecture Apostolic of Senegal (Senegalensis), both in French West Africa. Sheil, Richard Lalor - Dramatist, prose writer, and politician, b. at Drumdowny, County Kilkenny, Ireland, 17 August, 1791; d. at, Florence, Italy, 25 May, 1851. Servia - A European kingdom in the north-western part of the Balkan peninsula. Serpieri, Alessandro - Scientist known for work in astronomy and seismology, b. at S. Giovanni in Marignano, near Rimini, 31 Oct., 1823; d. at Fiesole, 22 Feb., 1885. Seven-Branch Candlestick - One of the three chief furnishings of the Holy of the Tabernacle and the Temple. In reality it was an elaborate lampstand, set on the south side of the Holy Place. Selymbria - A titular see in Thracia Prima, suffragan of Heraclea. Selymbria, or Selybria, the city of Selys on the Propontis, was a colony of the Megarians founded before Byzantium. Selinus - A titular see in Isauria, near the Gulf of Adalia. Selinus. Sassoferrato, Giovanni Battista Salvi da - Seventeenth-century Italian artist. Shan-si, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - Highlights of the history of Catholicism in this Chinese province. Servants of the Most Blessed Sacrament - An order of nuns, founded by the Venerable Pierre-Julien Eymard. Saint Louis, University of - Probably the oldest university west of the Mississippi River, was founded in the City of St. Louis in 1818 by the Right Reverend Louis William Du Bourg, Bishop of Louisiana. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Missionaries of the - A religious congregation of priests and lay brothers with the object of promoting the knowledge and practice of devotion to the Heart of Jesus as embodied in the revelations to Margaret Mary Alacoque. Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - Erected by Gregory XVI in 1839. Seven Robbers - Martyrs on the Island of Corcyra (Corfu) in the second century. Their names are Saturninus, Insischolus, Faustianus, Januarius, Marsalius, Euphrasius, and Mammius. Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp - Physician and discoverer of the cause of puerperal fever, b. Ofen (Buda), 1 July, 1818; d. at Vienna, 13 August, 1865. Sestini, Benedict - Astronomer, mathematician, b. at Florence, Italy, 20 March, 1816; d. at Frederick, Maryland, 17 Jan., 1890. Seleucia Trachea - Metropolitan see of Isauria in the Patriarchate of Antioch. Shea, Sir Ambrose - Born in Newfoundland, 17 Sept., 1815; d. in London, 30 July, 1905. Shen-si, Northern - In 1640 the Christian religion was preached for the first time in the Province of Shen-si. It was, by turns, looked upon with favor and disfavor by the emperors of China. Seton, William - Author, b. in New York, 28 Jan., 1835; d. there, 15 Mar., 1905. Sheldon, Edward - Translator (1599-1687). Sexagesima - The eighth Sunday before Easter and the second before Lent. Ségur, Louis Gaston de - Prelate and French apologist, born 15 April, 1820, in Paris; died 9 June, 1881, in the same city. Sherborne Abbey - Located in Dorsetshire, England; founded in 998. Sherborne (scir-burne, clear brook) was originally the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Western Wessex, having been established as such by St. Aldhelm (705). Spencer, The Hon. George - Passionist, b. at the Admiralty, London, 21 Dec., 1799; d. at Carstairs, Scotland, 1 Oct., 1864. Saint Thomas of Mylapur - Diocese. Suffragan to the primatial See of Goa in the East Indies. Shen-si, Southern - The southern part of Shen-si was entrusted in 1885 to the Seminary of Sts. Peter and Paul, established at Rome by Pius IX, 1874. Sherbrooke - Diocese in the Province of Quebec, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Montreal, erected by Pius IX, 28 Aug., 1874. Saint Francis Xavier's College, University of - University in Nova Scotia founded in 1885 under the name of St. Francis Xavier's College Supper, The Last - The Evangelists and critics generally agree that the Last Supper was on a Thursday, that Christ suffered and died on Friday, and that He arose from the dead on Sunday. Shepherd, John - English musical composer (1512-1563) Severian - Bishop of Gabala in Syria, in the fourth and fifth centuries. Regarded by his contemporaries as a good preacher, known as the author of Biblical commentaries and sermons. Selge - A titular see in Pamphylia Prima, suffragan of Side. Shields, James - Military officer, b. in Dungannon County Tyrone, Ireland, 12 Dec., 1810; d. at Ottumwa, Iowa, 1 June, 1879. Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of the Seven - The object of these feats is the spiritual martyrdom of the Mother of God and her compassion with the sufferings of her Divine Son. Shuswap Indians - A tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, the most important of that group in British Columbia, formerly holding a large territory on middle and upper Thompson River, including Shuswap, Adams, and Quesnel Lakes. Shrewsbury - One of the thirteen English dioceses created by Apostolic Letter of Pius IX on 27 Sept., 1850. It then comprised the English counties of Shropshire and Cheshire, and the Welsh counties of Carnarvon, Flint, Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery, and Anglesey. Séez - Diocese embracing the Department of Orne. Re-established by the Concordat of 1802. Shammai - Jewish scribe who together with Hillel made up the last of "the pairs", or as they are sometimes erroneously named, "presidents and vice-presidents" of the Sanhedrin. Scotland, Established Church of - The religious organization which has for three centuries and a half claimed the adherence of the majority of the inhabitants of Scotland, may be said to date from August 1560. Sherwood, William - Bishop of Meath, d. at Dublin, 3 Dec. 1482. He was an English ecclesiastic who obtained the see by papal provision in April, 1460. Sexton - One who guards the church edifice, its treasures, vestments, etc., and as an inferior minister attends to burials, bell-ringings and similar offices about a church. Sharpe, James - English priest (1577-1630). Sicard - Bishop of Cremona (Italy) in the twelfth century, a member of one of the principal families of that city, d. 1215. Sheridan, Philip Henry - General, U.S. Army. Born at Albany, N.Y., U.S.A., 6 March, 1831; died at Nonquitt, Mass, 5 August, 1888. Sergiopolis - A titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis. Shire - Vicariate apostolic in Nyassaland Protectorate, Africa. Salamis - A titular see in Cyprus. Salamis was a maritime town on the eastern coast of Cyprus, situated at the end of a fertile plain between two mountains, near the River Pediaeus. Symbolism - The investing of outward things or actions with an inner meaning, more especially for the expression of religious ideas. Sidon - City in Syria. Mentioned in the Bible. Is home to both a Melkite Rite and a Maronite diocese. Sfondrati, Celestino - Prince-abbot of St. Gall and cardinal, b. at Milan, 10 January, 1644, d. at Rome, 4 September, 1696. Septuagesima - The ninth Sunday before Easter, the third before Lent known among the Greeks as "Sunday of the Prodigal". Sieni, Cyril - Missionary bishop, b. in Catalonia, date of birth unknown; d. after 1799, place and exact date equally uncertain. Sidonius Apollinaris - Christian author and Bishop of Clermont, b. at Lyons, 5 November, about 430; d. at Clermont, about August, 480. Shelley, Richard - English confessor; d. in Marshalsea prison, London, probably in February or March, 1585-6. Shamanism - A vague term used by explorers of Siberia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to designate not a specific religion but a form of savage magic or science, by which physical nature was believed to be brought under the control of man. Sibylline Oracles - The name given to certain collections of supposed prophecies, emanating from the sibyls or divinely inspired seeresses, which were widely circulated in antiquity. Siger of Brabant - Indisputably the leader of Latin Averroism during the sixth and seventh decades of the thirteenth century. Shi-koku - One of the four great islands of Japan, has all area of 7009 square miles, not counting the smaller islands which depend upon it. Siberia - A Russian possession in Asia forming the northern third of that continent. Sigüenza - Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Toledo. Sikhism - The religion of a warlike sect of India, having its origin in the Punjab and its centre in the holy City of Amritsar, where their sacred books are preserved and worshipped. Silence - All writers on the spiritual life uniformly recommend, nay, command under penalty of total failure, the practice of silence. Sibbel, Joseph - Sculptor, b. at Dulmen, 7 June, 1850; d. in New York, 10 July, 1907. Sorbonne - This name is frequently used in ordinary parlance as synonymous with the faculty of theology of Paris. Sevigne, Madame de - Writer, b. at Paris, 6 Feb., 1626; d. at Grignan, 18 April, 1696. She was the granddaughter of St. Jane Frances de Chantal. Simeon, Holy - The "just and devout" man of Jerusalem who according to the narrative of St. Luke, greeted the infant Saviour on the occasion of His presentation in the Temple. Sidyma - A titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra; mentioned by Ptolemy. Servus servorum Dei - "Servant of the servants of God", a title given by the popes to themselves in documents of note. Signorelli, Luca - Italian painter, b. at Cortona about 1441; d. there in 1523. Siloe - A pool in the Tyropoean Valley, just outside the south wall of Jerusalem, where Jesus Christ gave sight to a man born blind. Sigismund - King of Germany and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, b. 15 February, 1361, at Nuremberg; d. at Znaim, Bohemia, 9 December, 1437. Sherson, Martin - English priest and confessor. One of the Dilati, b. 1563; d. 1588. Simeon of Durham - Chronicler, d. 14 Oct., between 1130 and 1138. Simon of Cramaud - French bishop. (1360-1422) Simon of Cremona - Augustinian writer and preacher. (d. 1390) Simon of Sudbury - Archbishop of Canterbury. (d. 1381) Simony - Usually defined "a deliberate intention of buying or selling for a temporal price such things as are spiritual of annexed unto spirituals". Salem - An abbey situated near the Castle of Heiligenberg, about ten miles from Constance, Baden (Germany). Smaragdus, Ardo - Hagiographer, died at the Benedictine monastery of Aniane, Herault, in Southern France, March, 843. Silvester, Francis - Theologian, b. at Ferrara about 1474; d. at Rennes, 19 Sept., 1526. Sinai - The mountain on which the Mosaic Law was given. Simon of Tournai - Professor in the University of Paris at the beginning of the thirteenth century, dates of birth and death unknown. Swan, Order of the - A pious confraternity, indulgenced by the pope, which arose in 1440 in the Electorate of Brandenburg, originally comprising, with the Elector Frederick at their head, thirty gentleman and seven ladies united to pay special honour to the Blessed Virgin. Sign of the Cross - A term applied to various manual acts, liturgical or devotional in character, which have this at least in common: that by the gesture of tracing two lines intersecting at right angles they indicate symbolically the figure of Christ's cross. Selgas y Carrasco, José - Poet and novelist, b. at Lorca, Murcia, Spain, 1824; d. at Madrid, 5 Feb., 1882. Simla - Archdiocese in India, a new creation of Pius X by a Decree dated 13 September, 1910. Sion - Diocese in Switzerland. Sicca Veneria - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Siletz Indians - The collective designation for the rapidly dwindling remnant of some thirty small tribes, representing five linguistic stocks - Salishan, Yakonan, Kusan, Takelman, and Athapascan. Sisinnius, Pope - Successor of John VII, he was consecrated probably 15 January, 708, and died after a brief pontificate of about three weeks; he was buried in St. Peter's. Silesia - The largest province of Prussia. Simpson, Richard - Born 1820; died near Rome, 5 April, 1876. Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, Ohio - On 27 October, 1829, at the request of Bishop Fenwick of Cincinnati, several sisters from Mother Seton's community at Emmitsburg, Maryland, opened an orphanage, parochial school, and academy on Sycamore Street opposite the old cathedral, then occupying the present site of St. Xavier's Church and college. Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de - Born 16 January, 1675; died in Paris, 2 March, 1755. Sioux Indians - Provides information about their history, language, population, culture and religion. Salerno - Diocese in Campania, Southern Italy. The city is situated on the gulf of the same name, backed by a high rock crowned with an ancient castle. Steuco, Agostino - Exegete, born at Gubbio, Umbria, 1496; died at Venice, 1549. Sirmium - Situated near the modern town of Mitrovitz in Slavonia; its church is said to have been founded by St. Peter. Sigebert of Gembloux - Benedictine historian, b. near Gembloux which is now in the Province of Namur, Belgium, about 1035; d. at the same place, 5 November, 1112. Salford - The Diocese of Salford comprises the Hundreds of Salford and Blackburn, in Lancashire, England, and was erected 29 Sept., 1850. Sixtus IV, Pope - Born near Abisola, 21 July, 1414; died 12 Aug., 1484. Serena, Diocese of La - Embracing Atacama and Coquimbo provinces (Chile), suffragan of Santiago, erected 1 July, 1840. Sierra Leone - Comprises the English colony of that name and the surrounding territory from French Guinea on the north and east to Liberia on the south. Sitifis - Titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis. Shakespeare, Religion of - Thesis regarding the faith of the bard. Scholz, John Martin Augustine - German Orientalist and exegete, b. at Kapsdorf, near Breslau, 8 Feb., 1794; d. at Bonn, 20 Oct. 1852. He studied in the Catholic gymnasium and the University of Breslau. Sirmond, Jacques - Scholar of the seventeenth century, born at Riom in the Department of Puy-de-Dome, France, October, 1559; died in Paris, 7 October 1651. Skara, Ancient See of - Located in Sweden. Sipibo Indians - A numerous tribe of Panoan linguistic stock, formerly centring about the Pisqui and Aguaitia tributaries of the upper Ucayali River, Province of Loreto, north-eastern Peru, and now found as boatmen or labourers along the whole course of that stream. Sinis - A titular See in Armenia Secunda, suffragan of Melitene. Sirleto, Gugliemo - Cardinal and scholar, born at Guardavalle near Stilo in Calabria, 1514; died at Rome, 6 October, 1585. Simon of Cascia - Italian preacher and writer. (d. 1348) Saluzzo - Diocese in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont, Upper Italy. Spokan Indians - An important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, closely cognate with the Colville, Coeur d'Aléne, Kalispel, and Flathead, and formerly holding the country upon Spokane River in Eastern Washington and the adjacent portion of Idaho. Slotanus, John - Polemical writer; born at Geffen, Brabant; died at Cologne, 9 July, 1560. Stuhlweissenburg - Diocese in Hungary, and Suffragen of Gran. It was formed in 1777 from the dioceses of Gyor and Veszprem. Slythurst, Thomas - Slythrust, Thomas, English confessor, born in Berkshire; died in the Tower of London, 1560. Smits, William - Orientalist and exegete (1704-1770). Slander - The attributing to another of a fault of which one knows him to be innocent. Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius - A short work composed by St. Ignatius of Loyola and written originally in Spanish. Salvatierra, Juan Maria - Missionary born at Milan, 15 November, 1648; died at Guadalajara, 17 July, 1717. Simonians - A Gnostic, Antinomian sect of the second century which regarded Simon Magus as its founder and which traced its doctrines back to him. Simon Magus - According to the testimony of St. Justin, Simon came from Gitta in the country of the Samaritans. Society - Implies fellowship, company, and has always been conceived as signifying a human relation. Silandus - A titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Sardis. It is not mentioned by any ancient geographer or historian. Socrates - Fourth-century Church historian. Slavery and Christianity - Discusses the history. Simone da Orsenigo - A Lombard architect and builder of the fourteenth century whose memory is chiefly connected with the cathedral of Milan in the course of its erection. Sistine Choir - With the building by Sixtus IV (1471-84) of the church for the celebration of all papal functions since known as the Sistine Chapel, the original schola cantorum and subsequent capella pontificia or capella papale, which still retains more or less of the guild character, becomes the capella sistina, or Sistine Choir. Salve Mundi Salutare - A poem in honour of the various members of Christ on the Cross. Sociology - The claims of sociology to a place in the hierarchy of sciences are subjected to varied controversy. It has been held that there is no distinct problem for a science of sociology, no feature of human society not already provided for in the accepted social sciences. Sauatra - Per Tillemont, one of the most illustrious martyrs France has given to the Church. Salzburg - The Archdiocese of Salzburg is conterminous with the Austrian crown-land of the same name. Superstition - From supersisto, "to stand in terror of the deity". Siam - Siam, "the land of the White Elephant" or the country of the Muang Thai (the Free). Sodom and Gomorrha - They were situated in "the country about the Jordan" (Gen., xiii, 10); their exact location is unknown. Socorro - Diocese in Colombia. Solesmes - A Benedictine monastery in Department of Sarthe, near Sablé, France. Slavs, The - Customary name for all the Slavonic races. Son of God - Includes uses from the Old and New Testaments. Somaschi - Name of a charitable religious congregation of regular clerics, founded in the sixteenth century by St. Jerome Emiliani with the mother-house at Somasca (Venice), whence the name. Soli - A titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis. Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, Congregation of the - Better known as the Congregation of Picpus, was founded by Father Coudrin, b. at Coursay-les-Bois, in Poiton on 1 March, 1768. Samaria - A titular see, suffragan of Cæsarea in Palestine Prima. In the sixth year of his reign (about 900 B. C.) Amri, King of Israel, laid the foundations of the city to which he gave the name of Samaria, "after the name of Semer the owner of the hill" (II Kings, xvi, 24). Sora - A titular see in Paphlagonia, suffragan of Gangra. Sept-Fons, Notre-Dame de Saint-Lieu - Located in the Diocese of Moulins in France, it was founded (1132) by Guichard and Guillaume de Bourbon, of the family de Bourbon-Lancy, which gave kings to France, Italy, and Spain. Southwark - Suffragan of Westminster, England. Samaritan Language and Literature - History of the changes in the language as affected by the changing religious and ethnic culture of the land. Spagni, Andrea - Educator and author, born at Florence, 8 Aug., 1716; died at Rome, 16 Sept., 1788. Subdeacon - The subdiaconate is the lowest of the sacred or major orders in the Latin Church. It is defined as the power by which one ordained as a subdeacon may carry the chalice with wine to the altar, prepare the necessaries for the Eucharist, and read the Epistles before the people. Sovana and Pitigliano - The two towns, Sovana and Pitigliano, are situated in the Province of Grosseto, Central Italy. Semiarians and Semiarianism - A name frequently given to the conservative majority in the East in the fourth century as opposed to the strict Arians. Sloth - One of the seven capital sins. In general it means disinclination to labour or exertion. Sobieski, John - Born at Olesko in 1629; died at Wilanow, 1696; son of James, Castellan of Cracow and descended by his mother from the heroic Zolkiewski, who died in battle at Cecora. Slomsek, Anton Martin - Slomšek, Anton Martin, Bishop of Lavant, in Maribor, Styria, Austria, noted Slovenian educator, born 1800; died 24 Sept., 1862. Sodor and Man - Ancient diocese. Speyer - Diocese in Bavaria. Space - The idea of space is one of the most important in the philosophy of the material world; for centuries it has preoccupied and puzzled philosophers and psychologists. Siunia - A titular see, suffragan of Sebastia in Armenia Prima. Skoda, Josef - Celebrated clinical lecturer and diagnostician and, with Rokitansky, founder of the modern medical school of Vienna, b. at Pilsen in Bohemia, 10 December, 1805; d. at Vienna, 13 June, 1881. Solemnity - The word solemnity is here used to denote the amount of intrinsic or extrinsic pomp with which a feast is celebrated. Spenser, John - Converted while a student at Cambridge and entered the Society of Jesus in 1627. Sisters of the Little Company of Mary - A congregation founded in 1877 in England to honour in a particular manner the maternal Heart of the Blessed Virgin, especially in the mystery of Calvary. Sanhedrin - The supreme council and court of justice among the Jews. Spirito Santo - Suffragan of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, established in 1896. Squiers, Herbert Goldsmith - Army officer and diplomatist; b. at Madoc, Canada, 20 April, 1859; d. at London, 19 Oct., 1911. Slavs in America - History of ethnic Slavs migrating to the U.S. Squillace - Suffragan diocese of Reggio, in Calabria, Southern Italy. Spiritualism - The term has been frequently used to denote the belief in the possibility of communication with disembodied spirits, and the various devices employed to realize this belief in practice. State or Way (Purgative, Illuminative, Unitive) - Stages in the spiritual life. Spirit - Used in several different but allied senses: (1) as signifying a living, intelligent, incorporeal being, such as the soul; (2) as the fiery essence or breath (the Stoic pneuma) which was supposed to be the universal vital force; (3) as signifying some refined form of bodily substance, a fluid believed to act as a medium between mind and the grosser matter of the body. Stanislawow - Diocese of the Greek-Ruthenian Rite, in Galicia, Austria, suffragan of Lemberg. Sobaipura Indians - Once an important tribe of the Piman branch of the great Shoshonean linguistic stock, occupying the territory of the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers, in southeastern Arizona. Stalls - Seats in a choir, wholly or partly enclosed on the back and sides. Sully, Maurice de - Bishop of Paris, born of humble parents at Sully-sur-Loire (Soliacum), near Orléans, at the beginning of the twelfth century; died at Paris, 11 Sept., 1196. Staupitz, Johann Von - Abbot, born at Motterwitz near Leisnig (or Moderwitz near Meustadt an der Orla) about 1460; died at Salzburg, 28 Dec., 1524. Squamish Indians - A considerable tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, speaking a distinct language, holding the territory about Squamish River and Howe Sound, above Fraser River in South-western British Columbia. Stabat Mater - The opening words of two companion hymns, one of which (Stabat Mater Dolorosa) is in liturgical use, while the other (Stabat Mater Speciosa) is not. Sanctuary - A consecrated place of refuge. Spallanzani - A distinguished eighteenth-century scientist, b. at Scadiano in Modena, Italy, 10 January, 1729; d. at Pavia, 12 February, 1799. Sitjar, Buenaventura - Missionary, born at Porrera, Island of Majorca, 9 December, 1739; died at San Antonio, Cal., 3 Sept., 1808. Shea, John Dawson Gilmary - American historian (1824-1892). Son of Man - Several instances of its use are detailed. Stedingers - A tribe of Frisian peasants in Northern Germany who revolted against their lord, the Archbishop of Bremen, and had to be subdued by arms. Stephen (II) III, Pope - Unanimously elected in St. Mary Major's and consecrated on 26 March (or 3 April), 752; d. 26 April, 757. Stephen II, Pope - Reigned 752. Stephen (IV) V, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died 24 Jan., 817. Stephen (IX) X, Pope - Born probably about the beginning of the eleventh century; died at Florence, 29 March, 1058. Stephen (VI) VII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died about August, 897. Stephen (VII) VIII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died in February or March, 931. Stephen (VIII) IX, Pope - Date of birth unknown; he became pope about 14 July, 939, and died about the end of Oct., 942. Stephen of Autun - Bishop, liturgical writer, b. at Bangé (hence surnamed Blagiacus or de Balgiaco) in Anjou; d. at the abbey of Cluny, 1139 or early in 1140. Stephen (V) VI, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died in Sept., 891. San Sepolcro, Piero da - Painter, b. at Borgo San-Sepolcro, about 1420; d. there, 1492. Stephen of Bourbon - Illustrious writer and preacher, especially noted as a historian of medieval heresies, b. towards the end of the twelfth century; d. in 1261. Stansel, Valentin - Astronomer, b. at Olmütz, Moravia, 1621; d. at Bahia, Brazil, 18 Dec., 1705. State and Church - The Church and the State are both perfect societies, that is to say, each essentially aiming at a common good commensurate with the need of mankind at large and ultimate in a generic kind of life, and each juridically competent to provide all the necessary and sufficient means thereto. Suicide - The act of one who causes his own death, either by positively destroying his own life, as by inflicting on himself a mortal wound or injury, or by omitting to do what is necessary to escape death, as by refusing to leave a burning house. Subiaco - A city in the Province of Rome, twenty-five miles from Tivoli, received its name from the artificial lakes of the villa of Nero and is renowned for its sacred grotto (Sagro Speco), the Abbey of St. Scholastica, and the archiepiscopal residence and Church of St. Andrew, which crowns the hill. Studion - Latin Studium, the most important monastery at Constantinople, situated not far from the Propontis in the section of the city called Psamathia. Sophene - A titular see, suffragan of Melitene in Armenia Secunda. San Severino - San Severino is a small town and seat of a bishopric in the Province of Macerata in the Marshes, Central Italy. Suidas - Author of, perhaps, the most important Greek lexicon or encyclopedia. Sansovino, Andrea Contucci del - Sculptor of the transition period at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century. Born at Monte San Sovino, Arezzo, 1460; died 1529. Spire - A tapering construction in plan conical, pyramidal, octagonal, or hexagonal crowning a steeple or tower. Strasburg - German diocese immediately dependent on the Papal See. Stanza - An Italian word signifying room, chamber, apartment. In English the term is chiefly used for Raphael's celebrated Stanze in the Vatican Palace, four in number, the walls of which were frescoed by Raphael and his pupils. Stavanger, Ancient See of - Located in Norway. Suger - Abbot of St-Denis, statesman and historian, b. probably at or near St-Denis, about 1081; d. there, 13 Jan., 1151. Strengnäs, Ancient See of - Located in Sweden. Sin - A moral evil. Santiago, University of - Founded in 1501 by Diego de Muros (Bishop of the Canaries), and Lope Gómez Marzo, who on 17 July, 1501, executed a public document establishing a school and academy for the study of the humanities. Sulpicians in the United States - Came to the United States at the very rise of the American Hierarchy. Slavery, Ethical Aspect of - In Greek and Roman civilization slavery on an extensive scale formed an essential element of the social structure; and consequently the ethical speculators, no less than the practical statesmen, regarded it as a just and indispensable institution. Sarajevo, Archdiocese of - Treatise about the development of the Church in Bosnia. Shrines of Our Lady and the Saints in Great Britain and Ireland - Location and origins of shrines. Senan, José Francisco de Paula - Missionary - Born at Barcelona, Spain, 3 March, 1760; died at Mission San Buenaventura on 24 Aug., 1823 Sarepta - A titular see in Phoenicia Prima, suffragan of Tyre. It is mentioned for the first time in the voyage of an Egyptian in the fourteenth century B.C. Chabas, "Voyage d'un Egyptien" . Sarnelli, Januarius Maria - One of S. Alphonsus's earliest companions, fourth son of Baron Angelo Sarnelli of Ciorani, b. in Naples 12 Sept., 1702; d. 30 June, 1744. Sweden - The largest of the three Scandinavian countries and the eastern half of the Scandinavian peninsula. Seal of Confession, the Law of the - "Let the priest who dares to make known the sins of his penitent be deposed...." Switzerland - A confederation in the central part of Western Europe, made up of twenty-two cantons, three of which are divided into half-cantons. Sydney - The vast territories formerly known as New Holland and Van Dieman's Island and since 1900 as The Commonwealth of Australia were erected to the Vicariate Apostolic of New Holland in 1834. Sarsfield, Patrick - Born at Lucan near Dublin, about 1650; died at Huy in Belgium, 1693. Commanded armies in several European countries. Sarsina - Located in Aemilia, Province of Forli, Italy. Szántó, Stephan - Born in the Diocese of Raab, Hungary, 1541; died at Olmütz in 1612. Szatmár - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Eger, from which it was formed, by King Francis I, at the same time as the See of Kassa. Sasima - A titular see in Cappadocia. Sasima is mentioned only in three non-religious documents. Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement - Cardinal, Duke of York, known by the Jacobites as "Henry IX, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland"; born at Rome, 11 March, 1725; died at Frascati, 13 July, 1807. Savary - A noble French family of the seventeenth century devoted to trade and to the publication of works on commercial matters. Savigny, Abbey of - Situated on the confines of Normandy and Brittany, Diocese of Coutances, France. Founded by Vital de Mortain, Canon of the Collegiate Church of St. Evroul. Savoy - A district in the south-eastern part of France that extends from the Lake Geneva to south of the River Arc. Saxony - Chronology of the area and the people. Scarampi, Pierfrancesco - Oratorian, Papal envoy, b. of a noble and ancient family in the Duchy of Monferrato, Piedmont, 1596; d. at Rome, 14 Oct., 1656. Scarron, Paul - French poet and dramatist, b. in Paris, 4 July, 1610; d. 7 October, 1660. Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm - Painter, b. at Berlin, 1789; d. at Düsseldorf, 1862. He was the son of the sculptor, Johann Gottfried Schadow of Berlin. Schaepman, Herman - Orator, poet, and statesman, b. at Tubbergen, Holland, 2 March, 1844; d. at Rome, 21 Jan., 1903. Schäftlarn - Formerly a Premonstratensian, now a Benedictine, abbey, situated on the Isar not far from Munich in Upper Bavaria. It was founded in 762 by the priest Waltrich and dedicated to St. Dionysius. Schall von Bell, Johann Adam - An especially prominent figure among the missionaries to China, b. of an important family at Cologne in 1591; d. at Peking, 15 Aug., 1666. Schlegel, Friedrich von - Poet, writer on aesthetics, and literary historian, the "Messias" of the Romantic School, b. at Hanover, 10 March, 1772; d. at Dresden, 12 January, 1829. Schleswig - Formerly a duchy and diocese of northwestern Germany, now a part of the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein. Schools, Apostolic - The object of apostolic schools is to cultivate vocations for the foreign missions. Apostolic schools, as distinct from junior ecclesiastical seminaries, owe their origin to Father Alberic de Foresta. Schwarzenberg, Friedrich, Prince of - Cardinal and Prince-Archbishop of Prague, b. at Vienna, 6 April, 1809; d. there, 27 March, 1885. Scillium, Martyrs of - In the year 180 six Christians were condemned to death by the sword, in the town of Scillium, by Vigellius Saturninus, Proconsul of Africa. Seattle - The Diocese of Seattle (Seattlensis) comprises the entire State of Washington, U.S.A. Segovia - Diocese in Spain; bounded on the north by Valladolid, Burgos, and Soria; on the east by Guadalajara; on the south by Madrid; on the west by Avila and Valladolid. Semites - The term Semites is applied to a group of peoples closely related in language, whose habitat is Asia and partly Africa. Semitic Epigraphy - Discussion of the science by this name. Septuagint Version - The first translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, made into popular Greek before the Christian era. Seville, University of - Initially started in the thirteenth century by the Dominicans in order to prepare missionaries for work among the Moors and Jews. Shroud of Turin - A relic now preserved at Turin, for which the claim is made that it is the actual "clean linen cloth" in which Joseph of Arimathea wrapped the body of Jesus Christ. Sicily - The largest island in the Mediterranean. Siena - Archdiocese in Tuscany (Central Italy). Siena, University of - The earliest notices of an advanced school (of grammar and medicine) at Siena go back to 1241. Silveira, Ven. Goncalo da - Pioneer missionary of South Africa, b. 23 Feb, 1526, at Almeirim, about forty miles from Lisbon; martyred 6 March, 1561. Sinaloa - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Durango. Sion - Titular see in Asia Minor suffragan of Ephesus. Sioux City - Comprises twenty-four counties in north-western Iowa. Sioux Falls - Suffragan of St. Paul, comprises all that part of the State of South Dakota east of the Missouri River. Sixtus V, Pope - Born at Grottamare near Montalto, 13 December, 1521; elected 24 April, 1585; crowned 1 May, 1585; died in the Quirinal, 27 August, 1590. Skarga, Peter - Theologian and missionary, b. at Grojec, 1536; d. at Cracow, 27 Sept., 1612. Slaves - A tribe of the great Déné family of American Indians, so called apparently from the fact that the Crees drove it back to its original northern haunts. Smalkaldic League - A politico-religious alliance formally concluded on 27 Feb., 1531, at Smalkalden in Hesse-Nassau, among German Protestant princes and cities for their mutual defence. Smith, James - Journalist, b. at Skolland, in the Shetland Isles, about 1790; d. Jan., 1866. Smith, Richard (Bishop of Chalcedon) - Bishop of Chalcedon, second Vicar Apostolic of England; b. at Hanworth, Lincolnshire, Nov., 1568. Smith, Richard - Born in Worcestershire, 1500; died at Douai, 9 July, 1563. Smith, Thomas Kilby - U.S. General and journalist. Born at Boston, Mass., 23 Sept., 1820; died at New York, 14 Dec., 1887. Smyrna - The capital of the vilayet of Aïdin and the starting-point of several railways. Socialism - A system of social and economic organization that would substitute state monopoly for private ownership of the sources of production and means of distribution. Socialistic Communities - Societies which maintain common ownership of the means of production and distribution, e.g., land, factories, and stores, and also those which further extend the practice of common ownership to consumable goods, e.g., houses and food. Societies, Catholic - Numerous throughout the world; some are international in scope, some are national; some diocesan and others parochial. Societies, Catholic, American Federation of - An organization of the Catholic laity, parishes, and societies under the guidance of the hierarchy, to protect and advance their religious, civil, and social interests. Society of Foreign Missions of Paris - Established in 1658-63, its chief founders being Mgr Pallu, Bishop of Heliopolis, Vicar Apostolic of Tongking, and Mgr Lambert de la Motte, Bishop of Bertyus, Vicar Apostolic of Conchin-China. Sodality - It would not be possible to give a definition making a clear distinction between the sodalities and other confraternities; consequently the development and history of the sodalities are the same as those of the religious confraternities. Solari - A family of Milanese artists, closely connected with the cathedral and with the Certosa near Pavia. Solicitation - Technically in canon law the crime of making use of the Sacrament of Penance, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of drawing others into sins of lust. Solomon, Psalms of - Eighteen apocryphal psalms, extant in Greek, probably translated from a Hebrew, or an Aramaic original, commonly assigned to the first century B.C. Solomon Islands, Northern - Established on 23 May, 1898, by separation from the Vicariate Apostolic of New Pomerania. Solomon Islands, Southern - The Spanish navigator Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovered the Islands of Ysabel, Guadalcanar, and San Christoval in 1567. Solsona - Diocese in Lerida, Spain, suffragan of Tarragona. Somaliland - A triangular-shaped territory in the north-eastern extremity of Africa, projecting into the ocean towards the island of Socotra; its apex is at Cape Guarafui. Somerset, Thomas - Confessor, born about 1530; died in the Tower of London, 27 May, 1587; second son of Henry, second Earl of Worcester. Song, Religious - The general designation given to the numerous poetical and musical creations which have come into existence in the course of time and are used in connection with public Divine worship, but which are not included in the official liturgy on account of their more free and subjective character. Sonnius, Franciscus - Theologian, b. at Zon in Brabant, 12 August, 1506; d. at Antwerp, 30 June, 1576. Sonora, Diocese of - Republic of Mexico; suffragan of the Archdiocese of Durango. Sophronius - Bishop of Constantina or Tella in Osrhoene, was a relative of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, and apparently of the same theological tendency, i. e. strongly anti-Monophysite and liable to be suspected of Nestorianism. Sorbait, Paul de - Physician, b. in Hainault, 1624; d. at Vienna, 19 April, 1691. Sorin, Edward - The founder of Notre Dame, Indiana; b. 6 Feb., 1814, at Ahuillé, near Laval, France; d. 31 Oct., 1893, at Notre Dame, U.S.A. Sorrento - Archdiocese in the Province of Naples, with one suffragan, Castellamare. Soto, Dominic - Dominican, renowned theologian, b. at Segovia, 1494; d. at Salamanca, 15 Nov., 1560. South Carolina - One of the thirteen original colonies of the United States. South Dakota - The thirty-ninth state, admitted to the Union on 2 November, 1889. Sozopolis - Titular see in the Balkans, suffragan of Adrianopolis. Sozusa - A titular see of Palestina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea. Spain - This name properly signifies the whole peninsula which forms the south-western extremity of Europe. Since the political separation of Portugal, however, the name has gradually come to be restricted to the largest of the four political divisions of the Peninsula: (1) Spain; (2) Portugal; (3) the Republic of Andorra; (4) the British possession of Gibraltar, at the southern extremity. Spalato-Macarsca (Salona) - Suffragan of Zara. Spanish-American Literature - The literature produced by the Spanish-speaking peoples of Mexico, Central America, Cuba and adjacent islands, and of South America with the notable exceptions of Brazil (whose speech is Portuguese) and the Guianas. Spanish-American Universities - The University of St. Mark's at Lima enjoys the reputation of being the oldest in America; it has the distinction of having first begun its course by royal decree. Spanish Language and Literature - As a medium of literary expression Spanish asserted itself first in the twelfth century: it had been six or seven centuries in the process of evolution out of Latin. Sparta - A celebrated town of the Peloponnesus, mentioned several times under this name or under that of Lacedæmon in the Bible. Species - In scholastic terminology, species is the necessary determinant of every cognitive process. Speckbacher, Josef - A Tyrolean patriot of 1809, born at Gnadenwald, near Hall, in the Tyrol, 13 July, 1767; died at Hall, 28 March, 1820. Speculation - A term used with reference to business transactions to signify the investing of money at a risk of loss on the chance of unusual gain. Spedalleri, Nicola - A priest, theologian, and philosopher, born at Bronte in the Province of Catania, Sicily, 6 December, 1740; died at Rome, 26 November, 1795. Spee, Friedrich Von - A poet, opponent of trials for witchcraft, born at Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, 25 February, 1591; died at Trier 7 August, 1635. Speyer, Johann and Wendelin von - German printers in Venice from 1468 to 1477. Spillmann, Joseph - Author, b. at Zug, Switzerland, 22 April, 1842; d. at Luxembourg, 20 February, 1905. Spina, Alphonso de - Spanish Franciscan, date of birth unknown; died about 1491. Spina, Bartolommeo - Scholastic theologian, born at Pisa about 1475; died at Rome, 1546. Spinola, Christopher Royas de - Bishop of Wiener-Neustadt, born of a noble Spanish family, near Roermond in Gelderland in 1626; died at Wiener-Neustadt, 12 March, 1695. Spondanus, Henri - A convert from Calvinism, Bishop of Pamiers, and one of the continuators of Baronius, born at Mauléon, 6 January, 1568; died at Toulouse, 18 May, 1643. Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Pacifico - Composer, born at Magolati, near Jesi, Ancona, 14 Nov., 1774; died there, 14 Jan., 1851. Sporer, Patritius - Moral theologian, born at Passau, Bavaria; died there, 29 May, 1683. Sportelli, Venerable Caesar - Lawyer and priest, born at Nola in Bari, Italy, 29 March, 1702; died at Pagani, 19 April, 1750. Springfield - Diocese of Springfield (Campifontis) in Massachusetts, erected in June, 1870. Stadler, John Evangelist - Bavarian hagiographer, b. at Parkstetten, in the Diocese of Ratisbon, 24 Dec., 1804; d. at Augsburg, 30 Dec., 1868. Stanbrook Abbey - An abbey of Benedictine nuns, midway between Malvern and Worcester, England. Stanfield, William Clarkson - English painter, b. at Sunderland, 1793; d. at Hampstead, near London, 1867. Stanley Falls - Vicariate Apostolic in the Belgian Congo. Stanyhurst, Richard - Catholic controversialist, historian, and devotional writer, born at Dublin, 1547; died at Brussels, 1618. Stapf, Joseph Ambrose - Theologian, born at Fliess in the valley of the Upper Inn in the Tyrol, Austria, 15 August, 1785; died at Brixen, 10 January, 1844. Staphylus, Friedrich - Theologian, born at Osnabrück, 27 Aug., 1512; died at Ingolstadt, 5 March, 1564. Stapleton, Thomas - Controversialist, born at Henfield, Sussex, July, 1535; died at Louvain, 12 Oct., 1598. Starowolski, Simon - Born at Stara Wola, near Cracow, 1585; died at Cracow, 1656; studied at Louvain, but took his degrees in the University of Cracow, after which he travelled in various countries of Western Europe. States of the Church - Consists of the civil territory which for over 1000 years (754-1870) acknowledged the pope as temporal ruler. Station Days - Days on which in the early Church fast was observed until the Hour of None (between twelve and three o'clock), later of Sext (nine to twelve), as distinct from the strict observance of the fast day proper until Vespers (three to six). Statistics, Ecclesiastical - Includes a history of their keeping. Statistics of Religions - Includes the definition and historical development, along with the status of religious bodies. Stattler, Benedict - Jesuit theologian, born at Kötzting, Bavaria (Diocese of Ratisbon), 30 Jan., 1728; died at Munich, 21 Aug., 1797. Staudenmaier, Franz Anton - A theologian, born at Donzdorf, Würtemberg, 11 Sept., 1800; died at Freiburg im Breisgau, 19 Jan., 1856. Stauropolis - A titular metropolitan see of the Province of Caria. Stefaneschi, Giacomo Gaetani - A cardinal deacon, born at Rome, about 1270; died at Avignon, 23 June, 1343. Steffani, Agostino - A titular Bishop of Spiga, diplomatist and musician, born at Castelfranco in the Province of Treviso, in 1655; died at Frankfort in 1728 or 1730. Steinamanger - Located in Hungary, suffragan of Gran, founded in 1777 under Queen Maria Theresa. Steinle, Eduard Von - An historical painter, born at Vienna, 2 July, 1810; died at Frankfort, 19 Sept., 1886. Stephen (III) IV, Pope - Born about 720; died 1 or 3 August, 772. Stephens, Henry Robert - Belgian theologian, born of English parentage at Liège, 5 August, 1665; died there, 15 June, 1723. Stephens, Thomas - Known as the first Englishman in India. Born about 1549 at Bulstan, Wiltshire; died in 1619 at Goa, India. Stevenson, Joseph - Archivist, born at Berwick-on-Tweed, 27 Nov., 1806; died in London, 8 Feb., 1895. Stifter, Adalbert - Poet and pedagogue, b. at Oberplan in Bohemia, 23 October, 1805; d. at Linz, 28 October, 1868. Stipend - A fixed pay, salary; retribution for work done; the income of an ecclesiastical living. Stockholm - The capital of the Kingdom of Sweden, situated on Lake Maelar at the spot where it opens into the Saltsjö. Stöckl, Albert - A neo-Scholastic philosopher and theologian, born in Bavaria, 1823, and died 1895. Stoddard, Charles Warren - An American author, born 7 August, 1843, at Rochester, N. Y.; died 23 April, 1909, at Monterey, California. Stoics and Stoic Philosophy - The Stoic School was founded in 322 B.C. by Zeno of Cittium and existed until the closing of the Athenian schools (A.D. 429). Stolberg - Friedrich Leopold, Count zu Stolberg. Born at Brammstedt in Holstein (then a part of Denmark), 7 November, 1750; d. at Sondermühlen near Osnabrück, 5 December, 1819. Stole - A liturgical vestment composed of a strip of material from two to four inches wide and about eighty inches long. Stolz, Alban Isidor - Catholic theologian and popular author, b. at Bühl, Baden, 3 Feb., 1808; d. at Freiberg, 16 Oct., 1883. Stone, Corner - Rite regarding the blessing and laying of the Foundation Stone for the building of a church. Stone, Mary Jean - Writer and scholar, born at Brighton, Sussex, in 1853; died at Battle, Sussex, 3 May, 1908. Stone, Marmaduke - Jesuit, b. at Draycot, 28 Nov., 1748; d. at St. Helens, 22 Aug., 1834. Stones, Precious, in the Bible - Stones remarkable for their colour, brilliancy, or rarity. Stonnes, James - English priest, b. 1513; d. after 1585. Stonyhurst College - History of the school, which dates back to a period considerably prior to its foundation on English soil in 1794. Stoss, Veit - Sculptor, b. at Nuremberg in 1438; d there in 1533. Stradivari, Antonio - Cremonese violin-maker, b. in 1649 or 1650; d. at Cremona, 18 or 19 Dec., 1737. Stradivari Family, The - Family name that goes back to the Middle Ages. Spelled various ways, Stradivare, Stradiverto, Stradivertus. Known among other things as makers of stringed instruments. Strahov, Abbey of - A Premonstratensian abbey at Prague, Bohemia, founded in 1149. Strain, John - Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, born at Edinburgh, 8 December, 1810; died there, 2 July, 1883. Stratonicea - A titular see in Caria (Asia Minor) suffragan of Stauropolis. Streber, Franz Seraph - Numismatist and nephew of Franz Ignaz von Streber, born at Deutenkofen, Lower Bavaria, 26 Feb., 1805; died at Munich, 21 Nov. 1864. Streber, Hermann - Son of Franz Seraph Streber, b. at Munich, 27 Sept., 1839; d. at Tölz, 9 Aug., 1896. Styria - A duchy and Austrian crownland, divided by the River Mur into Upper and Lower Styria. Subsidies, Episcopal - Since the faithful are obliged to contribute to the support of religion, especially in their own diocese, a bishop may ask contributions for diocesan needs from his own subjects, and particularly from the clergy. Substance - A genus supremum, cannot strictly be defined by an analysis into genus and specific difference; yet a survey of the universe at large will enable us to form without difficulty an accurate idea of substance. Sudan - The Vicariate Apostolic of Sudan or Central-Africa. Sufetula - A titular see of North Africa. Sufetula seems to be Suthul where Jugurtha had deposited his treasures. Sulpicius Severus - An ecclesiastical writer, born of noble parents in Aquitaine c. 360; died about 420-25. Sulpitius - Two bishops of Bourges bore this name. Summæ - Compendiums of theology, philosophy, and canon law which were used both as textbooks in the schools and as books of reference during the Middle Ages. Summer Schools, Catholic - An assembly of Catholic clergy and laity held during the summer months to foster intellectual culture in harmony with Christian faith by means of lectures and special courses along university extension lines. Superior - Situated in the northern part of Wisconsin. Supernatural Order - The ensemble of effects exceeding the powers of the created universe and gratuitously produced by God for the purpose of raising the rational creature above its native sphere to a God-like life and destiny. Supremi Disciplinæ - Motu Proprio of Pius X, promulgated 2 July, 1911, relating to Holy Days of obligation. On Holy Days of precept a twofold duty is incumbent on the faithful, of hearing Mass and of abstaining from servile work. Sura - Titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis. Surin, Jean-Joseph - Born 1600; died at Bordeaux, 1665. He belonged to the Society of Jesus, and enjoyed celebrity for his virtues, his trials, and his talents as a spiritual director. Surius, Laurentius - Hagiologist, born at the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, 1522; died at Cologne, 23 May, 1578. Surplice - A large-sleeved tunic of half-length, made of fine linen or cotton, and worn by all the clergy. Susa - Capital of the Kingdom of Elam. Susa - Diocese in the Province of Turin, Piedmont, Northern Italy. Suspension (in Canon Law) - Usually defined as a censure by which a cleric is deprived, entirely or partially of the use of the power of orders, office, or benefice. Sutton, Ven. Robert - Priest, martyr, b. at Burton-on-Trent; quartered at Stafford, 27 July, 1587. Swetchine, Sophie-Jeanne Soymonof - Writer, b. at Moscow, 22 Nov., 1782; d. in Paris, 10 Sept., 1857. Sweynheim, Konrad - Printer, b. at Schwanheim, Frankfort, Germany; d. in Rome, 1477. Syene - A titular see in Thebian Secunda, suffragan of Ptolemais. Syene (Egyptian, Souanou, Coptic, Souan) was originally the marketplace of the island of Elephantine (in Egyptian, Abou). Syllabus - The name given to two series of propositions containing modern religious errors condemned respectively by Pius IX (1864) and Pius X (1907). Sylvester II - Pope (999-1003). Symmachus the Ebionite - Author of one of the Greek versions of the Old Testament included by Origen in his Hexapla and Tetrapla. Some fragments of this version survive in what remains of the Hexapla. Synagogue - The place of assemblage of the Jews. This article will treat of the name, origin, history, organization, liturgy and building of the synagogue. Synaus - A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Synaxarion - The name of a liturgical book of the Byzantine Church. The exact meaning of the name has changed at various times. Synaxis - Means gathering, assembly, reunion. It is exactly equivalent to the Latin collecta (from colligere), and corresponds to synagogue (synagoge), the place of reunion. Synderesis - Synderesis, or more correctly synteresis, is a term used by the Scholastic theologians to signify the habitual knowledge of the universal practical principles of moral action. Syndic, Apostolic - A layman, who in the name, and by the authority, of the Holy See assumes the care and civil administration of the temporalities and in particular the pecuniary alms destined for the support and benefit of Franciscan convents, and thence provides for the requirements of the brethren. Synesius of Cyrene - Bishop of Ptolomais, neo-Platonist, date of birth uncertain; d. about 414. Synnada - Titular metropolis in Phrygia Salutaris. Synnada is said to have been founded by Acamas who went to Phrygia after the Trojan war and took some Macedonian colonists. Syra - A Latin diocese, suffragan of Naxos, comprising the Island of Syra of the Cyclades in the Ægean Sea. Syracuse - The Diocese of Syracuse, in the State of New York. Syracuse - Archdiocese of Syracuse (Syracusana) in Sicily. Syria - A country in Western Asia, which in modern times comprises all that region bounded on the north by the highlands of the Taurus, on the south by Egypt, on the east by Mesopotamia and the Arabia Desert, and on the west by the Mediterranean. Syrian Rite, East - This rite is used by the Nestorians and also by Eastern Catholic bodies -- in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Malabar -- who have separated from them. Syrian Rite, West - The rite used by the Jacobite sect in Syria and by the Catholic Syrians is in its origin simply the old rite of Antioch in the Syriac language. Sze-Ch'wan (Eastern) - The mission of Eastern Sze-ch'wan was separated from North-western Sze-ch'wan and erected in a Vicariate Apostolic in 1856. Sze-Ch'wan (North-western) - Vicariate Apostolic of North-western Sze-Ch'wan. Sze-Ch'wan (Southern) - Vicariate Apostolic of Southern Sze-Ch'wan. Szentiványi, Martin - Born at Szentivàn, 20 October, 1633; died at Nagy-Szombàt (Tyrnau), 5 March, 1708. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1653, and was professor of Scripture for five years at Vienna and Nagy-Szombàt, professor of mathematics and philosophy for nine years, and professor of canon law and theology for seven years. Szujski, Joseph - Born at Tarnow, 1835; d. at Cracow, 1883. Szymonowicz, Simon - Known also by the Latin name of Somonides, b. at Lemberg, 1558; d. 1629. Schools - History and development of education as related to the church.