Ribera, Jusepe de - Spanish artist. (1588-1656) Rococo Style - A discussion of this whimsical style, its origins and uses. Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio - Article focusing on his musical innovations and his church music. Rameau, Jean-Philippe - Life, summaries of religious and secular works, and commentary on his advances in music theory and composition. Racine, Jean - Brief biography of the seventeenth-century dramatist. Reformation, The - Sixteenth century religious movement led by Martin Luther. Romulus Augustulus - Deposed in the year 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Revolution, English, of 1688 - The history of the Revolution resolves itself into a catalogue of various ill-judged measures which alienated the support of the Established Church, the Tory party, and the nation as a whole. Ramus, Peter - Article by William Turner on this early humanist and logician. Roscelin - A monk of Compiègne, was teaching as early as 1087. Richard of Cornwall - Thirteenth century writer and lecturer. Roger Bacon - Philosopher, born at Ilchester, Somersetshire, about 1214; died at Oxford, perhaps 11 June, 1294. Reuben - Proper name meaning both a patriarch and a tribe of Israel. Rachel - Mother of Joseph and Benjamin, and love of Jacob. Ruth, Book of - One of the proto-canonical writings of the Old Testament. Rusticus of Narbonne, Saint - Monk from Gaul, became bishop of Narbonne. Zealous opponent of the Arians and Nestorians. Richard de Wyche, Saint - The devoted companion of St. Edmund Rich, was bishop of Chichester. Richard died in 1253, and was canonized less than 10 years later. Rimbert, Saint - Monk and archbishop of Bremen-Hamburg. (d. 888) Remigius, Saint - Apostle of the Franks, Archbishop of Reims, d. 553. Rabanus, Maurus Magnentius, Blessed - Biographical article on this Benedictine, abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mainz, theologian, who died in 856. Romanos, Saint - Sixth-century poet. Rupert, Saint - First Bishop of Salzburg. (d. 718) Ruadhan, Saint - Irish founder of the monastery of Lorrha, one of the "twelve apostles of Erin," d. 584. Rufina, Saints - Brief notices on four saints of this name. Rufus, Saints - Record of the ten saints named Rufus in the Roman Martyrology. Rufinus, Saint - Record of the eleven saints named Rufinus in the Roman Martyrology. Ronan, Saint - Article describing the most celebrated of the twelve Irish saints known as Ronan. Romanus, Saints - Mentions and gives brief profiles of several saints of this name. Raphael, Saint - Archangel appearing in the Book of Tobias. Reformed Churches - Protestant bodies which adopted the tenets of Zwingli and, later, the doctrinal principles of Calvin. Rance, Jean-Armand le Bouthillier de - French abbot and reformer. (1626-1700) Renaissance, The - Period of revival of classic, especially of Greek, learning and the recovery of ancient art in the departments of sculpture, painting, and architecture. Revolution, French - A view of its effect on the Church. Roger Cadwallador, Blessed - Short biography of the English priest, martyred in 1610. Richard Leigh, Blessed - Article on this English priest and missionary to his native land, martyred in 1588. Richard Sergeant, Blessed - English priest martyred in 1586. Richard Rolle de Hampole, Blessed - English solitary and writer. Article on his life and writings. Robert Southwell, Saint - Biography of the English poet, Jesuit, and martyr. He was hanged in 1595. Ralph Sherwin, Saint - An English priest who was imprisoned and tortured. He died a martyr in 1581. Roseline, Saint - A Carthusian prioress. She died in 1329. Ralph Milner, Blessed - A husband and father, convert to Catholicism, arrested the day of his first Communion, and martyred in 1591. Robert Johnson, Blessed - English priest and martyr. (d. 1581) René Goupil, Saint - Short biography of the Jesuit missionary, martyred in 1642. Ralph Corbie, Blessed - Sometimes called Ralph Corrington. An Irish-born Jesuit, martyred together with secular priest John Duckett in 1644. Raymond of Peñafort, Saint - Born near Barcelona, Raymond was an able canon lawyer who joined the Dominicans. He died in 1275. Rita of Cascia, Saint - Rita married an abusive man, became a mother, was widowed, joined the Augustinians. She died in 1456. Richard Langley, Blessed - Biographical portrait of the Yorkshire layman who refused to compromise his faith, and who paid the price for it. He was martyred in 1586. Rose of Viterbo, Saint - Third order Franciscan, preached repentance. She died at the age of 17, in 1252. Ralph Ashley, Blessed - English Jesuit lay-brother, cook and domestic servant, was tortured and martyred in 1606. Romuald, Saint - Italian-born founder of the Camaldolese, d. 1027. Ralph Crockett, Blessed - English priest, martyred in 1588. Robert Nutter, Blessed - Information on this English priest and martyr, blood brother of John Nutter. Also details on Edward Thwing, a priest and professor from near York. Robert Nutter and Thwing were martyred together in 1600. Richard Hill, Blessed - A Yorkshireman and priest, executed in 1590. Martyred together with John Hogg, Richard Holiday, and Edmund Duke. Robert Anderton, Blessed - English priest and friend of William Marsden. The two were shipwrecked, whereupon they were arrested for being priests coming into England from abroad, and tried on the "bloody question." They were hanged, drawn, and quartered in 1586. Robert Francis Romulus Bellarmine, Saint - Biographical article on the Jesuit theologian and cardinal. Robert Wilcon, Blessed - Biographical details on this English priest and two of his companions in martyrdom: fellow priest "Edward Campion" and layman Robert Widmerpool. Martyred in 1588. Robert Morton, Blessed - Brief biography of the English priest, martyred at London in 1588, along with a layman, Hugh Moor. Article also mentions others martyred on the same day elsewhere in England, including the Bl. William Dean. Richard Fetherston, Blessed - Priest and martyr, died at Smithfield, 1540. Richard Whiting, Blessed - Last abbot of Glastonbury, martyr, executed in 1539. Richard White, Saint - Real name, Richard Gwyn. Welsh schoolmaster, husband and father, had a reputation as a scholar, poet, martyred in 1584. Robert of Molesme, Saint - Founder of the Abbey of Citeaux and the monastery at Molesme. (d. 1111) Robert of Newminster, Saint - English abbot. (d. 1159) Robert, Saint - French Benedictine, founder of the Abbey of Chaise-Dieu, d. 1067. Robert Drury, Blessed - Biographical portrait of the English priest, martyred at Tyburn in February 1606/7. Raymond Lully, Blessed - Biobibliographical article on Ramon Lull, who is called "Doctor Illuminatus." Richard Langhorne, Blessed - Married Englishman, lawyer, martyred in 1679. Richard Thirkeld, Blessed - English priest, missionary, arrested while visiting a Catholic in prison, and martyred in 1583. Robert Bickerdike, Blessed - Short biography of the sixteenth-century martyr, a layman from Yorkshire. Rose of Lima, Saint - Biographical article on the first American to be named a saint. Roch, Saint - Early 14th century. While on pilgrimage, Roch acquired renown for healing plague victims. He himself was stricken with the plague. Upon returning to his hometown, he was cast into prison as an accused spy, where he died. Rosalia, Saint - Hermitess, greatly venerated at Palermo and in the whole of Sicily of which she is patroness. Richard Hurst, Blessed - Also called Richard Herst. Layman martyred at Lancaster in 1628 following a show trial. Robert Thorpe, Blessed - Brief account of the martyrdom of the Yorkshire priest, who was hanged in 1591. Raymond Nonnatus, Saint - Spanish Mercedarian. (1200-1240) Rhymed Bibles - Short article on rhymed versions of the Bible, which are almost always psalters or only part of the Psalms. Rerum Deus Tenax Vigor - Brief article on a hymn for None, one of the "little hours." Mid-afternoon. Rosary, The - History of this devotion. Also considers the Orthodox and Eastern-Rite Catholic practice. Rabelais, François - Sixteenth-century French writer. Ram, Pierre François Xavier de - Belgian historian and rector of the Catholic University of Louvain. (1804-1865) Rockford, Diocese of - Created 23 September, 1908, in the north-western part of the State of Illinois. Ryan, Patrick John - Sixth Bishop and second Archbishop of Philadelphia. (1831-1911) Ruvo and Bitonto - Diocese in the Province of Bari, Aquileia, Southern Italy. Ruvo, the ancient Rubi, situated on a calcareous hill, includes a fine Norman cathedral of the eleventh century. Ruthenian Rite - There is no separate and distinct rite for the Ruthenians, but the name is often used for the modifications which the Ruthenians have introduced in the Byzantine or Greek Rite. Rutter, Henry - English priest and writer. (1755-1838) Race, Negro - Article describing the view of the negro race from a 1911 Catholic perspective. Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste-Donatien - French marshal. (1725-1807) Race, Human - Article describing the view of the human race from a 1911 Catholic perspective. Rottenburg - Diocese; suffragan of the ecclesiastical Province of the Upper Rhine. Rabbulas - Bishop of Edessa. (d. 435) Rubrics - Among the ancients, according to Columella, Vitruvius, and Pliny, the word rubrica, rubric, signified the red earth used by carpenters to mark on wood the line to follow in cutting it; according to Juvenal the same name was applied to the red titles under which the jurisconsults arranged the announcements of laws. Rotuli - Rolls in which a long narrow strip of papyrus or parchment, written on one side, was wound like a blind about its staff. Ruspe - Titular see of Byzacena in Africa, mentioned only by Ptolemy (IV, 3) and the "Tabula" Peutinger. Raphael - Italian painter. (1483-1520) Radewyns, Florens - Co-founder of the Brethren of the Common Life. (d. 1400) Raffeix, Pierre - Missionary and cartographer. (1633-1724) Rapin, René - French Jesuit writer. (1621-1687) Rosecrans, William Starke - American soldier and politician. Russell, Charles William - Irish professor and writer. (1812-1880) Ratisbonne, Maria Theodor - Preacher, writer, and director of the Archconfraternity of Christian Mothers. (1802-1884) Raymond Martini - Dominican, theologian and Orientalist. (1220-1284) Raymond of Sabunde - Teacher and writer. (d. 1432) Roskilde, Ancient See of, in Denmark - Suffragan to Hamburg, about 991-1104, to Lund, 1104-1536. Rader, Matthew - Philologist and historian. (1561-1634) Ratzeburg, Ancient See of - Ancient German diocese that was suffragan to Hamburg and embraced the Duchy of Lauenburg (Holstein) in the Prussian Province of Schleswig- Holstein, the Principality of Ratzeburg in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the western part of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, including Wismar but not Schwerin. Rambler, The - Monthly English Catholic periodical published from 1848 to 1859. Redemptions, Penitential - The substitution of exercises either easier or extending over a shorter period, for works of penance imposed according to the penitential canons. Reason - Article discussing various definitions of the term. Ruiz de Montoya, Antonio - Linguist and pioneer of the original Jesuit mission in Paraguay. (1585-1652) Rechab and the Rechabites - Rechab was the father of Jonadab who in IV Kings, x, 15-28, appears as a fervent supporter of Jehu's attack on the House of Achab. The Rechabites were his descendants. Rouquette, Adrien - Scholar and missionary to the Choctaw Indians. (1813-1887) Ramatha - Titular see in Palestine, suppressed in 1884 by the Roman Curia. Romanos Pontifices, Constitutio - The constitution makes clear the following: though regulars according to canon law are subject immediately to the Holy See, bishops are given jurisdiction over small communities. Rovezzano, Benedetto da - Sculptor and architect. (1490-1530) Roscommon - Capital of County Roscommon, Ireland; owes origin and name to a monastery founded by St. Coman in the first half of the eighth century on a "ros" or wooded point amidst marshes. Rojas y Zorrilla, Francisco de - Spanish dramatic poet. (1607-1680) Rudolf of Fulda - French chronicler. (d. 862) Recusants, English - People who refrained from attending Church of England services. Ratio Studiorum - The educational system of the Jesuits. Rathborne, Joseph - Priest and controversialist. (1807-1842) Ryken, Theodore James - Founder of the Xaverian Brothers. (1797-1871) Recollection - Recollection, as understood in respect to the spiritual life, means attention to the presence of God in the soul. Redemptoristines - Community of nuns formed in Scala, Italy, by Father Thomas Falcoia. Reding, Augustine - Prince-Abbot of Einsiedeln and theological writer. (1625-1692) Roman Catholic Relief Bill - Sections on England and Ireland. Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke de - Cardinal and French statesman. (1585-1642) Red Sea - The north-west arm of the Indian Ocean, some 1400 miles long and lying between Arabia on the east and Africa on the west. Russell, Richard - Bishop of Vizéu in Portugal. (1630-1693) Referendarii - Officials in the Byzantine Court who reported to the emperor on the memorials of petitioners, and conveyed to the judges the orders of the emperor in connexion with such memorials. Regino of Prüm - German abbot. (d. 915) Rabbi and Rabbinism - Article covering a 1913 Catholic view of Rabbinism. Raich, Johann Michael - German theologian and writer. (1832-1907) Rudolf of Rudesheim - Bishop of Breslau. (1402-1482) Reductions of Paraguay - Jesuit campaign to convert the natives of Paraguay. Raccolta - A book containing prayers and pious exercises to which the popes have attached indulgences. Rusicade - A titular see of Numidia. Regeneration - Biblico-dogmatic term closely connected with the ideas of justification, Divine sonship, and the deification of the soul through grace. Registers, Parochial - Five distinct parish registers that a pastor must have: one each of baptisms, confirmations, marriages, and deaths; and a fifth containing a census or general account of the state of souls in the parish. Rector - Priests who preside over missions or quasi-parishes. Regulars - Monks in observance of the Rule of St. Benedict. Reginald of Piperno - Companion of St. Thomas Aquinas. (1230-1290) Relatives, Duties of - Discusses a variety of duties that relatives should apply to one another. Rationalism - Term used in an exact sense, to designate a particular moment in the development of Protestant thought in Germany, or in a broader, and more usual, sense to cover the view that the human reason, or understanding, is the sole source and final test of all truth. Reichenau - Island upon the Gnadensee of the Lake of Constance, about one mile in breadth and about three and three-quarter miles long. Regis, Pierre Sylvain - French philosopher and writer. (1632-1707) Rufford Abbey - A monastery of the Cistercian Order, situated on the left bank of the Rainworth Water, about two miles south of Ollerton in Nottinghamshire. Rosary, Breviary Hymns of the - Their author was a pious client of Mary, Eustace Sirena. Relationship - A certain connection of persons established either by nature or by civil or canon law. Ruysch, John - Astronomer, cartographer, and painter. (d. 1533) Redemption - The restoration of man from the bondage of sin to the liberty of the children of God through the satisfactions and merits of Christ. Refuge, Cities of - Towns which according to the Jewish law enjoyed the right of asylum and to which anyone who had unintentionally slain another might flee and be protected from the "avenger of blood". Redeemer, Knights of the - A secular community founded in 1608 by the Duke of Mentone, Vincent Gonzaga, on the occasion of the marriage of his eldest son Francis II Gonzaga with Marguerite of Savoy. Rescripts, Papal - Responses of the pope or a Sacred Congregation, in writing, to queries or petitions of individuals. Regnault, Henri Victor - French chemist and physicist. (1810-1878) Reordinations - The history of all ordinations which were considered null for any other reason than defect of the prescribed form or intention and which were repeated. Reliquaries - Any box, casket, or shrine destined for the reception of relics. Religious Life - Overview and evangelical ideas on what makes up religious life. Rector Potens, Verax Deus - The daily hymn for Sext in the Roman Breviary. Rethel, Alfred - German painter. (1816-1859) Repington, Philip - Fourteenth-and-fifteenth century cardinal-priest of the title of SS. Renunciation - A canonical term signifying the resignation of an ecclesiastical office or benefice. Reservation - The restriction in certain cases by a superior of the jurisdiction ordinarily exercised by an inferior. Ransom, Feast of Our Lady of - Feast on 24 September commemorating the foundation of the Mercedarians. Renaudot, Théophraste - Doctor who engaged in relief work for the poor. (1586-1653) Ross, School of - Ross-Carbery, formerly Ross-Ailithir. Redford, Sebastion - Jesuit chaplain and writer. (1701-1763) Reparation - Theological concept of God demanding satisfaction for the injuries which man had done Him. Religion, Virtue of - Article discussing the moral value of religion. Revelation - The communication of some truth by God to a rational creature through means which are beyond the ordinary course of nature. Resurrection, General - The rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. Rhaetia - Prefecture Apostolic in Switzerland. Responsorium - A series of verses and responses, usually taken from Holy Scripture and varying according to the feast or season. Respighi, Lorenzo - Italian astronomer. (1824-1889) Rhaphanaea - A titular see in Syria Secunda, suffragan of Apamea. Rhesaena - A titular see in Osrhoene, suffragan of Edessa. Reform of a Religious Order - Return or bringing back of an order from a mitigated or relaxed observance to the rigour of its primitive rule. Reuchlin, Johannes - German humanist. (1455-1522) Rhode Island - American state and one of the thirteen original colonies. Restitution - An act of commutative justice by which exact reparation as far as possible is made for an injury that has been done to another. Remesiana - A titular see in Bulgaria, suffragan of Sardica. Relics - An object, notably part of the body or clothes, remaining as a memorial of a departed saint. Rossi, Pellegrino - Diplomat, economist and statesman. (1787-1848) Rey, Anthony - Educator and Mexican War chaplain. (1807-1847) Revelations, Private - Article discussing the judging of private revelations. Rhizus - A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus, suffragan of Neocaesarea. Rhinocolura - A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium. Rood - A term, often used to signify the True Cross itself, which, with the prefix Holy, occurs as the dedication of some churches. Rhodes - A titular metropolitan of the Cyclades. Rex Gloriose Martyrum - The hymn at Lauds in the Common of Martyrs in the Roman Breviary. Redeemer, Feast of the Most Holy - Feast that is found only in the special calendar of some dioceses and religious orders, and is celebrated with proper Mass and Office either on the third Sunday of July or on 23 October. Reserved Cases - A term used for sins whose absolution is not within the power of every confessor. Reynolds, William - Writer, priest and lecturer. (1544-1594) Rerum Novarum - The opening words and the title of the Encyclical issued by Leo XIII, 15 May, 1891, on the "Condition of Labour". Rheinberger, Joseph Gabriel - Bavarian composer and organist. (1839-1901) Regalia - The insignia of royalty or "crown jewels". Russell, Charles - English lawyer, journalist and politician. (1832-1900) Redi, Francesco - Italian poet. (1626-1698) Refuge, Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the - Religious order founded in 1641 that works towards reforming women living a life of sin. Richard, Charles-Louis - Theologian and publicist. (1711-1794) Ribas, Andrés Pérez De - Missionary and historian. (1576-1655) Ribadeneira, Pedro de - Writer and member of the Society of Jesus. (1526-1611) Richard of Middletown - Thirteenth-century writer and Franciscan. Rienzi, Cola di - Italian revolutionary and notary of the Camera Capitolina. (d. 1354) Rosselino, Antonio di Matteo di Domenico - Italian sculptor. (1427-1478) Rhodes, Alexandre De - French missionary. (1591-1660) Residence, Ecclesiastical - A remaining or abiding where one's duties lie or where one's occupation is properly carried on. Ricoldo da Monte di Croce - Italian professor, scholar and writer. (d. 1320) Rhodo - Second-century Christian writer. Riccardi, Nicholas - Italian theologian, writer and preacher. (1585-1639) Ribeirao Preto - A suffragan see of the Archdiocese of São Paulo, Brazil. Ryan, Father Abram J. - Poet, newspaper editor and Confederate chaplain. (1839-1886) Richard de Bury - English bishop and bibliophile. (1286-1345) Rieti - Diocese in Central Italy, immediately subject to the Holy See. Rievaulx, Abbey of - English monastery founded in 1131. Rigby, Nicholas - English priest. (1800-1886) Renty, Gaston Jean Baptiste de - Jesuit who devoted himself to the service of the needy and suffering. (1611-1649) Rimini - Diocese, suffragan of Ravenna. Ratisbonne, Maria Alphonse - Converted Jew who built two convents in Jerusalem. (1814-1884) Right - Substantive designating the object of justice. Resurrection of Jesus Christ - Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. Richmond, Diocese of - Suffragan of Baltimore consisting of parts of the states of Virginia and West Virginia. Religion - The voluntary subjection of oneself to God. Rhithymna - A titular see of Crete, suffragan of Gortyna. Riemenschneider, Tillmann - Frankish sculptor. (1460-1531) Rho, Giacomo - Italian missionary to China. (1593-1638) Rimini, Council of - Opened early in July, 359, with over four hundred bishops. Riffel, Caspar - German historian and writer. (1807-1856) Rohault de Fleury - Family of French architects and archaeologists of the nineteenth century. Ripon, Marquess of - English politician, Governor-General and Viceroy of India. (1827-1909) Rites - The ceremonies, prayers, and functions of any religious body. Ricci, Matteo - Founder of the Catholic missions of China. (1552-1610) Rumohr, Karl Friedrich - German art historian. (1785-1843) Rhosus - A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, suffragan to Anazarba. Rishton, Edward - Priest and writer that fell victim to the plague. (1550-1585) Rioja, Francisco de - Spanish poet. (1583-1659) Risby, Richard - Warden of the Observant friary at Canterbury who was condemned to death by Henry VIII. (1489-1534) Rio, Alexis-François - French writer on art. (1797-1874) Ritter, Joseph Ignatius - German historian and writer. (1787-1857) Robert of Arbrissel - Itinerant preacher and founder of Fontevrault. (b. 1047) Ricardus Anglicus - Pioneer of scientific judicial procedure in the twelfth century. Repose, Altar of - Sometimes called less properly sepulchre or tomb, more frequently repository. Rishanger, William - Thirteenth-century English chronicler. Rizal, José Mercado - Filipino hero, physician, poet, novelist, and sculptor. (1861-1896) Rivington, Luke - English priest and writer. (1838-1899) Roger of Wendover - Benedictine monk and chronicler. (d. 1236) Ritschlianism - Conception of the nature and scope of Christianity, widely held in modern Protestantism, especially in Germany. Robbia, Lucia di Simone - Italian sculptor. (1400-1481) Ring of the Fisherman, The - Ring worn by the popes, with a representation of St. Peter in a boat on it. Richard of St. Victor - Biographical article on the 12th-century Scottish theologian, exegete, and mystic. Revocation - The act of recalling or annulling. Robert Pullus - Twelfth-century Cardinal, English philosopher and theologian. Rodez - The Diocese of Rodez was united to the Diocese of Cahors by the Concordat of 1802, and again became an episcopal see by the Concordat of 1817 and Bull of 1822. Rhodiopolis - A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Ripalda, Juan Martínez de - Spanish theologian. (1594-1648) Rocaberti, Juan Tomás de - Spanish theologian. (1624-1699) Ritual - One of the official books of the Roman Rite. It includes all the services performed by a priest that are not in the Missal and Breviary and has also, for convenience, some that are in those books. Richard of Cirencester - Chronicler and monk at Westminster Abbey. Ripatransone - Diocese in Ascoli Piceno, Central Italy. Rochester, Diocese of - Located in New York. Robbia, Andrea della - Nephew, pupil and assistant to painter Luca. (1431-1528) Rock, Daniel - English antiquarian and ecclesiologist. (1799-1871) Ryder, Henry Ignatius Dudley - English Oratorian priest and controversialist. (1837-1907) Robert of Courçon - English Cardinal. (d. 1218) Robert of Melun - English philosopher and theologian. (d. 1167) Robert of Geneva - Antipope under the name of Clement VII. (1342-1394) Riobamba - City forming the base for the diocese of Bolivarensis, suffragan of Quito, Ecuador. Rocca, Angelo - Founder of the Angelica Library at Rome. (1545-1620) Robinson, William Callyhan - Jurist and educator. (1834-1911) Roman Curia - Strictly speaking, the ensemble of departments or ministries which assist the sovereign pontiff in the government of the Universal Church. Roe, Bartholomew - English Benedictine martyr. (1583-1641) Rodriguez, Alonso - Spanish writer and teacher. (1526-1616) Rocamadour - Communal chief town of the canton of Gramat, district of Gourdon, Department of Lot, in the Diocese of Cahors and the ancient province of Quercy. Rubruck, William - Thirteenth-century Franciscan missionary and writer of travels. Rochester, Ancient See of - The oldest and smallest of all the suffragan sees of Canterbury, was founded by St. Augustine, Apostle of England, who in 604 consecrated St. Justus as its first bishop. Robert of Luzarches - Thirteenth century French architect. Radowitz, Joseph Maria von - Writer and statesman. (1797-1853) Rowsham, Stephen - Sixteenth-century English priest and martyr. Rochet - An over-tunic usually made of fine white linen (cambric; fine cotton material is also allowed), and reaching to the knees. Rodriguez, Joao - Missionary and author. (1558-1633) Rohrbacher, Réné François - French ecclesiastical historian. (1789-1856) Rolfus, Hermann - Catholic educationist and writer. (1821-1896) Rogation Days - Days of prayer, and formerly also of fasting, instituted by the Church to appease God's anger at man's transgressions, to ask protection in calamities, and to obtain a good and bountiful harvest. Rollin, Charles - French writer and professor. (1661-1741) Roger, Bishop of Worcester - Bishop of Worcester. (d. 1179) Ribe, Ancient See of, in Denmark (Jutland) - Diocese that once consisted of the modern Danish Provinces of Ribe, Vejle, and Ringkjöbing, and of part of North Schleswig. Roman Catholic - A qualification of the name Catholic commonly used in English-speaking countries by those unwilling to recognize the claim of being the One True Church. Rokewode, John Gage - Director of the Society of Antiquaries. (1786-1842) Robert of Jumièges - Eleventh-century Archbishop of Canterbury. Roman Catechism - This catechism differs from other summaries of Christian doctrine for the instruction of the people in two points: it is primarily intended for priests having care of souls (ad parochos), and it enjoys an authority equalled by no other catechism. Romans, Epistle to the - The subject is treated under the following heads: I. The Roman Church and St. Paul; II. Character, Contents, and Arrangement of the Epistle; III. Authenticity; IV. Integrity; V. Date and Circumstances of Composition; VI. Historical Importance; VII, Theological Contents: Faith and Works (Paul and James). Redemption in the Old Testament - Strictly deliverance by payment of a price or ransom, or simply deliverance by power, as from oppression, violence, or captivity. Romanus, Pope - Ninth-century Pope who reigned for four months in 897. Rome - The significance of Rome lies primarily in the fact that it is the city of the pope. Radulph of Rivo - Historian and liturgist. (d. 1403) Ruffini, Paolo - Physician and mathematician. (1765-1822) Rolls Series - A collection of historical materials of which the general scope is indicated by its official title, "The Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages". Reputation (as Property) - The outcome of a person's meritorious activity. Roman Colleges - This article treats of the various colleges in Rome which have been founded under ecclesiastical auspices and are under ecclesiastical direction, with the exception of those that are treated separately under their respective titles throughout the Catholic Encyclopedia. Romero, Juan - Missionary and Indian linguist. (1559-1630) Roman Rite, The - The manner of celebrating the Holy Sacrifice, administering Sacraments, reciting the Divine Office, and performing other ecclesiastical functions as used in the city and Diocese of Rome. Rodrigues Ferreira, Alexandre - Brazilian scientist and explorer. (1756-1815) Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista - Papal nuncio to Ireland during the uprising of 1645-49. (1592-1653) Ragueneau, Paul - Jesuit missionary. (1608-1680) Roman Congregations - The most important of certain departments organized by the Holy See at various times to assist it in the transaction of those affairs which canonical discipline and the individual interests of the faithful bring to Rome. Roermond - Diocese in Holland; suffragan of Utrecht. Rio Negro - Prefecture Apostolic in Brazil. Raimondi, Marcantonio - Fifteenth-and-sixteenth century Italian engraver. Rouen, Synods of - The first synod is generally believed to have been held by Archbishop Saint-Ouen about 650. Richard - A Friar minor and preacher, appearing in history between 1428 and 1431, whose origin and nationality are unknown. Rings - Article discussing religious uses and values concerning the wearing of rings. Rolduc - Located in S. E. Limburg, Netherlands. Rosary, Feast of the Holy - At the request of the Dominican Order Gregory XIII in 1573 allowed this feast to be kept in all churches which possessed an altar dedicated to the Holy Rosary. Rosicrucians - The original appelation of the alleged members of the occult-cabalistic-theosophic "Rosicrucian Brotherhood", described in the pamphlet "Fama Fraternitatis R.C." Rolph, Thomas - Surgeon and writer of several works on emigration. (1800-1858) Rosminians - The Institute of Charity, or, officially, Societas a charitate nuncupata, is a religious congregation founded by Antonio Rosmini, first organized in 1828. Ronsard, Pierre de - French poet. (1524-1585) Roothaan, Johann Philipp - Twenty-first General of the Society of Jesus. (1785-1853) Rueckers, Family of - Famous organ and piano-forte builders of Antwerp. Rosa, Salvatore - Neapolitan artist. (1615-1673) Rosenau - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Eger, established by Maria Theresa, in 1775-76. Rosate, Alberico de - Italian jurist. (d. 1354) Roger of Hoveden - Chronicler and king's clerk in the time of Henry II. Rainald of Dassel - Chancellor of the German Empire. (d. 1167) Rosselli, Cosimo - Italian fresco painter. (1439-1507) Roh, Peter - German-speaking Jesuit preacher. (1811-1872) Roskovanyi, August - Bishop of Neutra in Hungary, doctor of philosophy and theology. (1807-1892) Riccioli, Giovanni Battista - Italian astronomer. (1598-1671) Rudolf von Ems - Middle High German epic poet of the thirteenth century. Rochette. Désiré Raoul - French archæologist. (1789-1854) Rostock, Sebastian von - Bishop of Breslau. (1607-1671) Rossi, Bernardo de - Italian theologian and historian. (1687-1775) Rorate Coeli - Vulgate, text, the opening words of Isaiah 45:8. Rusaddir - A titular see of Mauritania Tingitana. Roseau - Diocese; suffragan of Port of Spain, Trinidad, B.W.I. Roper, William - English politician and biographer of St. Thomas More. (1496-1578) Robertson, James Burton - Historian and professor. (1800-1877) Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste - French poet. (1670-1741) Rothe, David - Bishop of Ossory in Ireland. (1573-1650) Rostock, University of - Located in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, founded in the year 1419. Rota, Sacra Romana - One of three tribunals instituted by the "Sapienti Consilio" constitution of 1908. Rajpootana - Prefecture apostolic covering several Indian states. Rossano - Archdiocese in Calabria, province of Cosenza, Southern Italy. Rosea - The official catalogue of the Roman Curia mentioned formerly a titular see of Rosea in Syria. Rubens, Peter Paul - Flemish painter. (1577-1640) Rosselino, Bernardo - Italian sculptor. (1409-1464) Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza, Juan de - Spanish dramatic poet. (1580-1639) Rumania - A kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, situated between the Black Sea, the Danube, the Carpathian Mountains, and the Pruth. Râle (Rasle), Sebastian - French Jesuit missionary to North America, and martyr. (1654-1724) Richard de la Vergne, François-Marie-Benjamin - Archbishop of Paris. (1819-1908) Rosmini and Rosminianism - Antonio Rosmini Serbati, philosopher, and founder of the Institute of Charity, born 24 March, 1797, at Rovereto, Austrian Tyrol; died 1 July, 1855, at Stresa, Italy. Royal Declaration, The - The name most commonly given to the solemn repudiation of Catholicity which, in accordance with provisions of the "Bill of Rights" (1689) and of "the Act of Succession" (1700), every sovereign succeeding to the throne of Great Britain was required to make in the presence of the assembled Lords and Commons. Rudolf of Habsburg - German king. (1218-1291) Ruiz de Montoya, Diego - Spanish theologian. (1562-1632) Ramsey Abbey - English abbey founded by a Saxon noble in 969. Russia - Geography and history. Ruthenians - A Slavic people from Southern Russia, Galicia and Bukowina in Austria, and North-eastern Hungary. Rosary, Confraternity of the - The Perpetual Rosary is an organization for securing the continuous recitation of the Rosary by day and night among a number of associates who perform their allotted share at stated times. Randall, James Ryder - American journalist and poet. (1839-1908) Raphoe - Diocese comprising the greater part of County Donegal in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh. Raskolniks - A generic term for dissidents from the Established Church in Russia. Rass, Andreas - Bishop of Strasburg. (1794-1887) Ratherius of Verona - Writer and troubled leader of the Diocese of Verona. Rationale - Collar ornamented in the front and back with appendages worn by the Bishops of Eichstätt, Paderborn, Toul, and Cracow. Ratisbon - German diocese embracing the greater portion of the administrative district of Oberpfalz, and portions of Upper and Lower Bavaria, and Upper Franconia. Ratramnus - Ninth-century Benedictine monk and author. Ratzinger, Georg - Political economist and social reformer. (1844-1899) Rauscher, Joseph Othmar - Prince-Archbishop of Vienna. (1797-1875) Ravalli, Antonio - Italian missionary. (1811-1884) Ravenna - Archdiocese based in the capital of a province in Romagna, central Italy. Ravesteyn, Josse - French theologian. (d. 1570) Ravignan, Gustave Xavier Lacroix de - French Jesuit, orator, and author. (1795-1858) Rawes, Henry Augustus - Oblate of St. Charles, hymn-writer and preacher. (1826-1885) Raymbault, Charles - French missionary. (b. 1602) Raymond IV, of Saint-Gilles - Count of Toulouse and of Tripoli. (d. 1105) Raymond VI - Count of Toulouse. (1156-1222) Raymond VII - Count of Toulouse and son of Raymond VI. (1197-1249) Raynaldi, Odorico - Italian oratorian. (1595-1671) Raynaud, Théophile - French theologian and writer. (1583-1663) Raynouard, François-Juste-Marie - French poet, dramatist, and philologist. (1761-1836) Reading Abbey - Abbey founded by Henry I in 1121 and located in Surrey, England. Recanati and Loreto - Diocese based around the province of Ancona in Central Italy. Redemptorists - Society of missionary priests founded by St. Alphonsus Maria Liguori in 1732 at Scala, Italy. Regale, Droit de - Document denoting those rights that belonged exclusively to the king. Regesta, Papal - Copies, generally entered in special registry volumes, of the papal letters and official documents that are kept in the papal archives. Reggio di Calabria - Archdiocese in Calabria, southern Italy. Reggio dell' Emilia - Italian diocese and suffragan of Modena. Regina - Ecclesiastical division comprising the southern part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Regina Coeli - The opening words of the Eastertide anthem of the Blessed Virgin. Regionarii - The name given in later antiquity and the early Middle Ages to those clerics and officials of the Church of Rome who were attached neither to the papal palace or the titular churches of Rome, but to one of the city regions, or wards, which was assigned as their official district. Regis, Jean-Baptiste - French missionary. (d. 1738) Regulae Juris - Certain fundamental laws in the form of axioms found in the "Corpus Juris". Reichensperger, August - Prussian politician and author. (1808-1895) Reichensperger, Peter - German jurist and parliamentarian. (1810-1892) Reifenstein - Former Cistercian abbey in Eichsfeld, founded on 1 August, 1162 by Count Ernst of Tonna. Reiffenstuel, Johann Georg - Theologian and canonist. (1641-1703) Reims - Archdiocese of Reims comprising the district of Reims in the Department of Marne and the whole Department of Ardennes. Reims, Synods of - History of a series of synods held at the French city. Reinmar of Hagenau - German minnesinger of the twelfth century. Reisach, Carl von - Theologian and statesman. (1800-1869) Reisch, Gregor - Intellectual and writer. (d. 1525) Relativism - A doctrine which denies, universally or in regard to some restricted sphere of being, the existence of absolute values. Remigius of Auxerre - Benedictine monk, teacher and theologian. (d. 908) Remiremont - Monastery and nunnery of the Rule of St. Benedict, founded by Sts. Romaricus and Amatus in 620 above the town of Vosges, France. Remuzat, Ven. Anne-Madeleine - Writer and witness to a revelation. (1696-1730) Remy, Abbey of Saint - Abbey located in Reims, France that acquired the relics of St. Remy in 553. Renaudot, Eusebius - Apologetical writer and Orientalist. (1648-1720) Reni, Guido - Italian painter. (1575-1642) Rennes - French diocese including the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine. Requiem, Masses of - Masses that are offered for the dead. Rerum Crerator Optime - The hymn for Matins of Wednesday in the Divine Office. Retreat of the Sacred Heart, Congregation of - Congregation founded in 1678 with large schools in various places in England, France, and Belgium. Retreats - A series of days passed in solitude and consecrated to practices of asceticism, in particular to prayer and penance. Retz, Cardinal de - Archbishop of Paris. (1614-1679) Reumont, Alfred von - Statesman and historian. (1808-1887) Reusens, Edmond - Belgian archeologist and historian. (1831-1903) Reuss - Name of the two smallest states of the German Confederation. Rex Sempiterne Caelitum - The Roman Breviary hymn for Matins of Sundays and weekdays during the Paschal Time. Rhodesia - British possession in South Africa (present-day Zimbabwe). Rhythmical Office - A liturgical horary prayer, the canonical hours of the priest, or an office of the Breviary, in which not only the hymns are regulated by a certain rhythm, but where, with the exception of the psalms and lessons, practically all the other parts show metre, rhythm, or rhyme. Ricci, Lorenzo - General of the Society of Jesus. (1703-1775) Richard I, King of England - King who embarked on the Crusades. (1157-1199) Rimouski - Canadian diocese, suffragan of Quebec. Rites in the United States - Article discussing various rites used within the United States. Ritualists - The advanced section of the High Church party in the Anglican Establishment, which since about 1860 has adhered to and developed further the principles of the earlier Tractarian Movement. Rome, University of - The university is now under the control of the Italian Government and is called the Royal University. Roth, Heinrich - Missionary in India and Sanskrit scholar. (1620-1668) Rouen, Archdiocese of - Revived by the Concordat of 1802 with the Sees of Bayeux, Evreux, and Séez as suffragans: it also includes the Department of the Seine Inferieure. Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul - Philosopher and French politician. (1763-1845) Russia, The Religion of - There are two theories in regard to the early Christianity of Russia; according to one of them, Russia was Catholic from the times when she embraced Christianity until the twelfth century; the other holds that Russia was always Orthodox. Russian Language and Literature - Russian is a Slav language belonging to the Indo-European family. Ross - Diocese in Ireland. Reservation of the Blessed Sacrament - The practice of preserving after the celebration of the Liturgy a portion of the consecrated elements for the Communion of the sick or for other pious purposes. The extreme antiquity of such reservation cannot be disputed.