Memling, Hans - Flemish painter, d. 1494. Artist's biography with bibliography. Martini, Simone - Sienese painter, born in Siena, 1283; died either in the same place or at Avignon in 1344 or 1349. Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban - Spanish painter, d. 1682. Artist's biography with bibliography. Mantegna, Andrea - Biography of the Italian painter. Marenzio, Luca - Composer (1550-1599). Marcello, Benedetto - Biography focusing on religious works, particularly his Paraphrase of the Psalms. Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus - Biography of the composer (1756-1791). Mickiewicz, Adam - Born near Novogrodek, Lithuania, 1798; died at Constantinople, 1855. Metastasio, Pietro - Brief biography of the Italian librettist. Mary Tudor - Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; born 18 February, 1516; died 17 November, 1558. Mary was the daughter and only surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Mary Queen of Scots - Mary Stuart, born at Linlithgow, 8 December, 1542; died at Fotheringay, 8 February, 1587. She was the only legitimate child of James V of Scotland. Marie Antoinette - Biography of the Queen of France. Munkács - Diocese in Hungary, of Greek Catholic Rite, suffragan of Gran. Machpelah - The burial-place in the vicinity of ancient Hebron which Abraham bought from Ephron the Hethite for the interment of Sara (Gen., xxiii, 9, 17). Maine - Commonly known as the Pine Tree State, but is sometimes called the Star in the East. Maistre, Joseph-Marie, Comte de - Biographical article, summarizing his chief arguments for authority and against Gallicanism. Maccabees, The Books of - The author, date, and contents of 1 and 2 Machabees. A brief look at 3 and 4 Machabees. Magellan, Ferdinand - Short biographical article on the Portuguese explorer (1480-1521). Marquette, Jacques - Jesuit missionary and discoverer of the Mississippi River, b. in 1636, at Laon, a town in north central France; d. near Ludington, Michigan, 19 May, 1675. Marriage, History of - The Catholic views of marriage. Military Orders, The - A historical review of dozens of military orders. Maximinus Thrax - Roman emperor 235-238. Montaigne, Michel-Eyquen de - A concise study of the thinker, by Georges Bertrin. Montesqieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de - Detailed study of this writer's intellectual career, by Antoine Degert. Melissus of Samos - A Greek philosopher, of the Eleatic School, b. at Samos about 470 B C. Mersenne, Marin - Article by C.A. Dubray reviewing the intellectual career of this learned Minim friar. Mencius - Chinese philosopher (b. 371 B.C.). Maimonides, Teaching of Moses - Article by William Turner discusses this Jewish thinker's life and doctrines. Machiavelli, Nicolò - Including a short biography, a list of his works and a summary of his ideas. Malebranche, Nicolas - A philosopher and theologian, priest of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri; b. at Paris, 6 Aug., 1638; d. 13 Oct 1715. Megarians - Short article on the history and teachings of this school of philosophy by William Turner. Muret, Marc-Antoine - Sixteenth-century French humanist. Article by Paul Lejay. Methuselah - One of the Hebrew patriarchs, mentioned in Genesis 5. Manasses - The name of seven persons of the Bible, a tribe of Israel, and one of the apocryphal writings. Moses - Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian, lived in the thirteenth and early part of the twelfth century, B. C. Micheas, Son of Jemla - A prophet of the Kingdom of Samaria, contemporary with Elias and Eliseus. Malachias (Malachi) - Examination of the Old Testament prophet and book. Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della - Italian philosopher and scholar (1463-1494). Masonry (Freemasonry) - An overview of Freemasonry and description of its condemnation by the Catholic Church. Maedoc, Saint - First bishop of Ferns, d. 626. Marcellina, Saint - Consecrated virgin, blood sister of St. Ambrose, d. about 398. Marcellinus, Pope Saint - Elected to the papacy in 296. He died in 304, probably of natural causes, since no early source calls him a martyr. Magnus, Saint - His "life" was re-edited twice, so that he is said in it to be a contemporary of St. Gall (early seventh century) but also of the first bishop of Augsburg (mid-eighth century). Mellitus, Saint - Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 624. Abbot sent to Canterbury by St. Gregory the Great, and the recipient of a letter from Gregory regarding pagan temples, idols, and festivals. Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum, Saints - Family martyred at Rome in 270. SS. Maris and Martha were husband and wife. Methodius of Olympus, Saint - Bishop, ecclesiastical writer, martyr, died c. 311. Macrina the Younger, Saint - Granddaughter of St. Macrina the Elder, and the sister of St. Gregory of Nyssa. She died in 379. Marcellus I, Pope Saint - After a vacancy in office following the death of Pope St. Marcellinus, was elected to the papacy in 308. Fairly lengthy biographical article. Miltiades, Pope Saint - Died in 314. An African, his name is also sometimes given as Miltiadea or Melchiades. Martha, Saint - Sister of Mary of Bethany and of Lazarus. Maurice, Saint - Leader of the Theban Legion, killed around 287. Macarius, Saint - Bishop of Jerusalem, d. 334. He was an opponent of Arianism. Mark, Pope Saint - Reigned for less than 9 months, d. 336. Medardus, Saint - Bishop of Noyon, d. around 545. Manahen, Saint - Or Manaen. Mentioned in Scripture, and traditionally believed to have been one of the first Christians in Antioch. Martial, Saint - Third-century bishop of Limoges. Mamertus, Saint - Bishop of Vienne, d. around 476. Maurus, Saint - Deacon, disciple of St. Benedict. Portrayed by St. Gregory the Great as a model of monastic obedience. Died 584. Melania (the Younger), Saint - Granddaughter of St. Melania the Elder, and a friend of St. Jerome. Mary of Egypt, Saint - Biographical article on the penitent and hermit, who died around 421. Maximus of Constantinople, Saint - Also known as Maximus the Theologian or Maximus Confessor. Monk, abbot, wrote on ascetic mysticism, and on the Incarnation against the Monothelites. Died in exile, 662. Mark and Marcellian, Saints - Blood brothers martyred at Rome in the Diocletian persecution, probably in 286. Maximinus, Saint - Bishop of Trier, d. 349 or 352. Michael the Archangel, Saint - Article about this angel in Scripture and tradition. Matilda, Saint - Biography of the Queen of Germany, wife of Henry I (the Fowler). She died in 968. Martin of Braga, Saint - Missionary, monastic founder, archbishop, ecclesiastical writer, d. 580. Martin of Tours, Saint - Fairly lengthy biographical article on this bishop, who died in around 397. Matthias, Saint - The Apostle, in Scripture and legend. Matthew, Saint - The Apostle and Evangelist, in Scripture and tradition. Mura, Saint - Irishman, appointed Abbot of Fahan by St. Columba. Patron saint of the O'Neills. Died in about 645. Meletius of Antioch, Saint - Lengthy article on the career of the gentle bishop who longed for unity in the Church. Maelrubha, Saint - Abbot and martyr, died in 722. Maximilian - Brief profiles of three saints of this name. Macarius - Article on two saints named Macarius, both fourth-century Egyptian monks: St. Macarius the Egyptian ("the Elder") and St. Macarius the Alexandrian ("the Younger"). Margaret of Scotland, Saint - Biographical entry on the eleventh-century queen. Martina, Saint - Roman virgin and martyr, d. 226 or (more likely) 228. Martin I, Pope Saint - Opposed the Monothelites, who were supported by the emperor. He was taken prisoner to Constantinople, but refused to sign a heretical declaration. He died in exile in 655. Machutus, Saint - Also called Malo or Maclovius. According to this article, Machutus was baptized by St. Brendan the Navigator, and accompanied him on his famous voyage. Maximus of Turin, Saint - Bishop and theological writer (380-465). Menas, Saint - Martyred under Diocletian, c. 295. Most likely Menas of Mareotis, Menas of Cotyaes, and Menas of Constantinople, surnamed Kallikelados, are all the same person honored in different places. Maruthas, Saint - Writer, greatly devoted to the martyrs, Mesopotamian bishop, d. before 420. Maelruan, Saint - Founder and first abbot of Tallacht, d. around 791. Co-author with St. Aengus of the Rule of the Célidhé Dé. Marius Aventicus, Saint - Or Aventicensis, so called because he was bishop of Avenches. Goldsmith, chronicler, d. 594. Monica, Saint - Widow, d. 387. The mother of St. Augustine of Hippo. Margaret, Saint - Also known in the Christian East as St. Marina. Virgin and martyr from Pisidian Antioch. Mark, Saint - What can be pieced together of St. Mark's life from Scripture. Also reports on tradition surrounding the saint. Macrina the Elder, Saint - Grandmother of SS. Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Macrina the Younger. Melito, Saint - Bishop of Sardis, ecclesiastical writer, latter half of the second century. Mary Magdalen, Saint - Article on the Apostle to the Apostles. Monasticism, Western - The introduction of monasticism into the West may be dated from about A.D. 340 when St. Athanasius visited Rome accompanied by the two Egyptian monks Ammon and Isidore, disciples of St. Anthony. Monasticism - The act of "dwelling alone" (Greek monos, monazein, monachos), has come to denote the mode of life pertaining to persons living in seclusion from the world, under religious vows and subject to a fixed rule, as monks, friars, nuns, or in general as religious. Monasticism, Eastern, Before Chalcedon (A.D. 451) - Egypt was the Motherland of Christian monasticism. It sprang into existence there at the beginning of the fourth century. Middle Ages - A term commonly used to designate that period of European history between the Fall of the Roman Empire and about the middle of the fifteenth century. Montanists - Schismatics of the second century, first known as Phrygians, or "those among the Phrygians" (oi kata Phrygas), then as Montanists, Pepuzians, and (in the West) Cataphrygians. Monothelitism and Monothelites - A modification of Monophysitism proposing that Christ had no human free will. Rejected by the Third Council of Constantinople (680). Manichaeism - A religion founded by the Persian Mani in the latter half of the third century. Marcionites - Said that the creator "god" of the Old Testament was not the good God and Father of Jesus Christ of the New Testament. Had their own shadow hierarchy and their own Bible, which consisted of parts of Luke and Paul, edited so as to disparage the Old Testament. Only the unmarried were allowed to be baptized. Marcionism may have led to the formation of the Apostle's Creed as rebuttal, and certainly was an incentive in deciding on the canon of the New Testament. Monarchians - The so-called Dynamic Monarchians were actually a form of adoptionism. Monarchianism, properly speaking, refers to the Modalists. Denial of the Trinity, assertion that there is only one Divine Person, who appears in three different roles. Noetians and Sabellians were two schools of Modalism. Monophysites and Monophysitism - Rejected the dual nature of Christ. Rejected by the Council of Chalcedon (451). Monasteries in England, Suppression of - From any point of view the destruction of the English monasteries by Henry VIII must be regarded as one of the great events of the sixteenth century. Mathew Flathers, Blessed - English priest martyred at York in 1607. Margaret of Cortona, Saint - Third Order Franciscan, d. 1297. Margaret of Savoy, Blessed - Widow, Third Order Dominican, d. 1464. Marie de l'Incarnation, Blessed - A.k.a. Madame Acarie. Founded the French Carmel, d. 1618. Mark Barkworth, Blessed - Short biography of the English convert, martyred in 1601. Michael de Sanctis, Saint - Or Michael de los Santos. Catalonian, member of the Discalced Trinitarians, d. 1625. Meinwerk, Blessed - Also called Meginwerk. The energetic tenth bishop of Paderborn, d. 1036. Mary Anne de Paredes, Saint - Of Quito, Ecuador, lived as a solitary in her own home and had many extraordinary spiritual gifts. She died in 1645. Montford Scott, Blessed - Biography of the English priest, martyred in 1591 after an imprisonment of seven years. Mary Frances of the Five Wounds of Jesus, Saint - Third Order Franciscan, d. 1791. Margaret Pole, Blessed - Biography of the Countess of Salisbury, martyred in 1541. Marie Christine of Savoy, Blessed - The daughter of Victor Emanuel I, married King Ferdinand II of Sicily, d. 1836 at the age of 23. Madeleine-Sophie Barat, Saint - Founder of the Society of the Sacred Heart, d. 1865. Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi, Saint - Biography of the 17th-century Carmelite mystic. Marie-Marguérite d'Youville, Saint - Biography of the founder of the Gray Nuns, or Sisters of Charity. She died in 1771. Margaret Ward, Saint - English martyr, died at Tyburn in 1588. Mechtilde, Saint - Born Matilda von Hackeborn-Wippra, blood sister of the Abbess Gertrude von Hackeborn, monastic herself. Quite plausibly the model for Matelda in Dante's "Purgatorio." She died in 1298. Martin of Leon, Saint - Augustinian priest, d. 1203. Margaret of Hungary, Saint - Princess who became a Dominican at the age of 4. She died in 1270 or 1271, and was canonized in 1943. Marie de l'Incarnation, Blessed - Baptismal name Marie Guyard. First superior of the Ursulines of Quebec. Biography. Margaret of Lorraine, Blessed - Duchess d'Alencon, widow, became a Poor Clare, d. 1521. Miles Gerard, Blessed - Priest martyred in 1590. Margaret Colona, Blessed - A Roman orphan, hermit, founder of a community of Poor Clares, d. 1284. Margaret Clitherow, Saint - Article on this martyr, d. 1586, who is called the "Pearl of York." St. Margaret was crushed to death for the crime of harboring priests. Malachy, Saint - Abbot of Bangor, later Archbishop of Armagh, d. 1148. Article includes testimony from St. Bernard of Clairvaux on St. Malachy's character. Mary de Cervellione, Saint - Popularly called Maria de Socos. First superior of a Third Order branch of the Mercedarians, for women. She died in 1290. Margaret Mary Alacoque, Saint - Biographical article on the apostle of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Medal, Miraculous - The devotion owes its origin to Zoe Labore, a member of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, known in religion as Sister Catherine, to whom the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared three separate times in the year 1830, at the mother-house of the community at Paris. Martyrs, Japanese - The most famous of the Japanese martyrs are the twenty-six who were crucified in Nagasaki in 1597, but thousands of other Japanese died for the faith between 1560 and 1860. Manuscripts of the Bible - Manuscripts are written, as opposed to printed, copies of the original text or of a version either of the whole Bible or of a part thereof. Mass, Music of the - Article covers exclusively the texts of the Mass (not seasonal) which receive a musical treatment. Musical Instruments in Church Services - History of their use, starting with the organ. McCarthy, Justin - Irish politician and writer (1830-1912). Mysticism - Mysticism as direct union of the human soul with the Divinity primarily from a Catholic perspective, but does mention other mystical traditions. McCloskey, William George - Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky (1823-1909). MacDonald, John - Laird of Glenaladale and Glenfinnan, philanthropist, colonizer, soldier, born in Glenaladale, Scotland, about 1742; died at Tracadie, Prince Edward Island, Canada, 1811; he was the son of Alexander and Margaret (MacDonnell of Scotus). Monaco, Principality and Diocese of - Situated on the Mediterranean Sea, surrounded on all sides by the French department of the Maritime Alps, and has an area of 5337 acres. Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel - Inventor; b. at Vidalon-lez-Annonay, 26 August, 1740; d. at Balaruc-les-Bains, France, 26 June, 1810. MacCarthy, Denis Florence - Well-known Irish poet of the nineteenth century, born in Lower O'Connell Street, Dublin, 26 May, 1817; died at Blackrock, Dublin, 7 April, 1882. Mosaic Legislation - The body of juridical, moral, and ceremonial institutions, laws, and decisions comprised in the last four books of the Pentateuch, and ascribed by Christian and Hebrew tradition to Moses. MacCaghwell, Hugh - Archbishop and theologian, born at Saul, Co. Down, 1571; died 22 September, 1626. Monogram of Christ - By the Monogram of Christ is ordinarily understood the abbreviation of Christ's name formed by combining the first two letters of the Greek form; this monogram was also known as the Chrismon. Musso, Cornelius - Franciscan bishop. (1511-1574) Mozarabic Rite - The name "Mozarabic Rite" is given to the rite used generally in Spain and in what afterwards became Portugal from the earliest times of which we have any information down to the latter part of the eleventh century, and still surviving in the Capilla Muzárabe in Toledo cathedral and in the chapel of San Salvador or Talavera, in the old cathedral of Salamanca. Mortification - One of the methods which Christian ascesticism employs in training the soul to virtuous and holy living. Montreuil - Charterhouse of Notre-Dame-des-Pres, at Montreuil, in the Diocese of Arras, Department of Pas-de-Calais, France, founded by Robert, Count of Boulogne and Auvergne. Monk - A member of a community of men, leading a more or less contemplative life apart from the world, under the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, according to a rule characteristic of the particular order to which he belongs. MacHale, John - Born March 6, 1791 at Tubbernavine, Co. Mayo, Ireland; died at Tuam, November 4, 1881. Mozzetta - A short, cape-shaped garment, covering the shoulders and reaching only to the elbow, with an open front, which may be fastened by means of a row of small buttons; at the neck it has a very small and purely ornamental hood. Malmesbury, The Monk of - Supposed author of a chronicle among the Cottonian manuscripts in the British Museum (Vesp. D. IV. 73) which Tanner states to be only a copy of a chronicle written by Alfred of Beverley in the twelfth century, but which, according to Sir Thomas Hardy, is almost entirely based on that of Geoffrey of Monmouth. MacMahon, Heber - Bishop of Clogher, Ireland, and patriotic leader, born at Farney, County Monaghan, 1600; executed at Enniskillen in 1650. McMaster, James Alphonsus - An editor, convert, born at Duanesburg, New York, U. S. A., 1 April, 1820; died in Brooklyn, New York, 29 December, 1886. McSherry, James Sr. - Author; born at LibertyTown, Frederick County, Maryland, 29 July, 1819; died at Frederick City, Maryland, 13 July, 1869, was the son of James McSherry and Anne Ridgely Sappington, and the grandson of Patrick McSherry, who came from Ireland in 1745 to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and removed later to Maryland. McSherry, James Jr. - Jurist, son of the author James McSherry; born at Frederick, Maryland, 30 December, 1842; died there 23 October, 1907. McSherry, Richard - Physician; born at Martinsburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), 21 November, 1817; died Baltimore, Md., 7 Ocbober, l885, son of Dr. Richard McSherry. Mactaris - A titular see of the Byzantine Empire. Mabillon, Jean - Benedictine monk of the Congregation of Saint-Maur. (1632-1707) Montes Pietatis - Charitable institutions of credit that lend money at low rates of interest, or without interest at all, upon the security of objects left in pawn, with a view to protecting persons in want from usurers. Madrid-Alcalá - Province and town in Spain. Motet - A short piece of music set to Latin words, and sung instead of, or immediately after, the Offertorium, or as a detached number in extra-liturgical functions. Maderna, Carlo - Known principally by his extension of St. Peter's, at the command of the pope, from the form of a Greek to that of a Latin cross. (1556-1629) Magdeburg - Capital of the Prussian Province of Saxony, situated on the Elbe; pop. 241,000; it is noted for its industries, particularly the production of sugar, its trade, and its commerce. From 968 until 1552 it was the seat of an archbishopric. Magnesia - A titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Ephesus. MacGeoghegan, James - Born at Uisneach, Westmeath, Ireland, 1702; died at Paris, 1763. He came of a long family long settled in Westmeath and long holding a high position among the Leinster chiefs, and was related to that MacGeoghegan who defended the Castle of Dunboy against Carew, and also to Connell MacGeoghegan, who translated the Annals of Clonmacnoise. Morcelli, Stefano Antonio - Italian Jesuit and epigraphist (1737-1822). Macedo, Francisco - Known as a S. Augustino, O.F.M., theologian, born at Coimbra, Portugal, 1596; he entered the Jesuit Order in 1610, which however he left in 1638 in order to join the Discalced Franciscans. Monastery, Canonical Erection of a - Details the conditions for the legitimate erection of a monastery. Maderno, Stefano - A sculptor of the Roman School and of the era just preceding Bernini, his contemporary. (1576-1636) MacCarthy, Nicholas Tuite - Called the Abbé de Lévignac, born in Dublin on 19 May, 1769; died at Annécy, Savoy, 3 May, 1833. Monism - A philosophical term which, in its various meanings, is opposed to Dualism or Pluralism. Magdala - It is perhaps the Migdal-El mentioned in the Old Testament (Jos., xix, 38) belonging to the tribe of Nephtali. Maerlant, Jacob van - Flemish poet of the Middle Ages, b. about 1235; d. after 1291. Mace - A short, richly ornamented staff. Madura Mission - The Madura mission owes its origin to Robert de Nobili, who commenced at Madura, in 1606, that peculiar method of propagating the faith which has made his name famous. Magaud, Antoine-Dominique - French painter, b. at Marseilles 1817; d. there, 1899. Macarius of Antioch - A Patriarch, deposed in 681. Magistris, Simone de - Born in 1728; died 6 October, 1802; a priest of the Oratorio di S. Filippo Neri, at Rome, whom Pius VI created titular Bishop of Cyrene and provost of the Congregation for the correction of the liturgical books of Oriental Rites. Moralities - Moralities are a development or an offshoot of the Miracle Plays and together with these form the greater part of Medieval drama. They were popular in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries and existed side by side with the Miracle Plays of that date. Mozetena Indians - A group of some half dozen tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock upon the headwaters of the Beni river, Department of Beni, in northwestern Bolivia. Mabinogion - A collection of medieval Welsh tales in prose. Mozzi, Luigi - Controversialist, born at Bergamo, 26 May, 1746; died near Milan, 24 June, 1813. Maffei, Bernardino - Poet, orator, antiquarian (1514-1549). Monopoli, Diocese of - A diocese in the Province of Bari, in Apulia, southern Italy. Mageddo - Situated on the torrent Qina, on the east of the Plain of Esdraelon opposite Jezrahel, commanded the central of the three passes that join the plain with the seaboard. Mai, Angelo - Roman cardinal and celebrated philologist, b. at Schilpario, in the Diocese of Bergamo, 7 March 1782; d. at Albano, 9 September 1854. Maffei, Francesco - Italian painter. (d. 1660) Most Pure Heart of Mary, Feast of the - In its principal object this feast is identical with the feast of the "Inner Life of Mary", celebrated by the Sulpitians on 19 October. MacNeven, William James - Irish-American physician and medical educator. (1763-1841) Maffei, Raffaelo - Humanist, historian and theologian (1451-1522). Maillard, Oliver - Celebrated preacher, b. at Juignac, (?), Brittany, about 1430; d. at Toulouse, 22 July, 1502. Maina Indians - A group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock, the Mainan, ranging along the north bank of the Marañón. Motolinia, Toribio de Benavente - Franciscan missionary to Mexico (d. 1568). Mercy, Brothers of Our Lady of - Founded at Mechlin in 1839 by Canon J. B. Cornelius Scheppers for the instruction and care of prisoners and of the sick. Magnus, Valerianus - Born at Milan, 1586, presumably of the noble family of de Magni; died at Salzburg, 29 July, 1661. He received the Capuchin habit at Prague. Magliabechi, Antonio - Italian scholar and librarian, b. 20 Oct., 1633, at Florence; d. there, 4 July, 1714. Murray, John O'Kane - Irish-American physician and historian (1847-1885). Magdalens - The members of certain religious communities of penitent women who desired to reform their lives. Mystery - This term signifies in general that which is unknowable, or valuable knowledge that is kept secret. Magnus, Olaus - Swedish historian and geographer, b. at Skeninge, Sweden, 1490; d. at Rome, 1 Aug., 1558. Magydus - A titular see of Pamphylia Secunda, suffragan of Perga. Malacca - The Diocese of Malacca comprises the southern portions of the Malay Peninsula, otherwise known as the Straits Settlements. Malaga - Diocese in Spain, by the Concordat of 1851 made a suffragan of Granada, having previously been dependent on Seville. Michael Caerularius - Patriarch of Constantinople (1043-58), author of the second and final schism of the Byzantine Church, date of birth unknown; d. 1058. Maistre, Xavier de - French romance writer, younger brother of Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre, b. at Chambery, Savoy, in 1763; d. at St. Petershurg, 12 June, 1852. Malabar - The name of a district of India stretching about 145 miles along the west coast, south of Mangalore, in the general region of present-day Kerala. Macarius Magnes - A Christian apologist of the end of the fourth century. Majano, Benedetto da - A well-known Florentine sculptor and architect of the Renaissance, b. at Majano, Tuscany. 1442; d. at Florence, 24 May, 1498. Maestro di Camera del Papa - The maestro di camera is the real chief chamberlain. His authority extends over all matters concerning the daily personal service of His Holiness. Malagrida, Gabriel - A Jesuit missionary to Brazil, b. 18 September or 6 December, 1689, at Menaggio, in Italy; d. 21 September, 1761, at Lisbon. Maimbourg, Louis - French church historian, b. at Nancy, 10 January, 1610; d. at Paris, 13 August, 1686. Mallard, Ernest-François - A French mineralogist, b. 4 February, 1833, at Châteauneuf-sur-Cher; d. 6 July, 1894, in Paris. Magrath, John Macrory - Born in Munster, Ireland, in the fifteenth certury; date and place of death unknown. Like many of his ancestors, he was chief historian to the O'Briens, princes of Thomond and chiefs of the Dalcassian clans. Majunke, Paul - Catholic journalist, born at Gross-Schmograu in Silesia, 14 July, 1842; died at Hochkirch near Glogau, 21 May, 1899. Madras - Archdiocese in India. Molina, Luis de - One of the most learned and renown theologians of the Society of Jesus, b. of noble parentage at Cuenca, New Castle, Spain, in 1535; d. at Madrid, 12 October, 1600. Malta - The group of Maltese islands, including Malta, Gozo, Comine and a few inconsiderable islets, lies 58 miles south of Sicily and about 180 miles S.E. by E. of Cape Bon in Tunisia. Maldonado, Juan - A theologian and exegete, b. in 1533 at Casas de Reina, in the district of Llerena, 66 leagues from Madrid; d. at Rome, 5 Jan., 1583. Malherbe, François - French poet, b. at Caen, Normandy, in 1555; d. at Paris, 16 October, 1628. Malory, Sir Thomas - Writer of the "Morte Arthure", the earliest production of English prose. Malvern - Located in Worcestershire, England, a district covered by a lofty range between the Severn and Wye, known as the Malvern Hills. On its eastern side were formerly two houses of Benedictine monks, the priories of Great and Little Malvern. Malone, William - Jesuit missioner and writer; born according to the best authorities, in 1585; died at Seville, 1655. Maliseet Indians - A tribe of Algonquian stock, occupying territory upon the lower St. John River, St. Croix River, and Passamaquody Bay, in western New Brunswick and northeastern Maine, and closely connected linguistically and historically with the Abnaki (Penobscot, etc.) of Maine. Mallinckrodt, Pauline - A sister of the Catholic political leader Hermann Mallinckrodt, and foundress of the Sisters of Christian Charity, b. at Minden, Westphalia, 3 June, 1817; d. at Paderborn, 30 April, 1881. Mallinckrodt, Herman von - German parliamentarian; born 5 Feb., 1821, at Minden, Westphalia; died 26 May, 1874, at Berlin. Majority - The state of a person or thing greater, or superior, in relation to another person or thing. Malvenda, Thomas - An exegete and historical critic, b. at Jativa, Valencia, 1566; d. 7 May, 1628. Mallus - A titular see of Cilicia Prima, suffragan of Tarsus. Mouchy, Antoine de - Theologian and canonist (1494-1574). Malchus - A name common in the Semitic languages and of special interest as being that borne by the Jewish servant whose ear was struck off by St. Peter. Manchester - A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Boston, U.S.A. Mameluco - The general term applied in South America to designate the mixed European-Indian race, and more specifically applied in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the organized bands of Portuguese slave-hunters who desolated the vast interior of South America from the Atlantic to the slopes of the Andes, and from the Paraguay to the Orinoco. Malling Abbey - Benedictine abbey in England. Miraeus, Aubert - Ecclesiastical historian, born at Brussels, 30 Nov., 1573; died at Antwerp, 19 October, 1640. Mandeville, Jean de - The author of a book of travels much read in the Middle Ages, died probably in 1372. Majordomo - Chief steward of the household of the pope. MacCarthy, Bartholomew - Irish scholar and chronologist (1843-1904). Magna Carta - The charter of liberties granted by King John of England in 1215 and confirmed with modifications by Henry III in 1216, 1217, and 1225. Manahem - King of Israel. Mame, Alfred-Henri-Amand - Printer and publisher, b. at Tours, 17 Aug., 1811; d. at Tours, 12 April, 1893. Macao - Diocese; suffragan of Goa. Maignan, Emmanuel - French physicist and theologian; b. at Toulouse, 17 July, 1601; d. at Toulouse, 29 October, 1676. Maginn, Edward - Irish bishop (1802-1849). Mamertine Prison - The so-called "Mamertine Prison", beneath the church of S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami, via di Marforio, Rome, is generally accepted as being identical with "the prison ... in the middle of the city, overlooking the forum", mentioned by Livy (I, xxxiii). McCabe, Edward - Cardinal, born in Dublin, 1816; died at Kingstown, 11 February, 1885; he was the son of poor parents, educated at Father Doyle's school on the Quays and at Maynooth College, and was ordained priest in 1839. Mansard, François - French architect, born in Paris, probably of Italian stock, in 1598; died there, 1666. Manu, The Laws of - The English designation commonly applied to the "Manava Dharma-sastra", a metrical Sanskrit compendium of ancient sacred laws and customs held in the highest reverence by the orthodox adherents of Brahminism. Mantelletta - An outer vestment reaching to the knees, open in front, with slits instead of sleeves on the sides. Mann, Theodore Augustine - English naturalist and historian, b. in Yorkshire, 22 June, 1735; d. at Prague in Bohemia, 23 Feb., 1809. Mangalore - Diocese on the west coast of India, suffragan of Bombay. Maltret, Claude - French Jesuit, b. at Puy, 3 Oct., 1621; d. Toulouse, 3 Jan., 1674. Manuscripts - Every book written by hand on flexible material and intended to be placed in a library is called a manuscript. Manitoba - History of the Canadian province. Manuel Chysoloras - First teacher of Greek in Italy, born at Constantinople about the middle of the fourteenth century; died at Constance, German, and was buried there, 15 April, 1415. Mammon - Mamona; the spelling Mammona is contrary to the textual evidence and seems not to occur in printed Bibles till the edition of Elzevir. Mansard, Jules - French architect, grand-nephew of François, was originally Jules Hardouin, but took the name of Mansard; was born in Paris, 1646; died at Marly 1708. Manuterge - The name given to the towel used by the priest when engaged liturgically. Mansi, Gian Domenico - Italian prelate and scholar born at Lucca, of a patrician family, 16 February, 1692; died archbishop of that city, 27 September, 1769. Maran, Prudentius - A learned Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. 14 October, 1683, at Sezanne, in the Department of Marne; d. 2 April, 1762, at Paris. Marcopois - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Edessa. Maratta, Carlo - An Italian painter, b. at Camerino, in the March of Ancona, 13 May, 1625, d. in Rome, 15 December, 1713. Medina, Juan de - Theologian; born 1490; died 1547; he occupied the first rank among the theologians of the sixteenth century. Maintenon, Françoise, Marquise de - Born at Niort, 28 November 1635; died at Saint-Cyr, 15 April 1719. She was the granddaughter of the celebrated Protestant writer, Agrippa d'Aubigné. Maria-Laach - A Benedictine abbey on the southwest bank of Lake Laach, near Andernach in Rhineland, Germany. Mance, Jeanne - Foundress of the Montreal Hôtel-Dieu, and one of the first women settlers in Canada, b. at Nogent-le-Roi, Champagne, 1606; d. at Montreal, 19 June, 1673. Marca, Pierre de - French bishop and scholar, b. at Gan in Béarn, 24 Jan., 1594, of a family distinguished in the magistracy; d. at Paris, 29 June, 1662. Marienberg - A Benedictine abbey of the Congregation of St. Joseph near Mals, Tyrol (in Vintschau). Manutius, Aldus - Scholar and printer (1450-1515). Manuscripts, Illuminated - A large number of manuscripts covered with painted ornaments. Mariales, Kantes - A Dominican, born about 1580; died at Venice in April, 1660. Marian Priests - This term is applied to those English priests who being ordained in or before the reign of Queen Mary (1553-1558), survived into the reign of Elizabeth. Mission, Congregation of Priests of the - A congregation of secular priests with religious vows founded by St. Vincent de Paul. Marie de France - Twelfth-century French poetess. Mariotte, Edme - French physicist, b. at Dijon, France, about 1620; d. at Paris, 12 May, 1684. Magin Catalá - Born at Montblanch, Catalonia, Spain, 29 or 30 January, 1761; died at Santa Clara, California, 22 Nov., 1830. He received the habit of St. Francis at Barcelona on 4 April, 1777, and was ordained priest probably in 1785. Maniple - An ornamental vestment in the form of a band, a little over a yard long and from somewhat over two to almost four inches wide, which is placed on the left arm in such manner that it falls in equal length on both sides of the arm. Marquesas Islands - Located in Polynesia, includes all the Marquesas Islands. Malpighi, Marcello - Founder of comparative physiology, b. at Crevalcore, 10 March, 1628; d. at Rome, 29 Sept., 1694. Mark of Lisbon - Friar minor, historian, and Bishop of Oporto in Portugal, b. at Lisbon (date of birth uncertain); d. in 1591. Mark, Gospel of - The Second Gospel, like the other two Synoptics, deals chiefly with the Galilean ministry of Christ, and the events of the last week at Jerusalem. Marcellinus, Flavius - A high official at the court of Emperor Honorius, and possessed the confidence of his imperial master owing to his good sense, and unblemished conduct. Manzoni, Alessandro - Italian poet and novelist, b. at Milan, 7 March, 1785; d. 22 May, 1873. Media and Medes - An ancient country of Asia and the inhabitants thereof. Mangan, James Clarence - Irish poet, b. in Dublin, 1 May, 1803; d. there, 20 June, 1849. He was the son of James Mangan, a grocer, and of Catherine Smith. Marcellinus Comes - Latin chronicler of the sixth century. Marignolli, Giovanni de' - Franciscan missionary to Asia (b. 1290). Marquette League - A society founded in New York, in May, 1904, by Rev. H.G. Ganss, of Lancaster, Pa. Manna - The food miraculously sent to the Israelites during their forty years sojourn in the desert (Ex., xvi; Num., xi, 6-9). Maassen, Friedrich Bernard Christian - Professor of law. (1823-1900) Marriage, Civil - The municipal law deals with this status only as a civil institution. Marriage, Mixed - Those between Catholics and non-Catholics, when the latter have been baptized in some Christian sect. The term is also used to designate unions between Catholics and infidels. Martín, Enrico - Date and place of birth unknown; d. in Mexico in 1632. According to some he was of Spanish descent; Humboldt says that he was either a German or Dutchman, and according to others a Mexican educated in Spain, but in all probability he was a Frenchman. Marshall Islands - These islands, a German possession since 1885, lying in the Pacific Ocean, east of the Caroline islands, between 4 and 13 N. lat., and 161 and 171 E. longitude, were discovered in 1529 by Saavedra, Villalobos and other Spanish mariners, and explored by Marshall and Gilbert in 1788. Martini, Antonio - Archbishop of Florence, Biblical scholar; b. at Prato in Tuscany, 20 April, 1720; d. at Florence, 31 December 1809. Martin, Gregory - Translator of the Douai Version of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate; b. in Maxfield, parish of Guestling, near Winchelsea, in Sussex; d. at Reims, 28 October, 1582. Magnificat - The title commonly given to the Latin text and vernacular translation of the Canticle (or Song) of Mary. Mechtel, Johann - Chronicler; b. 1562 at Pfalzel near Trier (Germany); d. after 1631, perhaps as late as 1653 at Trier. Martyrs, The Ten Thousand - On two days is a group of ten thousand martyrs mentioned in the Roman Martyrology. Mamachi, Thomas Maria - Dominican theologian and historian, born at Chios in the Archipelago, 4 December, 1713; died at Corneto, near Montefiascone, Italy, 7 June, 1792. Marash - An Armenian Catholic Diocese. Maroni, Paul - Missionary, b. 1 Nov., 1695. Martini, Martino - Austrian Jesuit missionary to the Chinese, in the seventeenth century. Marryat, Florence - English novelist and actress (1838-1899). Mary, Society of (Marist Fathers) - A religious order of priests, so called on account of the special devotion they profess toward the Blessed Virgin. Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey de - Founder of Montreal (d. 1676). Mary, Little Brothers of - Generally known as Marist School Brothers. This religious teaching institute is modern in its origin, having been founded in 1817, in France, by Benedict Marcellin Champagnat. Mary, Society of, of Paris - Founded in 1817 by Very Reverend William Joseph Chaminade at Bordeaux, France. MacDonell, Alexander - First Bishop of Kingston, Ontario, Canada, b. 17 July 1760, at Inchlaggan in Glengarry, Scotland; d. 14 January, 1840, at Dumfries, Scotland. Maphrian - The Syriac word mafriano signifies one who fructifies, a consecrator. It is used to designate the prelate who holds the second rank after the patriarch among the Jacobite Syrians. Macerata and Tolentino - Located in the Marches, Central Italy. McGee, Thomas D'Arcy - An editor, politician, and poet, born at Carlingford, Co. Louth, Ireland, 13 April, 1825; assassinated at Ottawa, Canada, 7 April, 1868. Maccabees, The - A priestly family which under the leadership of Mathathias initiated the revolt against the tyranny of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria, and after securing Jewish independence ruled the commonwealth till overthrown by Herod the Great. Marriage, Ritual of - The form for the celebration of the Sacrament of Matrimony is detailed. Martinique - Diocese; Martinique is one of the French Lesser Antilles, 380 sq. miles in area; It was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493, and colonized by the French about 1625; it was in the hands of the English from 1762-1783, and was again occupied by them in 1792, 1802, 1809, 1815 and again became French territory in 1818. Maryland - One of the thirteen English colonies which after the Revolution of 1776 became the original States of the American Union. Maronia - A titular see in the province of Rhodopis, suffragan of Trajanopolis. Martyr - The Greek word martus signifies a witness who testifies to a fact of which he has knowledge from personal observation. The term martyr came to be exclusively applied to those who had died for the faith. Mass, Nuptial - "Missa pro sponso et sponsa", the last among the votive Masses in the Missal. It is composed of lessons and chants suitable to the Sacrament of Matrimony, contains prayers for persons just married and is interwoven with part of the marriage rite, of which in the complete form it is an element. Mass, Chapter and Conventual - A conventual Mass sung or said in all cathedrals and collegiate churches that have a chapter; in this case it is often called the "chapter" Mass. Martyrs in China - With the revival of the missions in China with Matteo Ricci, who died at Peking in 1610, the blood of martyrs was soon shed to fertilize the evangelical field; the change of the Ming dynasty to the Manchu dynasty, giving occasion for new prosecution. Massa Candida - The fame of the Massa Candida has been perpetuated chiefly through two early references to them: that of St. Augustine, and that of the poet Prudentius (q.v.). Massa Carrara - Diocese in Central Italy (Lunigiana and Garfagnana). Mary, Name of - In Scripture and in Catholic use. Massaia, Guglielmo - A Cardinal, born 9 June, 1809, at Piova in Piedmont, Italy; died at Cremona, 6 August, 1889. Maria Theresa - Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Roman-German Empress, born 1717; died 1780. Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament - French Carmelite nun (1590-1660). Martin, Paulin - French Biblical scholar. (1840 - 1890) Masses, Bequests for (Canada) - Information on the laws. Masaccio - Italian painter, born about 1402, at San Giovanni di Valdarno, a stronghold situated between Arezzo and Florence; died, probably at Rome, in 1429. Massachusetts - One of the thirteen original United States of America. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts covers part of the territory originally granted to the Plymouth Company of England. Massé, Enemond - One of the first Jesuits sent to New France; born at Lyons, 1574; died at Sillery, l2 May, 1646. Maillard, Antoine-Simon - Missionary b. in France (parentage, place and date of birth unknown); d. 12 August, 1762. MacFarland, Francis Patrick - Third Bishop of Hartford (q.v.) born at Franklin, Pennsylvania, 16 April, 1819; died at Hartford, Connecticut, 2 October, 1874. Martin y Garcia, Luis - Jesuit General (1846-1906). Marsi - Diocese in the province of Aquila, Central Italy, with its seat at Pescina. Map, Walter - Archdeacon of Oxford, b. at, or in the vicinity of, Hereford, c. 1140, d. between 1208 and 1210. Marshall, Thomas William - Controversial writer, b. 1818; d. at Surbiton, Surrey, 14 Dec., 1877. Maundy Thursday - The feast of Maundy (or Holy) Thursday solemnly commemorates the institution of the Eucharist and is the oldest of the observances peculiar to Holy Week. Massoulié, Antoine - Theologian, born at Toulouse, 28 Oct., 1632; died at Rome, 23 Jan., 1706. Maury, Jean-Siffrein - Cardinal and statesman, born at Valréas, near Avignon, 26 June, 1746; died at Rome on 10 May, 1817. Marbodius - Bishop of Rennes, ecclesiastical writer and hymnologist, b. about 1035 at Angers, France, d. there 11 September, 1123. Massa Marittima - In the Province of Grosseto, in Tuscany, first mentioned in the eighth century. Mackenzie - This vicariate which was detached from the Athabaska-Mackenzie Vicariate in 1901 and intrusted to Mgr Gabriel Breynat, Titular Bishop of Adramytus, consecrated 6 April 1902, is bounded on the west by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by 60º latitude, on the east by the water-shed and is unlimited on the north towards the pole. Martyrs, Acts of the - Records of the trials of early Christian martyrs made by the notaries of the court. Maspha - Name of several places in the Bible. Mathew, Theobald - Apostle of Temperance, born at Thomastown Castle, near Cashel, Tipperary, Ireland, 10 October, 1790; died at Queenstown, Cork, 8 December, 1856. McLoughlin, John - Physician and pioneer, born in the parish of La Riviere du Loup, Canada, 19 October, 1784; died at Oregon City, 3 September, 1857. Mathieu, François-Désiré - Bishop and cardinal, born 27 May, 1839; died 26 October, 1908. Matilda of Canossa - Countess of Tuscany, daughter and heiress of the Marquess Boniface of Tuscany, and Beatrice, daughter of Frederick of Lorraine, b. 1046; d. 24 July, 1114. Matteucci, Carlo - Physicist, born at Forli, in the Romagna, 21 June, 1811; died at Ardenza, near Leghorn, 25 July, 1868. McMahon, Martin Thomas - Soldier, jurist; born at Laprairie, Canada, 21 March, 1838; died in New York, 21 April, 1906. Matthew of Cracow - Renowned scholar and preacher of the fourteenth century, b. at Cracow about 1335, d. at Pisa, 5 March, 1410. Matteo da Siena - Painter (1435-1495). Malediction (in Scripture) - Four principal words are rendered maledictio in the Vulgate, "curse" in Douay Version. Mary of Cleophas - This title occurs only in John, xix, 25. A comparison of the lists of those who stood at the foot of the cross would seem to identify her with Mary, the mother of James the Less and Joseph ( Mark, xv, 40; cf. Matt., xxvii, 56). Mondino dei Lucci - Anatomist, b. probably at Bologna, about 1275; d. there, about 1327. Mâcon, Ancient Diocese of - Located in Burgundy. The city of Mâcon, formerly the capital of the Mâconnais, now of the Department of Saône-et-Loire, became a civitas in the fifth century, when it was separated from the Æduan territory. Massuet, René - Benedictine patrologist, of the Congregation of St. Maur; born 13 August, 1666, at St. Ouen de Mancelles in the diocese of Evreux; died 11 Jan. 1716, at St. Germain des Prés in Paris. McQuaid, Bernard John - The first Bishop of Rochester, U. S. A.; born in New York City, 15 December, 1823; died at Rochester, 18 January, 1909. Matthias Corvinus - King of Hungary (1440-1490). Macri - A titular see in Mauretania Sitifiensis. Maunoury, Auguste-François - Hellenist and exegete (1811-1898). Mathathias - The name of ten persons of the Bible, variant in both Hebrew and Greek of Old Testament and in Greek of New Testament; uniform in Vulgate. Martyropolis - A titular see, suffragan of Amida in the Province of Mesopotamia or Armenia Quarta. Madagascar - Island situated to the south-east of Africa. Months, Special Devotions for - A list of the more common devotions with the indulgences attached. Materialism - As the word itself signifies, Materialism is a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world, which undertakes to explain every event in the universe as resulting from the conditions and activity of matter, and which thus denies the existence of God and the soul. Madaurus - A titular see of Numidia. Madianites - An Arabian tribe introduced into history in the texts of Gen., xxv, 1-4 and I Chron., i, 32. Matins - Not Morning Prayer, but a nighttime prayer, which has now been replaced by the Office of Readings. Morales, Luis de - Spanish painter, b. at Badajoz in Estremadura about 1509; d. at Badajoz, 1586. Maurus, Sylvester - Writer on philosophy and theology, b. at Spoleto, 31 Dec., 1619; d. in Rome, 13 Jan., 1687. Maximilian I - Duke of Bavaria (1573-1651). Maxwell, William - Fifth Earl of Nithsdale (Lord Nithsdale signed as Nithsdaill) and fourteenth Lord Maxwell, b. in 1676; d. at Rome, 2 March, 1744. Maximianopolis - A titular see of Palestina Secunda, suffragan of Scythopolis. Mayer, Christian - Franciscan writer; b. in Wiltshire, 1599; d. at Douai, 30 Dec, 1678. Mayor, John - A Scotch philosopher and historian, b. at Gleghornie near Haddington, 1496; d. at St. Andrew's, 1550. Mayhew, Edward - Born in 1569; died 14 September, 1625. He belonged to the old English family of Mayhew or Mayow of Winton, near Salisbury, Wiltshire. Matteo of Aquasparta - Italian Franciscan (1235-1302). Mater - A titular bishopric in the province of Byzantium. Maxwell, Winifred - Countess of Nithsdale, d. at Rome, May, 1749. Meath - Diocese in Ireland, suffragan of Armagh. Meaux - English Cistercian abbey. Matricula - A term having several meanings in the field of Christian antiquity. Massorah - The textual tradition of Hebrew Bible, an official registration of its words, consonants, vowels and accents. Maurice - Roman Emperor, born in 539; died in November, 602. Mont-St-Michel - A Benedictine Abbey, in the Diocese of Avranches, Normandy, France. Matthias of Neuburg - Chronicler, born towards the close of the thirteenth century, possibly at Neuburg, in Baden; died between 1364 and 1370, probably at Strasburg, in Alsace. Medea - A titular see of Thrace, suffragan of Heraclea. Meagher, Thomas Francis - Soldier, politician, b. at Waterford, Ireland, 3 August, 1823; accidentally drowned in the Missouri River, Montana Territory, U.S.A., 1 July, 1867. Madruzzi, Christopher - Born of a noble family of Trent, 5 July, 1512; died at Tivoli, Italy, 5 July, 1578. Mechitar - The name taken by Peter Manuk, founder of the religious order of Mechitarists, when he became a monk. Monita Secreta - A code of instructions alleged to be addressed by Acquaviva, the fifth general of the Society, to its various superiors, and laying down the methods to be adopted for the increase of its power and influence. Missions, Catholic Parochial - This term is used to designate certain special exertions of the Church's pastoral agencies, made, for the most part, among Catholics, to instruct them more fully in the truths of their religion, to convert sinners, rouse the torpid and indifferent, and lift the good to a still higher plane of spiritual effort. Maynooth College - The National College of Saint Patrick, at Maynooth in County Kildare, about twelve miles from Dublin, founded in the year 1795. Mastrius, Bartholomew - Franciscan, philosopher, and theologian, born near Forli, at Meldola, ltaly, in 1602; died 3 January, 1673. Meaux, Diocese of - Comprises the entire department of Seine and Marne, suffragan of Sens until 1622, and subsequently of Paris. Mazzolini, Sylvester - Theologian, b. at Priero, Piedmont, 1460; d. at Rome, 1523, sometimes confounded with Sylvester Ferrariensis (d. 1526). Marriage, Sacrament of - Christian marriage (i.e. marriage between baptized persons) is really a sacrament of the New Law in the strict sense of the word is for all Catholics an indubitable truth. Moab, Moabites - In the Old Testament, the word Moab designates (1) a son of Lot by his elder daughter (Gen., xix, 37); (2) the people of whom this son of Lot is represented as the ancestor (Ex., xv, 15, etc.), and who are also called "the Moabites" (Gen., xix, 37); and possibly (3) the territory occupied by the Moabites (Num., xxi, 11). Medici, Maria de' - Queen of France; b. at Florence, 26 April, 1573; d. at Cologne, 3 July, 1642. Mechanism - There is no constant meaning in the history of philosophy for the word Mechanism. Originally, the term meant that cosmological theory which ascribes the motion and changes of the world to some external force. Medicine, History of - Presents the history of modern medical science from its Greek foundation. Meissen - A former see of north-east Germany. Melbourne - Located in the state of Victoria, Southeastern Australia. Maya Indians - The most important of the cultured native peoples of North America, both in the degree of their civilization and in population and resources, formerly occupying a territory of about 60,000 square miles, including the whole of the peninsula of Yucatan, Southern Mexico, together with the adjacent portion of Northern Guatemala. Morales, Christobal - Spanish composer (1512-1553). Medici, House of - A Florentine family, the members of which, having acquired great wealth as bankers, rose in a few generations to be first the unofficial rulers of the republic of Florence and afterwards the recognized sovereigns of Tuscany. Meléndez Valdés, Juan - Spanish poet and politician, b. at Ribera del Fresno (Badajoz) 11 March, 1754; d. in exile at Montpelier, France, 24 May, 1817. Medaille, Jean Paul - Jesuit missionary; b. at Carcassonne, the capital of the Department of Aude, France, 29 January, 1618; d. at Auch, the capital of the Department of Gers, France, 15 May, 1689. Magnien, Alphonse - An educator of the clergy, born at Bleymard, in the Diocese of Mende, France, 9 June, 1837; died 21 December, 1902. Maurists, The - A congregation of Benedictine monks in France, whose history extends from 1618 to 1818. Melchisedechians - A branch of the Monarchians, founded by Theodotus the banker. Mechlin - Archdiocese comprising the two Belgian provinces of Antwerp and Brabant. Memphis - Ancient capital of Egypt; diocese of the province of Arcadia or Heptanomos, suffragan of Oxyrynchus. Menaion - The name of the twelve books, one for every month, that contain the offices for immovable feasts in the Byzantine rite. Mende - This diocese includes the department of Lozère, in France. Suffragan of Bourges under the old régime, it was re-established by the Concordat of 1801 as a suffragan of Lyons and united with the department of Ardèche. Medina, Miguel de - Theologian, born at Belalcazar, Spain, 1489; died at Toledo, May, 1578. Meletius of Lycopolis - Bishop of Lycopolis in Egypt, gave his name to a schism of short duration. Mège, Antoine-Joseph - A Maurist Benedictine. Writer and translator. He died in 1691. Mystical Body of the Church - The members of the Church are bound together by a supernatural life communicated to them by Christ through the sacraments. Menevia - Said to be derived from Menapia, the name of an ancient Roman settlement supposed to have existed in Pembrokeshire, or Hen Meneu (vetus rubus) where St. David was born. Maximianus - Roman emperor (d. 310). Molinos, Miguel de - Founder of Quietism, born at Muniesa, Spain, 21 December, 1640; died at Rome, 28 December, 1696. Mennonites - A Protestant denomination of Europe and America which arose in Switzerland in the sixteenth century and derived its name from Menno Simons, its leader in Holland. Méndez and Gualaquiza - Vicariate Apostolic in Ecuador. Matthew, Sir Tobie - English priest, born at Salisbury, 3 October, 1577, died at Ghent, 13 October, 1655. Melchisedech - King of Salem (Gen. xiv, 18-20). Mercy, Sisters of - A congregation of women founded in Dublin, Ireland, in 1827, by Catherine Elizabeth McAuley, born 29 September, 1787, at Stormanstown House, County Dublin. Men of Understanding - Name assumed by a heretical sect which in 1410-11 was cited before the Inquisition at Brussels. Maximinus, Caius Valerius Daja - Under his uncle Augustus Galerius, the Caesar of Syria and Egypt, from the year 305; in 307 following the example of Constantine, he assumed the title of Augustus. Mailla, Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyria de - Jesuit missionary; b. 16 Dec., 1669, at Château Maillac on the Isère; d. 28 June, 1748, at Peking, China. Matter - Taking the term in its widest sense, matter signifies that out of which anything is made or composed. Mecca - The birthplace of Mohammed and the seat of the famous Kaaba, it was celebrated even in pre-Islamic times as the chief sanctuary of the Arabs, and visited by numerous pilgrims and devotees. Mental Reservation - The name applied to a doctrine which has grown out of the common Catholic teaching about lying and which is its complement. Maximopolis - Titular see of Arabia. Minucius Felix - Christian apologist, flourished between 160 and 300; the exact date is not known. Magi - The "wise men from the East" who came to adore Jesus in Bethlehem (Matthew 2). Menologium - A particular service-book of the Greek Church. From its derivation the term Menologium means "month-set", in other words, a book arranged according to the months. Mercy, Corporal and Spiritual Works of - Mercy as it is here contemplated is said to be a virtue influencing one's will to have compassion for, and, if possible, to alleviate another's misfortune. Mary of Romans 16:6 - She had "laboured much among" the Roman Church, hence St. Paul's salutation to her. Metempsychosis - The doctrine of the transmigration of souls, teaches that the same soul inhabits in succession the bodies of different beings, both men and animals. Mercuriali, Geronimo - Italian philologist and physician (1530-1606). Merneptah I - The fourth king of the nineteenth Egyptian dynasty and the supposed Pharaoh of the Exodus, was the thirteenth son of Rameses II whom he succeeded in or about 1234 B.C., being then long past middle age. Mazarin, Jules - Born either at Rome or at Piscina in the Abruzzi, of a very old Sicilian family, 14 July, 1602; died at Vincennes, 9 March, 1661. Metaphysics - That portion of philosophy which treats of the most general and fundamental principles underlying all reality and all knowledge. Maine de Biran, François-Pierre-Gonthier - A philosopher; born at Grateloup near Bergerac, Dordogne, France, 29 November, 1766; died at Paris, 16 July, 1824. Mainz - German town and bishopric in Hesse; formerly the seat of an archbishop and elector. Mercedarians - A congregation of men founded in 1218 by St. Peter Nolasco, born 1189, at Mas-des-Saintes-Puelles, Department of Aude, France. Medicine and Canon Law - In the early centuries the practice of medicine by clerics, whether secular or regular, was not treated with disapproval by the Church, nor was it at all uncommon for them to devote a considerable part of their time to the medical avocation. Abuses, however, arose, and in the twelfth century ecclesiastical canons were framed which became more and more adverse to clerics practising the art of medicine. Michelis, Edward - A theologian, born in St. Mauritz, 6 Feb., 1813; died in Luxembourg, 8 June, 1855. Maipure Indians - A former important group of tribes on the Upper Orinoco River, from above the Meta to the entrance of the Cassiquiare, in Venezuela and Columbia, speaking dialects of the Arawakan stock. Maitland - Located in New South Wales. Maitland, the principal settlement on Hunter River, was chosen as the title for a bishop in 1848. Majorca and Iviza - A suffragan of Valencia, with the episcopal residence at Palma on the Island of Majorca. Mendel, Mendelism - Gregor Johann Mendel (the first name was taken on entrance to his order), b. 22 July, 1822, at Heinzendorf near Odrau, in Austrian Silesia; d. 6 January 1884, at the Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas, Brunn. Micheas, Book of - Micheas (Hebr. Mikhah; Jeremiah 26:18: Mikhayah keth.), the author of the book which holds the sixth place in the collection of the Twelve Minor Prophets, was born at Moresheth (Micheas 1:1; Jeremiah 26:18), a locality not far from the town of Geth (Micheas 1:14). Mermillod, Gaspard - Bishop of Lausanne and cardinal, born at Carouge, Switzerland, 22 September, 1824; died in Rome, 23 February, 1892. Mensa, Mensal Revenue - The Latin word mensa has for its primitive signification "a table for meals"; it designates by extension the expenses, or better, the necessary resources of sustenance, and generally, all the resources for personal support. He who lives at the expense of another, and at his table, is his "commensal". In ecclesiastical language, the mensa is that portion of the property of a church which is appropriated to defraying the expenses either of the prelate or of the community which serves the church, and is administered at the will of the one or the other. Monasteries, Double - Religious houses comprising communities of both men and women, dwelling in contiguous establishments, united under the rule of one superior, and using one church in common for their liturgical offices. Michel, Jean - A French dramatic poet of the fifteenth century. Messalians - An heretical sect which originated in Mesopotamia about 360 and survived in the East until the ninth century. Medellín - Archdiocese in the Republic of Colombia, Metropolitan of Antioquia and Manizales, in the Departments of Medellín, Antioquia, and Manizales. Michelians - A German Protestant sect which derives its name from "Michel", the popular designation of its founder Johann Michael Hahn. Methodius I - Patriarch of Constantinople (842-846), defender of images during the second Iconoclast persecution, b. at Syracuse, towards the end of the eighth century; d. at Constantinople, 14 June, 846. Methodism - A religious movement which was originated in 1739 by John Wesley in the Anglican Church, and subsequently gave rise to numerous separate denominations. Michigan - Information on history, geography, statistics, religion, and education of the state. Matthew, Gospel of Saint - Detailed article about the first Gospel. Mobile - Suffragan of New Orleans, comprises the State of Alabama and western Florida. Miller, Ferdinand Von - Born 1813; died at Munich, 1887. He laboured for the development of the bronze founders' craft and the uplifting of the artistic profession, far beyond the borders of Bavaria. Mediator (Christ as Mediator) - A mediator is one who brings estranged parties to an amicable agreement. In New Testament theology the term invariably implies that the estranged beings are God and man, and it is appropriated to Christ, the One Mediator. Malabar Rites - Certain customs or practices of the natives of South India, which the Jesuit missionaries allowed their neophytes to retain after conversion, but which were afterwards prohibited by the Holy See. Metropolitan - In ecclesiastical language, refers to whatever relates to the metropolis, the principal city, or see, of an ecclesiastical province. Mesa - A King of Moab in the ninth century B. C., whose history is given in IV Kings, iii. Monroe, James - A soldier, convert, born in Albemarle county, Virginia, U.S.A., 10 Sept., 1799; died at Orange, New Jersey, 7 Sept., 1870. Midwives - Come under the canon law of the Church in their relation towards two of the sacraments, baptism and matrimony. Meun, Jean Clopinel de - French poet, b. c. 1260 in the little city of Meung-sur-Loire; d. at Paris between 1305 and 1320. Miltiz, Karl von - Papal chamberlain and nuncio. (1480-1529) Merit - By merit (meritum) in general is understood that property of a good work which entitles the doer to receive a reward from him in whose service the work is done. Messias - The Greek form Messias is a transliteration of the Hebrew, Messiah, "the anointed". The word appears only twice of the promised prince (Daniel 9:26; Psalm 2:2); yet, when a name was wanted for the promised one, who was to be at once King and Saviour, it was natural to employ this synonym for the royal title, denoting at the same time the King's royal dignity and His relation to God. Minorca - Suffragan of Valencia, comprises the Island of Minorca, the second in size of the Balearic Islands, which are possessions of Spain. Marriage, Mystical - In the Old and the New Testament, the love of God for man, and, in particular His relations with His chosen people (whether of the Synagogue or of the Church), are frequently typified under the form of the relations between bridegroom and bride. In like manner, Christian virginity been considered from the earliest centuries as a special offering made by the soul to its spouse, Christ. Middendorp, Jakob - Theologian and historian; b. about 1537 at Oldenzaal, or, according to others, at Ootmarsum, Overyssel, Holland; d. at Cologne, 13 Jan., 1611. Miami Indians - An important tribe of Algonquian stock formerly claiming prior dominion over the whole of what is now Indiana and western Ohio, including the territories drained by the Wabash, St. Joseph, Maumee, and Miami rivers. Malatesta, House of - The name of an Italian family prominent in the history of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, famous alike in the poetry of Dante and in the annals of the early Renaissance. Micheas of Ephraim - The Book of Judges (17-18) contains the history of a certain Michas (Hebrews 17:1 and 4: Mikhayehu; elsewhere Mikhah), a resident of the hill country of Ephraim who founded an idolatrous sanctuary. Minister - Even before the Reformation the word minister was occasionally used in English to describe those of the clergy actually taking part in a function, or the celebrant as distinguished from the assistants, but it was not then used sine addito to designate an ecclesiastic. This employment of the term dates from Calvin. Marius Maximus, Lucius Perpetuus Aurelianus - Roman historian, lived c. 165-230. Migne, Jacques-Paul - Priest, and publisher of theological works, born at Saint-Flour, 25 October, 1800; died at Paris, 24 October, 1875. Mérida, Diocese of - Diocese in Venezuela. Marriage, Moral and Canonical Aspect of - Marriage is that individual union through which man and woman by their reciprocal rights form one principle of generation. Metaphrastes, Symeon - The principal compiler of the legends of saints in the Menologia of the Byzantine Church. Motu Proprio - The name given to certain papal rescripts on account of the clause motu proprio (of his own accord) used in the document. Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino - Spanish poet and historian (1856-1912). Miridite, Abbey of - The name of an abbatia nullius in Albania, where there formerly stood a Benedictine abbey, now destroyed, dedicated to St. Alexander, martyr. Mittarelli, Nicola Giacomo - A monastic historian, born 2 September, 1707, at Venice; died 4 August, 1777, in the monastery of San Michele di Murano near Venice. Minor - That which is less, or inferior in comparison with another, the term being employed as well of things as of persons. Mixe Indians - A mountain tribe in southern Mexico, noted for their extreme conservatism, constituting together with the neighbouring Zoque, a distinct linguistic stock, the Zoquean. Mosynoupolis - Titular see in Macedonia. Modena - Located in central Italy, between the rivers Secchia and Panaro. Midrashim - The term commonly designates ancient rabbinical commentaries on the Hebrew Scriptures. Mallory, Stephen Russell - An American statesman; born in the Island of Trinidad, W. I., 1813; died at Pensacola, Florida, United States, 9 Nov., 1873. Migazzi, Christoph Anton - Cardinal, Prince Archbishop of Vienna, b. 1714, in the Tyrol, d. 14 April, 1803, at Vienna. Miracles, Gift of - The gift of miracles is one of those mentioned by St. Paul in his First Epistle to the Corinthians (xii, 9, 10), among the extraordinary graces of the Holy Ghost. Minkelers, Jean-Pierre - Inventor of illuminating gas. (1748-1824) Morris, John - Canon, afterwards Jesuit, F.S.A., b. in India, 4 July, 1826; d. at Wimbledon, 22 Oct., 1893. Miserere - The first word of the Vulgate text of Psalm 1. Missal - The book which contains the prayers said by the priest at the altar as well as all that is officially read or sung in connection with the offering of the holy Sacrifice of the Mass throughout the ecclesiastical year. Maffei, Marchese Francesco Scipione - Italian littérateur and archaeologist, b. at Verona, 1 June, 1675; d. there, 11 Feb., 1755. Molai, Jacques de - Born at Rahon, Jura, about 1244; d. at Paris, 18 March, 1314. A Templar at Beaune since 1265, Molai is mentioned as Grand Master of the Templars as early as 1298. Mitre - A kind of folding-cap consisting of two like parts, each stiffened by a lining and rising to a peak; these are sewn together on the sides, but are united above by a piece of material that can fold together. Misocco and Galanca - This prefecture in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, comprises the valley of the Moesa which starts at the pass of San Bernardino and flows into the Ticino, and also the valley of Calanca, through which the Calasanca flows. Montyon, Antoine-Jean-Baptiste-Robert Auget, Baron de - French philanthropist; b. at Paris, 23 December, 1733; d. there 29 December, 1820. Metalwork in the Service of the Church - From the earliest days the Church has employed utensils and vessels of metal in its liturgical ceremonies. This practice increased during the Middle Ages. Mint, Papal - History of the coins. Molina, Juan Ignacio - Naturalist and scientist; b. 20 July, 1740, at Guaraculen near Talca (Chile); d. 23 Oct. (12 Sept.?), 1829, at Imola or Bologna (Italy). Malmesbury - Town in Wiltshire, England, ninety-five miles west of London, formerly the seat of a mitred parliamentary abbey of Benedictine monks. Monasticism, Eastern - Includes the origin and history. Mino di Giovanni - Artist. (1431-1484) Milo Crispin - Monk, and cantor of the Benedictine Abbey of Bec, wrote the lives of five of its abbots: Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, Gulielmus de Bellomonte, Boso, Theobaldus, and Letardus. Moloch - A divinity worshipped by the idolatrous Israelites. More, Henry - Priest and descendant of St. Thomas More (1586-1661). Mind - Explores the term in relation to consciousness, matter, and mechanism. Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius - Roman Emperor 306-12, son of the Emperor Maximianus Herculius and son-in-law of the chief Emperor Galerius. More, Helen - Nun and descendant of St. Thomas More (1606-1633). Manchuria - A north-eastern division of the Chinese Empire and the cradle of the present [1910] imperial dynasty. Molinism - The name used to denote one of the systems which purpose to reconcile grace and free will. Modernism - Etymologically, modernism means an exaggerated love of what is modern, an infatuation for modern ideas. Mohammed and Mohammedism - Mohammed, "the Praised One", the prophet of Islam and the founder of Mohammedanism, was born at Mecca (20 August?) A.D. 570. Master of the Sacred Palace - This office (which has always been entrusted to a Friar Preacher) may briefly be described as being that of the pope's theologian. St. Dominic, appointed in 1218, was the first Master of the Sacred Palace (Magister Sacri Palatii). Miracle - In general, a wonderful thing, the word being so used in classical Latin; in a specific sense, the Latin Vulgate designates by miracula wonders of a peculiar kind, expressed more clearly in the Greek text by the terms terata, dynameis, semeia, i.e., wonders performed by supernatural power as signs of some special mission or gift and explicitly ascribed to God. Micrologus - Either a "synopsis" or a "short explanation", and in the Middle Ages used as an equivalent for "Manual". Monopoly, Moral Aspects of - According to its etymology, monopoly (monopolia) signifies exclusive sale, or exclusive privilege of selling. Present usage, however, extends the term to any degree of unified control over a commodity sufficient to enable the person or corporation in control to limit supply and fix price. Mandan Indians - Tribe occupying jointly with the Hidatsa (Minitari or Grosventre) and Arikara (Ree) the Fort Berthold reservation, on both sides of the Missouri, near its conjunction with the Knife River, North Dakota. Monsignor - As early as the fourteenth century it was the custom to address persons high in rank or power with the title Monseigneur or Monsignore. Mortmain - History and details of the laws. Montesa, Military Order of - This order was established in the Kingdom of Aragon to take the place of the Order of the Temple, of which it was in a certain sense the continuation. Millennium and Millenarianism - At the end of time Christ will return in all His splendour to gather together the just, to annihilate hostile powers, and to found a glorious kingdom on earth for the enjoyment of the highest spiritual and material blessings; He Himself will reign as its king, and all the just, including the saints recalled to life, will participate in it. Morality - Morality is antecedent to ethics: it denotes those concrete activities of which ethics is the science. It may be defined as human conduct in so far as it is freely subordinated to the ideal of what is right and fitting. Monreale - In the province of Palermo, Sicily, on the skirts of Mount Caputo. Mosaics - Includes information on the history and techniques. Mormons - Also called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. This religious body had its origin during the early part of the nineteenth century. Joseph Smith, the founder and first president of the sect, was the son of a Vermont farmer, and was born in Sharon township, Windsor County, in that state, on 23 December, 1805. Moravia - Austrian crown land east of Bohemia. Montana - Includes geography, history, statistics, education, and religious information. Monad - The word monad is used by the neo-Platonists to signify the One; for instance, in the letters of the Christian Platonist Synesius, God is described as the Monad of Monads. Marsico Nuovo and Potenza - Suffragan diocese of Salerno. Manfredonia - The city of Manfredonia is situated in the province of Foggia in Apulia, Central Italy, on the borders of Mount Gargano. Morghen, Raffaello - Italian engraver, b. at Portici, 19 June, 1768 (1761?); d. at Florence, 8 April, 1833. Morton, John - Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, b. in Dorsetshire about 1420, d. at Knowle, Kent, 15 Sept., 1500. Moschus, Johannes - A monk and ascetical writer, b. about 550 probably at Damascus; d. at Rome, 619. Michael, Military Orders of Saint - Information on three groups by this name. Misericorde, Congregation of the Sisters of - Founded 16 January, 1848, for the purpose of procuring spiritual and corporal assistance for poor mothers and unfortunate girls. Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, Count de - Italian geographer and naturalist, b. at Bologna 10 July, 1658; d. at Bologna 1 Nov., 1730. Moigno, François-Napoléon-Marie - Physicist and author, b. at Guéméné (Morbihan), 15 April, 1804; d. at Saint-Denis (Seine), 14 July, 1884. Mount Carmel, Feast of Our Lady of - This feast was instituted by the Carmelites between 1376 and 1386. Monasteries in Continental Europe, Suppression of - The suppressions of religious houses (whether monastic in the strict sense or houses of the mendicant orders) since the Reformation. Montreal, Archdiocese of - Metropolitan of the ecclesiastical Province of Montreal. Suffragans: the Dioceses of Saint-Hyacinthe, Sherbrooke, Valleyfield, and Joliette. Müller, Johann - Physiologist and comparative anatomist, b. at Coblenz, 14 July, 1801; d. at Berlin, 28 April, 1858. Muchar, Albert Anton Von - An historian, born at Linez, Tyrol, 22 Nov., 1781; died at Graz, Styria, 6 June, 1849. Manharter - A politico-religious sect which arose in Tyrol in the first half of the nineteenth century. Murner, Thomas - German satirist of the sixteenth century, b. at Oberehnheim, Alsace, 24 Dec., 1475; d. there, 1537. Musti - A titular see of Proconsular Africa, suffragan of Carthage. Muzzarelli, Alfonso - A learned Italian Jesuit, b. 22 August, 1749, at Ferrara; d. 25 May, 1813, at Paris. Morgagni, Giovanni Battista - Italian physician and investigator in medicine; b. 25 February, 1682; d. Bologna, 6 December, 1771. Manifestation of Conscience - A practice in many religious orders and congregations, by which subjects manifest the state of their conscience to the superior, in order that the latter may know them intimately, and thus further their spiritual progress. Manila - This archdiocese comprises the city of Manila, the provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Cavite, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Tarlac, and Zambales; and the Districts of Infanta and Marinduque in the Province of Tayabas. Molesme, Notre-Dame de - A celebrated Benedictine monastery in a village of the same name, Canton of Laignes, ancient Burgundy, on the confines of the Diocese of Langres and Troyes. Manila Observatory - Founded by Father Frederic Faura, S.J., in 1865; constituted officially The Philippine Weather Bureau by decree of the American governor, May, 1901. Missions, Catholic Indian, of the United States - Includes the history of the missions and a list of the missionary martyrs. Manning, Henry Edward - Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster (1808-1892). Mannyng, Robert - Poet, from Bourne in Lincolnshire, England. Mantua - Diocese of Mantua (Mantuana), in Lombardy. Marcellinus of Civezza, O.F.M. - Modern Franciscan author, born at Civezza in Liguria, Italy, 29 May, 1822; d. at Leghorn, 27 March, 1906. Marcellus II, Pope - Born 6 May, 1501, at Montepulciano in Tuscany; died 6 May, 1555, at Rome. His father, Ricardo Cervini, was Apostolic treasurer in the March of Ancona. Marcellus of Ancyra - One of the bishops present at the Councils of Ancyra and of Nicaea, a strong opponent of Arianism, but in his zeal to combat Arius adopting the opposite extreme of modified Sabellianism and being several times condemned, dying deprived of his see c. A.D. 374. March, Auzias - A Catalan poet, b. perhaps in the last quarter of the fourteenth century, at Valencia; d. there in 1458. Marchand, Jean Baptiste - Second principal in order of succession of the Sulpician College of Montreal and missionary of the Detroit Hurons at Sandwich, Ont.; b. at Verchères, Que., 25 Feb. 1760, son of Louis Marchand and Marguerite de Niverville; d. at Sandwich, 14 Apr., 1825. Marchant, Peter - A theologian, b. at Couvin, a village in the principality of Liege, in 1585; d. at Ghent, 11 Nov., 1661. Marchesi, Pompeo - A Lombard sculptor of the neoclassic school, born at Saltrio, near Milan, 7 August, 1790; died at Milan, 6 February. 1858. Marchi, Giuseppe - An archæologist, born at Tolmezzo near Udine, 22 Feb., 1795; died at Rome, 10 Feb., 1860. Marcian - Roman Emperor at Constantinople, b. in Thrace about 390; d. January, 457. Marciane - A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Marcianopolis - A titular see in Lower Maesia, on the right bank of the Danube, so called by Trajan after his sister Marciana (Amm. Marcellinus, XXVII, 2) and previously known as Parthenopolis. Marcosians - A sect of Valentinian Gnostics, founded by Marcus. Marcoux, Joseph - A missionary among the Iroquois, b. in Canada, 16 March, 1791; d. there 29 May, 1855. Marcus - The name of three leading Gnostics. Marcus Diadochus - An obscure writer of the fourth century of whom nothing is known but his name at the head of a "Sermon against the Arians", discovered by Wetsten in a manuscript codex of St. Athanasius at Basle. Marcus Eremita - A theologian and ascetic writer of some importance in the fifth century. Mardin - A residential Armenian archbishopric, a Chaldean bishopric, and a residential Syrian bishopric; moreover it is the headquarters of the Capuchin mission of Mardin and Amida. Marechal, Ambrose - The third Archbishop of Baltimore; born at Ingres near Orléans, France, 28 August, 1764; died at Baltimore, 29 January, 1828. Marenco - (1), Carlo, Italian dramatist, born at Cassolo (or Cassolnuovo) in Piedmont in 1800; died at Savona in 1846. (2), Leopoldo, Italian dramatic poet, born at Ceva in 1831; died 1899, son of Carlo Marenco. Margaritae - The canonists of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries who taught canon law by commenting on the Decretum of Gratian and on the various collections of the Decretals, gave the most varied forms and diverse names to their treatises. The "Margaritae" are collections specially intended to help the memory. Margil, Antonio - Born at Valencia, Spain, 18 August, 1657; died at Mexico, 6 Aug., 1726. He entered the Franciscan Order in his native city on 22 April, 1673. After his ordination to the priesthood he volunteered for the Indian missions in America, and arrived at Vera Cruz on 6 June, 1683. Margotti, Giacomo - A Catholic publicist, born 11 May, 1823; died 6 May, 1887. He was a native of San Remo, where his father was president of the Chamber of Commerce, and there he studied the classics and philosophy, after which he entered the seminary of Ventimiglia; in 1845, he obtained the doctorate at the University of Genoa and was received into the Royal Academy of Superga, where he remained until 1849. Mariana - Situated in the centre of Minas Geraes, the great mining state of Brazil, is bounded on the north, south and west respectively by its suffragan sees, Diamantina, Pouso Alegre, Goyaz, and Uberaba. Mariana, Juan - Author and Jesuit, b. at Talavern, Toledo, Spain, probably in April, 1536; d. at Toledo, 16 February, 1624. Mariana Islands - The Marianas Archipelago (also called the Ladrone Islands) is a chain of fifteen islands in the Northern Pacific, first discovered in 1521 by Magellan. Mariannhill, Congregation of the Missionaries of - Located in Natal, near Pinetown, 15 miles from Durban, and 56 from Pietermaritzburg. Marianus of Florence - A Friar Minor and historian, born at Florence about the middle of the fifteenth century, exact date of birth uncertain; died there, 20 July, 1523. Marianus Scotus - Two Irish scholars of this name attained distinction in the eleventh century. Both spent the greater part of their lives in Germany. Marina - The name of an ancient and noble family of the Republic of Genoa, distinguished alike in the Island of Chios, one of its dependencies, where it possessed many beautiful and valuable estates. Marini, Luigi Gaetano - A natural philosopher, jurist, historian, archeologist, born at Sant' Orcangelo (pagus Acerbotanus), 18 Dec., 1742; died at Paris, 7 May, 1815. Marinus I, Pope - Reigned 882-884. Marinus II, Pope - Reigned 942-946; died in April or May, 946. Marisco, Adam de - A Franciscan who probably came from the county of Somerset, but the date of his birth is unknown; died at the end of 1257 or the beginning of 1258. Marius Mercator - Ecclesiastical writer, born probably in Northern Africa about 390; died shortly after 451. Maronites - History of the Maronite nation and Church. Marquette (Michigan) - The Diocese comprises the upper peninsula and the adjacent islands of the State of Michigan, U.S.A. Marquette University - Marquette University of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is an outgrowth of Marquette College, which was opened in 1881, although it had been planned by Right Rev. John Martin Henni as far back as 1850. Marseilles - Diocese of Marseilles (Massiliensis), suffragan of Aix, comprises the district of Marseilles in the Department of Bouches-du-Rhône. Marsilius of Padua - Physician and theologian, b. at Padua about 1270; d. about 1342. Martène, Edmond - An historian and liturgist, born 22 December, 1654, at Saint-Jean-de-Losne near Dijon; died 20 June, 1739, at Saint-Germain-des-Prés near Paris. Martiall, John - One of the six companions associated with Dr. Allen in the foundation of the English College at Douai in 1568. Martianay, Jean - Born 30 Dec., 1647, at Saint-Sever-Cap, Diocese of Aire; died 16 June, 1717, at Saint Germain-des-Prés, Paris. He entered the Benedictine Congregation of St. Maur at an early age, and devoted himself to Biblical studies. Martianus Capella - Roman writer of Africa who flourished in the fifth century. Martigny, Joseph-Alexander - Canon of Belley, archaeologist; b at Sauverny, Ain, in 1808; d at Belley, 19 August, 1880. Martin IV, Pope - Born at the castle of Montpensier in the old French province of Touraine at an unknown date; d. at Perugia 28 March, 1285. As priest he held a benefice at Rouen for a short time, whereupon he became canon and treasurer at the church of St. Martin in Tours. Martin V, Pope - Born at Genazzano in the Campagna di Roma, 1368; died at Rome, 20 Feb., 1431. Martin - Benedictine Abbot of the Schottenkloster of Vienna, b. about 1400; d. 28 July, 1464 (29 July 1470). Martin, Felix - Antiquary, historiographer, architect, educationist, b. 4 October, 1804, at Auray, seat of the famous shrine of St. Ann in Brittany, France; d. at Vaugirard, Paris, 25 November, 1886. Martin, Konrad - Bishop of Paderborn; b. 18 May, 1812, at Geismar, Province of Saxony; d. 16 July, 1879, at Mont St Guibert, near Brussels, Belgium. Martin of Troppau - A chronicler, date of birth unknown; died 1278. Martin of Valencia, O.F.M. - Born at Villa de Valencia, Spain, about the middle of the fifteenth century; died in the odour of sanctity at Tlalmanalco, Mexico, 31 August, 1534. He entered the Franciscan Order at Mayorga in the Province of Santiago, built the monastery of Santa Maria del Berrogal, and was the thief founder of the Custody of San Gabriel, for which he visited Rome. Martinov, John - Jesuit and writer. Born 7 October, 1821; died 26 April, 1894. Martinsberg - A Benedictine abbey in Hungary about fourteen English miles south of Raab, and sixty west of Buda-Pesth. Martinuzzi, George - Monk, bishop, cardinal, b. at Kamicac, Dalmatia, 1482; d. 16 December, 1551. His real name was George Utjesenovic. Martyr d'Anghiera, Peter - Historian of Spain and of the discoveries of her representatives, b. at Arona, near Anghiera, on Lake Maggiore in Italy, 2 February, 1457; d. at Granada in October, 1526. Martyrology - By martyrology is understood a catalogue of martyrs and saints arranged according to the order of their feasts, i. e., according to the calendar. Mary, Missionaries of the Company of - The Company of Mary was founded by Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort in 1713. Mary de Sales Chappuis, Venerable - Belonging to the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary, born at Soyhières, a village of the Bernese Jura (then French territory), 16 June, 1793; died at Troyes, 6 October, 1875. Mascoutens Indians - A Wisconsin tribe of Algonquian stock of considerable missionary importance in the seventeenth century, but long since entirely extinct. Masolino da Panicale - Son of Cristoforo Fini; b. in the subrub of Panicale di Valdese, near Florence, 1383; d, c. 1440. Mason, Richard Angelus a S. Francisco - Franciscan writer; b. in Wiltshire, 1599; d. at Douai, 30 Dec, 1678. Mass, Liturgy of the - The complex of prayers and ceremonies that make up the service of the Eucharist in the Latin rites. Mass, Sacrifice of the - The word Mass (missa) first established itself as the general designation for the Eucharistic Sacrifice in the West after the time of Pope Gregory the Great, the early Church having used the expression the "breaking of bread" (fractio panis) or "liturgy". Masses, Bequests for - Information on court cases about the subject. Masses, Bequests for (England) - Before the Reformation dispositions of property, whether real or personal, for the purposes of Masses, were valid, unless where, in the case of real property, they might happen to conflict with the Mortmain laws by being made to religious congregations. Masses, Devises and Bequests for (United States) - Laws from various states discussed. Massillon, Jean-Baptiste - A celebrated French preacher and bishop; born 24 June, 1663; died 28 September, 1742. Massys, Quentin - A painter, born at Louvain in 1466; died at Antwerp in 1530 (bet. 13 July and 16 September), and not in 1529, as his epitaph states (it dates from the seventeenth century). Mataco Indians - Tribes ranging over a great part of the Chaco region, about the headwaters of the Vermejo and the Picomayo, in the Argentine province of Salta and the Bolivian province of Tarija, and noted for the efforts made by Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries in their behalf in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of the - Second Sunday in October. The object of this feast is to commemorate the dignity of the Mary as Mother of God. Maxentius, Joannes - Leader of the so-called Scythian monks, appears in history at Constantinople in 519 and 520. Mayo Indians - A tribe that occupied some fifteen towns on Mayo and Fuerte rivers, southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa, Mexico. Mayo, School of - Was situated in the present parish of Mayo, County Mayo, almost equidistant from the towns of Claremorris and Castlebar. The founder, St. Colman, who flourished about the middle of the seventh century, was in all probability a native of the West of Ireland, and made his ecclesiastical studies at Iona during the abbacy of the renowned Segenius. Mayoruna Indians - A tribe of Panoan linguistic stock, ranging the forests between the Ucayali, the Yavari and the Marañon (Amazon) rivers in north-east Peru and the adjacent portions of Brazil. Mayotte, Nossi-Bé, and Comoro - Mayotte is the farthest south and most important of the group of Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Maote), Anjuan (Inzuani), Mohilla (Moheli), and Great Comoro (Komoro, i.e. where there is fire, or Angazidya). Mayr, Beda - A Bavarian Benedictine philosopher, apologist, and poet, b. 15 January, 1742 at Daiting near Augsburg; d. 28 April, 1794, in the monastery of Heillgenkreuz in Donauworth. Mayron, Francis - Born about 1280, probably at Mayronnes, Department of Basses-Alpes, he entered the Franciscan order at the neighbouring Digne (or Sisteron). Mazatec Indians - Mexican tribe of Zapotecan linguistic stock, occupying the mountain region of north-east Oaxaca, chiefly in the districts of Cuicatlan and Teotitlan. Mazzara del Vallo - The city is situated in the province of Trepani, Sicily, on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Mazzara River. Mazzella, Camillo - Theologian and cardinal, born at Vitulano, 10 Feb., 1833; d. at Rome, 26 March, 1900. Mazzolini, Lodovico - Italian painter, b. in Ferrara in 1480, d., according to one account, in 1528, and to another, in 1530; place of death unknown. Mazzuchelli, Pietro Francesco - Milanese painter, b. at Moranzone near Milan, either in 1571 or 1575; d. at Piacenza in 1626. Mbaya Indians - A tribe formerly ranging on both sides of the Paraguay River, on the north and northwestern Paraguay frontier, and in the adjacent portion of the province of Matto Grosso, Brazil. Mechitarists - Armenian Benedictines, founded by Mechitar in 1712. Mecklenburg - A division of the German Empire, consists of the two Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Medals, Devotional - A medal may be defined to be a piece of metal, usually in the form of a coin, not used as money, but struck or cast for a commemorative purpose, and adorned with some appropriate effigy, device, or inscription. In the present article we are concerned only with religious medals. Medices, Hieronymus - Illustrious as a scholastic of acumen and penetration, b. at Camerino in Umbria, 1569, whence the surname de Medicis a Camerino. Medina, Bartholomew - Dominican theologian, b. at Medina, 1527; d. at Salamanca, 1581. Medrano, Francisco - A Spanish lyric poet, b. in Seville, not to be confounded with Sebastian Francisco de Medrano who was also a poet and lived at about the same time. Medulic, Andras - A Croatian painter and engraver, called by Italian authors Medola, Medula, Schiavone, Schiaon, etc., b. at Sibenik, Dalmatia, 1522; d. at Venice 1582. Meehan, Charles Patrick - Irish historical writer and translator, b. in Dublin, 12 July, 1812; d. there 14 March 1890. Megara - A titular see, suffragan to Corinth, in Achaia. Mehrerau - Formerly a Benedictine, now a Cistercian Abbey, is situated on Lake Constance, west of Bregenz, in the district of Vorarlberg, Austria. Meignan, Guillaume-René - Cardinal Archbishop of Tours, French apologist and Scriptural exegete, b. at Chauvigné, France, 12 April, 1817; d. at Tours, 20 January 1896. Meilleur, Jean-Baptiste - French Canadian physician and educator, b. at St. Laurent, P.Q., 9 May, 1796; d. 7 Dec., 1878. Meissonier, Ernest - French painter, b. at Lyons 21 February,1815; d. at Paris, 31 January, 1891. Melancthon, Philipp - Extensive article, informative. Thorough examination of his humanism and his contributions to western educational theory and practice. Melchers, Paul - Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne, b. 6 Jan., 1813, at Münster, Westphalia; d. 14 December, 1895, at Rome. Melchites - The people of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt who remained faithful to the Council of Chalcedon (451) when the greater part turned Monophysite. Melfi and Rapolla - Diocese in the province of Potenza, in Basilicata, southern Italy. Meli, Giovanni - Sicilian poet, b. at Palermo, 4 March, 1740, d. 20 Dec., 1815. Melia, Pius - Italian theologian, b. at Rome, 12 Jan., 1800; d. in London, June 1883. Melitene - The residence of an Armenian Catholic see, also a titulary archbishopric. Melk, Abbey and Congregation of - Situated on an isolated rock commanding the Danube, Melk has been a noted place since the days of the Romans. Melleray - Situated in Brittany, Diocese of Nantes, in the vicinity of Chateaubriand, was founded about the year 1134. Mellifont Abbey - Located three miles from Drogheda, Co. Louth, Diocese of Armagh, it was the first Cistercian monastery established in Ireland. Melo - Located in Uruguay. Melos - A titular see, suffragan of Naxos in the Cyclades. Melozzo da Forlí - An Italian painter of the Umbrian School, b. at Forlí, 1438; d. there 1494. Melrose Abbey - Located in Roxburghshire, founded in 1136 by King David I, was the earliest Cistercian monastery established in Scotland. Melrose, Chronicle of - It opens with the year 735, ends abruptly in 1270, and is founded solely upon the Cottonian Manuscript, Faustina B. ix, in the British Museum, the only ancient copy preserved. Melzi, Francesco - Born at Milan, about 1490; died 1568. He was a friend of Leonardo da Vinci, and Vasari tells that he was a Milanese nobleman, and that he possessed the principal part of the anatomical drawings of Leonardo. Memberton - Principal chief of the Micmac Indians of Nova Scotia at the time of the establishment of the French colony under de Monts and Poutrincourt in 1605, and noted in mission annals of the first Christian in the tribe. Membre, Zenobius - Born 1645 at Bapaume, Department of Pas-de-Calais, France, he was a member of the Franciscan province of St. Antony. Memory - Memory is the capability of the mind, to store up conscious processes, and reproduce them later with some degree of fidelity. Mena, Juan de - Spanish poet, born 1411 at Cordova; died 1456 at Torrelaguna. Ménard, Léon - Writer, b. at Tarrascon, 12 Sept., 1706; d. in Paris, 1 Oct., 1767. Ménard, Nicolas-Hugues - French Maurist Benedictine teacher and writer, died 1644. Ménard, René - Missionary, b. at Paris, 1604, d. about 10 August, 1661, in what is now Wisconsin. Mendaña de Neyra, Alvaro de - A Spanish navigator and explorer, born in Saragossa, 1541; died in Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands, 18 October, 1596. Mendes de Silva, João - Better known as Amadeus of Portugal, b. 1420, d. at Milan, 1482, began his religious life in the Hieronnymite monastery of Notre-Dame de Guadalupe (Spain), where he spent about ten years. Mendicant Friars - Members of those religious orders which, originally, by vow of poverty renounced all proprietorship not only individually but also (and in this differing from the monks) in common, relying for support on their own work and on the charity of the faithful. Hence the name of begging friars. Mendieta, Jerónimo - A Spanish missionary; born at Vitoria, Spain, 1525; died in the City of Mexico, 9 May, 1604. Mendoza, Diego Hurtade de - A Spanish diplomat and writer, and one of the greatest figures in the history of Spanish politics and letters; born in Granada, of noble parentage, about 1503; died in Madrid, 1575. Mendoza, Francisco Sarmiento de - A Spanish canonist and bishop; b. of a noble family at Burgos; d. 1595, at Jaen. Mendoza, Pedro Gonzalez de - Cardinal and Primate of Spain, b. at Guadalajara, 3 May, 1428; d. there, 11 January, 1495. Meneses, Osorio Francisco - Spanish painter, b. at Seville, 1630; d. probably in the same place, 1705. Menestrier, Claude-François - French antiquarian (1631-1705). Mengarini, Gregario - Pioneer missionary of the Flathead tribe and philologist of their language, b. in Rome, 21 July, 1811; d. at Santa Clara, California, 23 September, 1886. Mengs, Anthon Rafael - A Bohemian painter, usually regarded as belonging to the Italian or Spanish school, b. at Aussig in Bohemia, 12 March, 1728; d. in Rome, 29 June, 1779. Mennas - Patriarch of Constantinople from 536 to 552. Menochio, Giovanni Stefano - Jesuit biblical scholar, b. at Padua, 1575; d. in Rome, 4 Feb., 1655. Menominee Indians - A considerable tribe of Algonquian linguistic stock, formerly ranging over north-eastern Wisconsin to the west of Menominee River and Green Bay. Mensing, John - A theologian and celebrated opponent of Luther, born according to some at Zütphen, Holland, but more probably at Magdeburg, Saxony, date unknown; died about 1541. Mentelin, Johannes - Born c. 1410; died 12 Dec., 1478; an eminent German typographer of the fifteenth century, and the first printer and bookseller at Strasburg (Alsace). Menzini, Benedetto - Priest and poet, b. at Florence, 1646; d. at Rome, 7 Sept., 1704. Mercadé, Eustache - French dramatic poet of the fifteenth century. Mercier, Louis-Honoré - French Canadian statesman (1840-1894). Mercy, Sisters of, of St. Borromeo - Originally a pious association of ladies formed in 1626 for the care of the sick in the hospital of St. Charles at Nancy, but constituted a religious community in 1652 after being generously endowed by the father of Emmanuel Chauvenel, a young advocate who had given his life in the service of the sick. Meredith, Edward - English Catholic controversialist, b. in 1648, was a son of the rector of Landulph, Cornwall. Mérode, Frédéric-François-Xavier Ghislain de - A Belgian prelate and statesman, born at Brussels, 1820; died at Rome, 1874. Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, and Armenia - Created by Gregory XVI on 17 Dec., 1832. Mgr. Trioche, Archbishop of Babylon or Bagdad, became its first titular; he resided habitually in Bagdad. Mesrob - One of the greatest figures in Armenian history, he was born about 361 at Hassik in the Province of Taron; died at Valarsabad, 441. Messene - A titular see, suffragan to Corinth, in Achaia. Messina, Antonello da - Painter, born at Messina, about 1430; died 1497. Messina - Located in Sicily. Messingham, Thomas - An Irish hagiologist, born in the Diocese of Meath, and studied in the Irish College, Paris, proceeding to the degree of S.T.D. Metcalfe, Edward - Born in Yorkshire, 1792; died a martyr of charity at Leeds, 7 May, 1847. Metellopolis - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, in Asia Minor. Metham, Sir Thomas - A knight, confessor of the Faith, died in York Castle, 1573. Methymna - A titular see in the island of Lesbos. Metrophanes of Smyrna - A leader of the faithful Ignatian bishops at the time of the Photian schism (867). Baronius (Ann. Ecci., ad an. 843, I) says that his mother was the woman who was bribed to bring a false accusation of rape against the Patriarch Methodius I (842-846) during the Iconoclast troubles. Metropolis - A titular episcopal see and suffragan of Ephesus. Metternich, Klemens Lothar Wenzel Von - Statesman; born at Coblenz, 15 May, 1773; died at Vienna, 11 June, 1859. Metz - A town and bishopric in Lorraine. Mexico - Situated at the extreme point of the North American continent, bounded on the north by the United States, on the east by the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, British Honduras, and Guatemala, and on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Mezger, Francis, Joseph, and Paul - Three brothers, learned Benedictines of the monastery of St. Peter in Salsburg, and professors at the University of Salzburg. Mezzofanti, Giuseppe - A cardinal, the greatest of polyglots, born 19 September, 1774; died 15 March, 1849. Michael of Cesena - A Friar Minor, Minister General of the Franciscan Order, and theologian, born at Cesena, a small town in Central Italy, about 1270; died at Munich, 29 Nov., 1342. Michael Scotus - A thirteenth century mathematician, philosopher, and scholar. Michaud, Joseph-François - Historian, born at Albens, Savoy, 1767; died at Passy, 30 September, 1839. Mexico, Archdiocese of - Information about the boundaries and bishops. Michelozzo di Bartolommeo - An architect and sculptor, born at Florence circa 1391; died 1472. Michoacan - Located in Mexico, the Diocese of Michoacan was established in 1536 by Pope Paul III at the instance of the Emperor Charles V, its boundaries to coincide with those of the ancient Kingdom of Michoacan. Micmacs - The easternmost of the Algonquin tribes and probably the first visited by a white man, formerly occupied what is now Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton, as well as part of New Brunswick, Quebec, and south-western Newfoundland. Middlesbrough - In medieval history it was known as Myddilburga or Middilburga, with many other variations of form. Mignard, Pierre - A French painter, born at Troyes, 7 November, 1612; died at Paris, 30 May, 1695. Migration - The movement of populations from place to place. Milan - Located in Lombardy, northern Italy. Milde, Vinzenz Eduard - Prince-Archbishop of Vienna, born at Brünn, in Moravia, in 1777; died at Vienna in 1853. Miles, George Henry - A dramatist and man of letters, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 31 July, 1824; died near Emmitsburg, 23 July, 1871. Mileto, Diocese of - Located in Calabria, in the province of Reggio, southern Italy. Miletopolis - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Cyzicus. Miletus - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Aphrodisias, in Caria. Miletus, Vitus - A Catholic theologian, born 1549; died at Mainz, 11 Sept., 1615. Milevum - A titular see of Numidia. Milic, Jan - A pre-Hussite reform preacher and religious enthusiast, born at Kremsier in Moravia, died 29 June, 1374, at Avignon. Millet, Jean-François - French painter; b. at Gruchy, near Cherbourg, 4 October, 1814; d. at Barbizon, 20 January, 1875. Millet, Pierre - A celebrated early Jesuit missionary in New York State, b. at Bourges, France, 19 November, 1635 (al. 1631); d. at Quebec, 31 December, 1708. Milner, John - Writer and controversialist. Born in London, 14 October, 1752: died at Wolverhampton, 19 April, 1826. Milopotamos - A titular see of Crete, suffragan of Candia. Milwaukee - Established as a diocese, 28 Nov., 1843. Minden - Minden on the Weser is first heard of in 798, and in 803 in the Treaty of Salz, made with the Saxons, it is spoken of as a see. Ming, John - A philosopher and writer, born at Gyswyl, Unterwalden, Switzerland, 20 Sept., 1838; died at Brooklyn, Ohio, U. S. A., 17 June, 1910. Minimi - Members of the religious order founded by St. Francis of Paula. Minnesota - One of the North Central States of the American Union, lies about midway between the eastern and western shores of the continent, and about midway between the gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay. Minor Orders - The lower degrees of the hierarchy are designated by the name of minor orders, in opposition to the "major" or "sacred" orders. Minsk - A suffragan of Mohileff, in Western Russia. Mirabilia Urbis Romæ - The title of a medieval Latin description of the city of Rome, dating from about 1150. Miracle Plays and Mysteries - These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed among Christian nations at the end of the Middle Ages. Mirandola, Giovanni Francesco Pico della - Italian philosopher, nephew of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, b. about 1469; d. 1533. Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo, Congregation of - Founded by John Baptist Scalabrini, Bishop of Piacenza, Italy (d. 1 June, 1905); approved in principle by Leo XIII in a Brief dated 25 November, 1887; constitution definitively approved by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda, 3 October, 1908. Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales of Annecy - Society of missionary priests. Missionary Society of St. Paul the Apostle - A community of priests for giving missions and doing other Apostolic works, especially for making converts to the Catholic faith. Mission Indians (of California) - A name of no real ethnic significance, but used as a convenient popular and official term to designate the modern descendants of those tribes of California, of various stocks and languages, evangelized by the Franciscans in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth centuries, beginning in 1769. Missions, Catholic - A general survey of the missionary activity of the Catholic Church at the time the article was written. (1908) Missions, Catholic Indian, of Canada - History of the missions. Mississippi - The state takes its name from the Mississippi River that forms its western boundary. Missouri - The State of Missouri was carved out of the Louisiana Territory, and derives its name from the principal river flowing through its center. Mithraism - A pagan religion consisting mainly of the cult of the ancient Indo-Iranian Sun-god Mithra. Mitylene - A titulary archbishopric on the island of Lesbos. Mivart, St. George Jackson - Corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Member of the Council of Linnean Society, etc., b. in London, 30 November, 1827, d. there 1 April, 1900. Mixteca Indians - One of the most important civilized tribes of southern Mexico, occupying an extensive territory in western and northern Oaxaca and extending into Guerrero and Puebla. Mocissus - A titular metropolitan see of Cappadocia. Mocoví Indians - A tribe of the Guaycuran stock closely related linguistically to the Toba, Mbaya, and Abipon, their usual allies, settled principally along the middle and upper Vermejo River. Modigliana - Located in the Province of Florence, in Tuscany. Modra - A titular see of Bithynia Secunda. Mohammedan Confraternities - The countries where Mohammedanism prevails are full of religious associations, more or less wrapped in secrecy, which are also political. Mohileff - Latin Catholic archdiocese and ecclesiastical province in Russia. Möhler, Johann Adam - Theologian, b. at Igersheim, 6 April, 1796; d. at Munich, 12 April, 1838. Mohr, Christian - Born at Andernach, 1823; died at Cologne, 1888. He practised his profession of sculptor chiefly at Cologne under the cathedral architect Zwirner. Mohr, Joseph - Born at Siegburg, Rhine Province, 11 Jan., 1834; died at Munich, 7 February, 1892. Molfetta, Terlizzi, and Giovinazzo - Molfetta is a city of the province of Bari, in Apulia, southern Italy, on the Adriatic Sea; its origin is unknown, but many objects of the neolithic, bronze, and the Mycenæan epoch have been found at a place called Pulo, which shows that the site of Molfetta was inhabited in prehistoric times. Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin - French comic poet; b. at Paris, 15 Jan., 1622; d. there 17 Feb., 1673. Molina, Antonio De - A Spanish Carthusian and celebrated ascetical writer, born about 1560, at Villanueva de los infantes; died at Miraflores, 21 September, 1612 or 1619. Molitor, Wilhelm - A poet, novelist, canonist and publicist, born at Zweibruecken in the Rhine Palatinate, 24 August, 1819; died at Speyer, 11 January, 1880. Molloy, Francis - A theologian, grammarian born in King's County, Ireland, at the beginning of the seventeenth century; died at St. Isidore's, Rome, about 1684. Molloy, Gerald - A theologian and scientist, born at Mount Tallant House, near Dublin, 10 Sept., 1834; died at Aberdeen, 1 Oct., 1906. Molo, Gasparo - Italian goldsmith and planisher, chiefly known as a medalist, born (according to Forrer) in Breglio near Como or (according to older records) in Lugano; date of death unknown. Molokai - Information about this Hawaiian island and the leper colony there. Molyneux, Sir Caryll - Baronet of Sefton, and third Viscount Molyneux of Maryborough in Ireland, born 1624; died 1699. Mombritius, Bonino - A philologist, humanist, and editor of ancient writings, born 1424; died between 1482 and 1502. Monarchia Sicula - A right exercised from the beginning of the sixteenth century by the secular rulers of Sicily, according to which they had final jurisdiction in purely religious matters, independent of the Holy See. Moncada, Francisco De - Count of Osona, Spanish historian, son of the Governor of Sardinia and Catalonia, born at Valencia, 29 December, 1586; died near Goch, Germany, 1635. Mondoñedo, Diocese of - It comprises the civil Provinces of Lugo and Corunna, and is bounded on the north by the Bay of Biscay, on the east by the Austurias, on the south by the Diocese of Lugo, and on the west by the Archdiocese of Compostela (or Santiago de Galicia), of which it has been a suffragan since 1114. Mondovi - Located in Piedmont, province of Cuneo, northern Italy. Mone, Franz - A historian and archeologist, born at Mingolsheim near Bruchsal, Baden, 12 May, 1796; died at Karlsruhe, 12 March, 1871. Moneta - A theologian, born at Cremona, Italy, date unknown; died at Bologna, 1240. Mongolia - The name used to designate an immense uneven plateau, part of the Chinese Empire, extending, roughly speaking, from the Tarbagatal to the great K'ingan chains. Monomotapa - Whatever may be the etymological meaning of the word Monomotapa, the origin of which is much disputed, it is certain, at any rate, that the Portuguese of the sixteenth century employed it to denote the paramount chief of the Makaranga, a powerf ul South African tribe dwelling between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers and extending westward from the Indian Ocean probably as far as the twenty-fifth parallel of east longitude. Monotheism - A word coined in comparatively modern times to designate belief in the one supreme God, the Creator and Lord of the world, the eternal Spirit, All-powerful, All-wise, and All-good, the Rewarder of good and the Punisher of evil, the Source of our happiness and perfection. Monsabré, Jacques-Marie-Louis - A celebrated pulpit orator, born at Blois, France, 10 Dec., 1827; died at Havre, 21 Feb., 1907. Monseigneur - A French honorific appellation, etymologically corresponding to the English "my lord," and the Italian monsignore. Monsell, William, Baron Emly - Politician, born 21 Sept., 1812; died at Tervoe, Co. Limerick, Ireland, 20 April, 1894. Monstrelet, Enguerrand de - A French chronicler, born about 1390 or 1395; died in July, 1453. Montagna, Bartolomeo - Italian painter, chief representative of the Vicenza School, b. at Orzinuovi about 1450; d. at Vicenza, 11 October, 1523. Montagnais Indians (Quebec) - The collective designation of a number of bands speaking dialects of a common language of Algonquian stock, and ranging over the sores of the St. Lawrence River and Gulf, from about the St. Maurice River to Cape Whittle, and inland to about the main divide at the heads of the rivers. Montagnais Indians (Chippewayans) - A name given in error to the Chippewayans, owing to a fancied resemblance to the Montagnais Indians of Quebec. Montalcino - Montalcino is a small town about twenty miles from Siena, some 1900 feet above sea-level and overlooking the valley of the Ombrone. Montalembert, Charles-Forbes-René, Comte de - Born in London, 15 April, 1810; died in Paris 13 March, 1870. Montalto - Located in Ascoli Piceno. Montañés, Juan Martínez - A noted Spanish sculptor of the seventeenth century, died 1649, sometimes called "the Sevillian Phidias." Montauban - A suffragan of Toulouse, comprises the entire department of Tarn and Garonne. Montault, Xavier Barbier De - Wrote numerous articles for other reviews as well as several separate works on iconography, ecclesiastical furniture, liturgy, and canon law. (1830-1901) Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Louis-Joseph - A French general, born 28 Feb., 1712, at Candiac; died at Quebec 14 Sept., 1759. Monte Cassino, Abbey of - An abbey nullius situated about eighty miles south of Rome, the cradle of the Benedictine Order. Montefeltro - Located in the province of Urbino, in the Marches, Central Italy. Montefiascone - Located in the province of Rome. Montemayor, Jorge De - A writer, born at Montemôr, province of Coimbra, Portugal, about 1520; died at Turin, 26 February, 1561. Montenegro - A kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea; the territory was in ancient times a portion of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Montepulciano - Diocese in the province of Siena, in Tuscany. Monterey and Los Angeles - Comprises that part of the State of California which lies south of 37 deg. 5 min. N. lat. and covers an area of 80,000 square miles. Montesino, Antonio - A Spanish missionary, date of birth unknown; died in the West Indies, 1545. Monteverde, Claudio - A distinguished musician, born at Cremona, May, 1567; died at Venice, 29 Nov., 1643. Montevideo, Archdiocese of - Located in Uruguay, comprises the whole of the republic. Montfaucon, Bernard de - French scholar, b. 1655; d. 1741. Montfort, Simon de - An Earl of Leicester, date of birth unknown, died at Toulouse, 25 June, 1218. Montmagny, Charles Huault De - The second French Governor of Canada, born in France towards the end of the sixteenth century, of Charles Huault and Antoinette du Drac; died in the Antilles after 1651. Montmirail, John de - Son of Andrew, Lord of Montmirail and Ferté-Gaucher, and Hildiarde d'Oisy, born in 1165; died 29 Sept., 1217. Montmorency, Anne, First Duke of - Born at Chantilly, 15 March, 1492; died at Paris, 12 November, 1567. He belonged to that family of Montmorency whose members from 1327 held the title of first Barons of France. Montor, Alexis-François Artaud De - A diplomat and historian, born at Paris, 31 July, 1772; died at Paris, 12 Nov., 1849. Montpellier - The Diocese of Montpellier (Montis Pessulani) comprises the department of Hérault, and is a suffragan of Avignon. Montreuil Abbey - A former convent of Cistercian nuns in the Diocese of Laon, now Soissons, France. Moore, Arthur - Count, b. at Liverpool, 1849; d. at Mooresfort, Tipperary, Ireland, 1904. Moore, Michael - Priest, preacher, and professor, b. at Dublin, Ireland, 1640; d. at Paris, 22 Aug., 1726. Moore, Thomas - Poet and biographer, b. 28 May, 1779, at Dublin, Ireland; d. 26 February, 1852, at Devizes, England. Mopsuestia - A titular see of Cilicia Secunda in Asia Minor and suffragan of Anazarbus. Mor, Antonis Van Dashort - Dutch painter, b. at Utrecht in 1519; d. at Antwerp, between 1576 and 1578. Morales, Ambrosio - Spanish historian, b. at Cordova, 1513; d. in 1591. Morales, Juan Bautista - Missionary, b. about 1597 at Ecija in Andalusia, Spain; d. Fu-ning, China, 17 Sept., 1664. Moran, Francis Patrick - Third Archbishop of Sydney, b. at Leighlinbridge, Ireland, 16 Sept., 1830; d, at Manly, Sydney, 16 Aug., 1911. Moratín, Leandro Fernandez de - Spanish poet and playwright, b. at Madrid, 10 March, 1760; at Paris, 21 June, 1828. Morel, Gall - Poet, scholar, aesthete, and educationist, b. at St. Fiden, Switzerland, on 24 March, 1803; d. at the Abbey of Einsiedeln on 16 December, 1872. Morell, Juliana - Dominican nun, b. at Barcelona, Spain, 16 February, 1594; d. at the convent of the Dominican nuns at Avignon, France, 26 June, 1653. Morelos, José María - Mexican patriot, b. at Valladolid (now called Morelia in his honour), Mexico, on 30 September, 1765; shot at San Cristóbal Ecatepec on 22 December, 1815. Moreri, Louis - An encyclopaedist, b. at Bargemont in the Diocese of Frejus, France, 25 March, 1643, d. at Paris, 10 July, 1680. Moreto y Cabaña, Augustine - Spanish dramatist; b. at Madrid, 9 April, 1618, d. at Toledo, 28 Octoher, 1669. Morgan, Venerable Edward - Welsh priest, martyr, b. at Bettisfield, Hanmer, Flintshire, executed at Tyburn, London, 26 April, 1642. Moriarty, David - Bishop and pulpit orator, b. in Ardfert, Co. Kerry, in 1812; d. 1 October, 1877. Morigi, Michaelangelo (Caravaggio) - Milanese painter, b. at Caravaggio in 1569, d. at Porto d' Ercole in 1609. Morimond, Abbey of - Founded in 1115 by Odelric d' Aigremont and his wife, Adeline de Choiseul. Morin, Jean - A French priest of the Oratory, b. at Blois, in 1591, d. at Paris, 28 Feb., 1659. Morocco - The country known as Morocco (from Marrakesh, the name of one of its chief cities) forms the northwest corner of the Continent of Africa. Morone, Giovanni - Cardinal, Bishop of Modena, b. at Milan 25 Jan., 1509; d. at Rome, 1 Dec., 1580. Moroni, Gaetano - The author of "Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica", b. at Rome, 17 October, 1802; d. there, 3 November, 1883. Moroni, Giovanni Battista - A painter, b. at Bondo, near Albino, in the territory of Bergamo, between 1520 and 1525; d. at Bergamo, in 1578. Morris, John Brande - Born at Brentford, Middlesex, 4 September, 1812; died at Hammersmith, London, 9 April, 1880; he studied at Baliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1834 (B.A. honours) and 1837 (M. A.), He was at once elected Petrean Fellow of Exeter College, and lectured on Hebrew. Morris, Martin Ferdinand - Lawyer and jurist, b. 3 December, 1834, at Washington, D.C.; d. 12 September, 1909, at Washington, D. C. Morse - The rectangular ornamented piece of material attached to the two front edges of the cope near the breast to prevent the vestment from slipping from the shoulders. Moscow - The ancient capital of Russia and the chief city of the government (province) of Moscow, situated in almost the centre of European Russia. Moses Bar Cephas - A Syriac bishop and writer, b. at Balad about 813; d. 12 Feb., 903. Moses of Chorene - Armenian called by his countrymen "the father of history" and the "father of scholars", and celebrated as a poet, or hymn writer, and a grammarian. Mossul - The seat of a Chaldean archdiocese, a Syrian diocese, and an Apostolic Mission. Mostar and Markana-Trebinje - History of the dioceses. Moufang, Franz Christoph Ignaz - Theologian, b. at Mainz, 17 Feb., 1817; d. there, 27 Feb., 1890. Moulins - Suffragan of Sens. Mount Calvary, Congregations of - Two groups are detailed. Mount Saint Mary's College - The second oldest among the Catholic collegiate institutions in the United States, is located near Emmitsburg, Maryland, within the limits of the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Movers, Franz Karl - Exegete and Orientalist, b. at Koesfeld, Westphalia, 17 July, 1806; d. at Breslau, 28 Sept., 1856. Moxos Indians - According to one authority, they are named from Musu, their Quichua name; according to others, from the Moxos word, muha, erroneously thought by the Spaniards to be the tribal name. Moy De Sons, Karl Ernst, Freiherr Von - A jurist, born 10 August, 1799, at Munich; died 1 August, 1867, at Innsbruck (Tyrol). Moylan, Francis - Bishop of Cork, born at Cork, 1739; died in 1815. Moylan, Stephen - An American patriot and merchant, born in Ireland in 1734; died at Philadelphia, 11 April, 1811. Mozambique - The former official name given to the Portuguese possessions on the eastern coast of Africa opposite the island of Madagascar. Mrak, Ignatius - The second Bishop of Marquette, U. S. A., born 16 October, 1818, in Hotovle, in the Diocese of Laibach (Carinthia), Austria; died at Marquette, 2 Jan., 1901. Müller, Karl - Professor at Düsseldorf, b. at Darmstadt, 29 Oct., 1818; d. at Neuenahr, 15 Aug., 1893, belongs to the more recent members of a school of German religious painters known as the "Nazarenes." Mühlbacher, Engelbert - Historian, born at Gresten, Austria, 4 Oct., 1843; died at Vienna, 17 July, 1903. Mulhall, Michael George - Statistician, b. in Dublin, 29 September, 1829; d. there 13 Dec., 1900. Mulholland, St. Clair Augustine - Born at Lisburn, Co. Antrium, Ireland, 1 April 1839; died at Philadelphia, 17 Feb., 1910. Mullanphy, John - Merchant, philanthropist, b. near Enniskillen, Co. Fremanagh, Ireland, 1758; d. at St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., 29 August, 1833. Müller, Adam Heinrich - Publicist and political economist, convert, b. at Berlin, 30 June, 1779; d. at Vienna, 17 Jan., 1829. Müller, Johann - German astronomer, b. 6 June, 1436; d. in Rome, 6 July, 1476. Mullock, John T. - Bishop of St. John's, Newfoundland, born in 1807 at Limerick, Ireland; died at St. John's, Newfoundland, 26 March, 1869. Münch-Bellinghausen, Baron Eligius Franz Joseph von - An Austrian dramatist, born at Cracow, 2 April, 1806; died at Vienna, 22 May, 1871. Mundwiler, Fintan - Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Meinrad, Indiana, born at Dietikon in Switzerland, 12 July, 1835; died at St. Meinrad's Abbey, 14 February, 1898. Munich-Freising - An archdiocese in Bavaria. Münster - Diocese in the Prussian Province of Westphalia, suffragan of Cologne. Münster, University of - The town of Münster in Westphalia obtained its university in 1771 through the initiative of the prince-bishop's vicar general, Freiherr von Fürstenberg. Müntz, Eugène - French savant and historian; b. 11 June, 1845; d. at Paris, 2 November, 1902. Muratori, Luigi Antonio - Librarian in Modena, one of the greatest scholars of his time, b. 21 Oct., 1672; d. 23 Jan., 1750. Muratorian Canon - Also called the Muratorian Fragment, after the name of the discoverer and first editor, L. A. Muratori (in the "Antiquitates italicae", III, Milan, 1740, 851 sq.), the oldest known canon or list of books of the New Testament. Muri - An abbey of monks of the Order of S. Benedict, which flourished for over eight centuries at Muri near Basle in Switzerland, and which is now established under Austrian rule at Gries near Bozen in Tyrol. Muro-Lucano - Located in the province of Potenza, in Basilicata, southern Italy. Murray, Daniel - An Archbishop of Dublin, b. 1768, at Sheepwalk, near Arklow, Ireland; d. at Dublin. Murray, Patrick - Theologian, b. Clones, County Monaghan, Ireland, 18 November, 1811; d. 15 Nov., 1882, in Maynooth College. Museums, Christian - Though applicable to collections composed of Christian objects representative of all epochs, this term is usually reserved to those museums which abound chiefly in Christian objects antedating the Middle Ages, namely, Sarcophagi, inscriptions and products of the minor arts. Mush - An Armenian Catholic see, comprising the sanjaks of Mush and Seert, in the vilayet of Bitlis. Music, Ecclesiastical - By this term is meant the music which, by order or with the approbation of ecclesiastical authority, is employed in connexion with Divine service to promote the glorification of God and the edification of the faithful. Musuros, Markos - A learned Greek humanist, born 1470 at Retimo, Crete; died 1517 at Rome. Mutis, José Celestino - Eminent naturalist and scientist in South America, b. at Cadiz, Spain, 6 April, 1732; d. at Bogotá, Colombia, 2 Sept., 1808. Mylasa - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Aphrodisias, or Stauropolis, in Caria. Myndus - A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis. Myra - A titular see of Lycia in Asia Minor. Myrina - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus. Myriophytum - A titular see of Thracia Prima and suffragan of Heraclea. Mysore - Diocese in India, suffragan to Pondicherry. Man - Includes sections on the nature of man, the origin of man, and the end of man. Monte Vergine - History of the abbey near Mercogliano, Italy, established by William of Vercelli. Mendíburu, Manuel de - Nineteenth-century Peruvian-born soldier and diplomat.