Kauffmann, Angelica - Artist's biography with bibliography. Knownothingism - Article on this 1850s United States anti-immigrant movement. Kant, Philosophy of Immanuel - A detailed evaluation by William Turner. Kentigern, Saint - Also known as Mungo. First bishop of Glasgow, died in 603. Biography. Kilian, Saint - Missionary, bishop of Würzburg, martyred with his companions Colman and Totnan in about 689. Kieran, Saints - Of the many Irish saints of this name, the most famous is St. Kieran of Clonmacnoise. SS. Kieran of Seir-Kieran and Kieran of Disert-Kieran are fairly well-known. There is also a St. Kieran, patron of Clonsost, and a St. Kieran, son of Colga. Kevin (Coemgen), Saint - Abbot of Glendalough, d. 618. Kircher, Athanasius - Celebrated for the versatility of his knowledge and particularly distinguished for his knowledge of the natural sciences, b. 2 May, 1601, at Geisa, a small town on the northern bank of the Upper Rhone (Buchonia); d. at Rome, 28 Nov., 1680. Kateri Tekakwitha, Blessed - Biographical article on the "Lily of the Mohawks," who died in 1680. Also known as Catherine Tegakwitha or Takwita. Knights of Columbus - Brief explanation and history of the organization. Kervyn de Lettenhove, Joseph-Marie-Bruno-Constantin, Baron - Belgian statesman and historian, b. at Saint-Michel-lez-Bruges, 17 August, 1817; d. there, 3 April, 1891. Kan-Su, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - This vicariate includes the territory of Ku-ku-nor, northern part of Tibet, and the five northern prefectures of the Chinese province of Kan-su: Lan-chou-fu, Si-ning-fu, Liang-chou-fu, Kan-chou-fu, and Su-chou. Kings, Third and Fourth Books of - The historical book called in the Hebrew Melakhim, i.e. Kings, is in the Vulgate, in imitation of the Septuagint, styled the Third and Fourth Book of Kings. Kerry and Aghadoe - The Diocese of Kerry and Aghadoe (Kerriensis Et Aghadoensis), suffragan of Cashel, Ireland, is sixty-six miles in length, and sixty-one in breadth, containing a superficial area of 983,400 acres, and extending over the whole County of Kerry and a portion of that of Cork; in 1901 the Catholic population was 187,346. Kalcker, Jan Stephanus van - Flemish painter, native of the Duchy of Cleves; b. between 1499 and 1510; d. at Naples, 1546. Knowledge of Jesus Christ - "Knowledge of Jesus Christ," as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know about Jesus Christ, but a survey of the intellectual endowment of Christ. Kings, Chronology of the - Offers a table with the kings from the Bible. Knoll, Albert (Joseph) - Dogmatic theologian of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, born at Bruneck in northern Tyrol, 12 July, 1796; died at Bozen, 30 March, 1863. Konrad - A German epic poet of the twelfth century. Konsag, Ferdinand - A German missionary of the eighteenth century, b. 2 December, 1703, at Warasdin, Croatia; d. 10 September, 1758. Kalinka, Valerian - Polish historian, born near Cracow in 1826; died at Jaroslaw in 1886. Kreiten, William - Literary critic and poet, b. 21 June, 1847, at Gangelt near Aschen; d. 6 June, 1902, at Kerkrade (Kirchrath) in Dutch Limburg. Konings, Anthony - Born at Helmond, Diocese of Bois-1e-Duc, Holland, 24 August, 1821; died 30 June, 1884. Kalands Brethren - The name given to religious and charitable associations of priests and laymen especially numerous in Northern and Central Germany, which held regular meetings for religious edification and instruction, and also to encourage works of charity and prayers for the dead. Kobler, Andreas - An historian, b. at Muhldorf in Bavaria, 22 June, 1816; d. at Klagenfurt, 15 November, 1892. Kremsmünster - A Benedictine abbey in Austria, on the little river Krems, about twenty miles south of Linz, founded A.D. 777 by Tassilo II Duke of Bavaria, who richly endowed it, as did subsequently Charlemagne and his successors. Kansas - One of the United States of America, is the central state of the Union, to which it was admitted 29 January, 1861. Kafirs - A term popularly to nearly all the natives of South Africa. It was originally imposed by the Arab traders of the East coast, and means "unbeliever". Kraus, Franz Xaver - An ecclesiastical and art historian, b. at Trier, 18 September, 1840; d. at San Remo, 28 December, 1901. Krasinski, Sigismund - Count, son of a Polish general, b. at Paris, 19 Feb., 1812; d. there, 23 Feb., 1859. Kandy, Diocese of - Formerly part of the Vicariate of Southern Colombo, Ceylon, India, from which it was cut off as a vicariate Apostolic on 16 April, 1883, and erected into a diocese on 1 September, 1886. Kaiserchronik - A German epic poem of the twelfth century. Kaskaskia Indians - Formerly chief tribe of the confederacy of Illinois Indians. Konrad of Megenberg - Scholar and writer, b. probably at Mainberg, near Schweinfurt, Bavaria, 2 February, 1309; d. at Ratisbon, 11 April, 1374. Karnkowski, Stanislaw - Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, born about 1526; died at Lowicz,in the Government of Warsaw, 25 May (al., 8 June), 1603. Kings, First and Second Books of - Known as the First and Second Books of Kings in the Authorized Version, in the Hebrew editions and the Protestant versions these are known as 1st and 2nd Samuel, with the Third and Fourth Books of Kings being styled First and Second Books of Kings. Kalispel Indians - Popularly known under the French name of Pend d'Oreilles, "ear pendants", an important tribe of Salishan stock originally residing about Pend d Oreille lake and river, in northern Idaho and northeast Washington. Kaufmann, Alexander - Poet and folklorist, born at Bonn, 14 May, 1817; died at Wertheim, 1 May, 1893. Kaufmann, Leopold - Chief Burgomaster of Bonn, brother of the poet and folklorist Alexander Kaufmann, born 13 March, 1821; died 27 Feb., 1898. Kavanagh, Julia - Novelist and biographer, born 7 Jan., 1824, at Thurles, Ireland; died 28 October, 1877, at Nice, France. Kassai, Upper - Erected as a simple mission in 1901, and detached, as a prefecture Apostolic, from the Vicariate of Belgian Congo since 20 August, 1901. Kehrein, Joseph - Educator, philologist, and historian of German literature, born at Heidesheim, near Mainz, 20 October, 1808; died at Montabaur, Hesse-Nassau, 25 March, 1876. Kyrie Eleison - Greek for "Lord have mercy"; the Latin transliteration supposes a pronunciation as in Modern Greek, is a very old, even pre-Christian, expression used constantly in all Christian liturgies. Kochanowski, Jan - Born at Sycyna, 1530, died at Lublin, 22 August, 1584. Kavanagh, Edward - American statesman and diplomat, born at Newcastle, Maine, 27 April, 1795; died there, 21 Jan., 1844. Keating, Geoffrey - Irish theologian, historian, and poet, b. at Burgess in the parish of Tubbrid, Co. Tipperary, about 1569; d. at Tubbrid about 1644. Knowledge - Knowledge, being a primitive fact of consciousness, cannot, strictly speaking, be defined; but the direct and spontaneous consciousness of knowing may be made clearer by pointing out its essential and distinctive characteristics. Klinkowström - Artist, author and teacher; b. at Ludwigsburg in Swedish Pomerania on 31 August, 1778; d. at Vienna, 4 April, 1835. Kabbala - It primarily signifies reception, and, secondarily, a doctrine received by oral tradition. Kells, Book of - An Irish manuscript containing the Four Gospels, a fragment of Hebrew names, and the Eusebian canons, known also as the "Book of Columba". Kan-Su, Prefecture Apostolic of Southern - Separated from the Northern Kan-su mission in 1905, and committed to the Belgian Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Scheutveld, Brussels). Kulturkampf - The name given to the political struggle for the rights and self-government of the Catholic Church, carried out chiefly in Prussia and afterwards in Baden, Hesse, and Bavaria. Kinloss - Cistercian abbey on the coast of Morayshire, Scotland, founded in 1150 or 1151 (authorities differ) by King David I, in gratitude, according to the popular legend, for having been guided into safety by a white dove when he had lost his way hunting in the adjacent forest. Kaiserwilhelmsland - Prefecture Apostolic, comprises the German part of the island of New Guinea. Keon, Miles Gerard - Irish journalist. (1821-1875) Kozmian, Stanislaus and John - Two brothers who took part in the Polish insurrection of 1831, and subsequently fled the country. Kaiser, Kajetan Georg von - Chemist, born at Kelheim on the Danube (Bavaria), 5 January, 1803; died at Munich, 28 August, 1871. Kenrick, Francis Patrick and Peter Richard - Archbishops of Baltimore, Maryland, and of St. Louis, Missouri. Klesl, Melchior - A cardinal and Austrian statesman, b. at Vienna, 19 February, 1552; d. at Wiener-Neustadt, 18 September, 1630. Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton - An Austrian prince and statesman, born at Vienna 2 February, 1711; died there 27 June, 1794. Kerkuk - Chaldean Catholic diocese. Kansas City, Diocese of - Established 10 September, 1880. Kenosis - A term derived from the discussion as to the real meaning of Phil. 2:6. Kessels, Matthias - Sculptor, b. at Maastricht, 1784; d. at Rome, 3 March, 1836. Kennedy, James - Bishop of St. Andrews, Scotland. Born about 1406; died 10 May, 1466. Kenia - Vicariate Apostolic in Africa. Keewatin, Vicariate Apostolic of - Includes the northern half of the Province of Saskatchewan. Koller, Marian Wolfgang - Scientist and educator. (1792-1866) Killala - Diocese, one of the five suffragan sees of the ecclesiastical Province of Tuam. Kingdom of God - In this expression the innermost teaching of the Old Testament is summed up, but it should be noted that the word kingdom means ruling as well; thus it signifies not so much the actual kingdom as the sway of the king. Kearney, Diocese of - By Decree of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation of 8 March, 1912, Pius X divided into two parts the territory of the Diocese of Omaha, erecting the western part into a new and distinct diocese with its see at Kearney. Kentucky - A state situated between the parallels of latitude 36° 30 and 39°6' N., and between the meridians 82° and 89°38' W. Kiss - Four times in the Epistles of St. Paul is met the injunction, used as a sort of formula of farewell, "Salute one another in a holy kiss" (en philemati hagio), for which St. Peter (1 Pet., v, 14) substitutes "in a kiss of love" (en philemati agapes). Kohlmann, Anthony - Educator and missionary. (1771-1836) Kosciuszko, Tadeusz - Polish patriot and soldier, b. near Novogrudok, Lithuania, Poland, 12 February, 1752; d. at Solothurn, Switzerland, 15 October, 1817. Kellner, Lorenz - Educationist, born at Kalteneber in the district of Eichsfeld, 29 January, 1811; died at Trier, 18 August, 1892. Kino, Eusebius - A famous Jesuit missionary of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; b. 10 August, 1644, in Welschtirol (Anauniensis); d. 15 March, 1711. Klaczko, Julian - Polish author, b. at Vilna, 6 November, 1825, of Jewish parents; d. at Cracow, 26 November, 1906. Kalocsa-Bacs, Archdiocese of - This archdiocese embraces within its territories an archdiocese and a diocese founded by St. Stephen of Hungary in 1010. Kumbakonam - Kumbakonam, signifying in English the "Jug's Corner," is a town of 60,000 inhabitants, and is situated in the fertile plain of the Tanjore District about half-way on the railroad which connects Madras with Tuticorin. Keller, Jacob - Controversialist, born at Sackingen, Baden, Germany, in 1568; died at Munich, Bavaria, 23 February, 1631. Kirkwall - A parish, also a royal and parliamentary burgh and chief or county town of Orkney, in the north of Scotland. Kilwardby, Robert - Archbishop of Canterbury. (d. 1279) Kerssenbroch, Hermann von - A teacher and historian, b. at Monchshof, near Barntrup (Lippe), about 1520; d. at Osnabruck, 5 July, 1585. Kemp, John - Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, Chancellor of England. (1380-1454) Kamerun, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located in German West Africa, between British Nigeria and French Congo. Kaulen, Franz Philip - Scriptural scholar, born 20 March, 1827, at Düsseldorf; died at Bonn, 11 July, 1907. Kottayam, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located on the Malabar Coast, India. Kafiristan and Kashmir, Prefecture Apostolic of - Created (1887) by Leo XIII in the extreme North of India. Knights of the Cross - A religious order famous in the history of Bohemia, and accustomed from the beginning to the use of arms, a custom which was confirmed in 1292 by an ambassador of Pope Nicholas IV. Kager, Johann Matthias - German historical painter, born at Munich, 1566; died at Augsburg, 1634. Kells, School of - Kells (in Gaelic Cenannus) was the chief of the Irish Columban monasteries. Kenraghty - Irish priest, d. 30 April, 1585, at Clonmel, Co. Tipperary. Knight, Venerable William - Put to death for the Faith at York, on 29 November, 1596; with him also suffered Venerables George Errington of Herst, William Gibson of Ripon, and William Abbot of Howden, in Yorkshire. Klee, Heinrich - German theologian and exegete, b. at Münstermaifeld, in the Rhine province, 20 April, 1800; d. at Munich, 28 July, 1840. Kickham, Charles Joseph - Patriot, novelist, and poet, b. at Mullinahone, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 1828; d. at Blackrock, Co. Dublin, 22 Aug., 1882. Kneipp, Sebastian - Bavarian priest and hydrotherapist, b. at Stephansreid, Bavaria, 17 May, 1821; d. at Wörishofen, 17 June, 1897. Konig, Joseph - Theologian and exegete. (1819-1900) Kögler, Ignaz - Jesuit missionary to China. (1680-1746) Knoblecher, Ignatius - Catholic missionary in Central Africa, born 6 July, 1819, at St. Cantian in Lower Carniola; died 13 April, 1858, at Naples. Kleutgen, Josef Wilhelm Karl - German theologian and philosopher, b. at Dortmund, Westphalia, 9 April, 1811; d. at St. Anton near Kaltern, Tyrol, 13 Jan., 1883. Knabl, Joseph - A master of religious plastic art, b. at Fliess, Tyrol, in 1819; d. at Munich in 1881. Koberger, Anthony - German printer, publisher, and bookseller, b. about 1445; d. at Nuremberg, 3 October, 1513. Kober, Franz Quirin von - German canonist and pedagogist, b. of simple countryfolk on 6 March, 1821, at Warthausen, Biberach, Würtemberg; d. at Tübingen, 25 January, 1897. Kochowski, Vespasian - Born at Sandomir?, 1633; died at Krakow, 1699. He received his education at the Jesuit College, Sandomir, served in the army, and then spent the rest of his life on his estate. Krämer, John - Born about the end of the fourteenth century, he must have died between 1437 and 1440, as a manuscript of the Carthusian monastery of Memmingen speaks of the gift made to it by Krämer in 1437, and the general chapter of the Carthusian Order held in 1440 mentions his death. Keys, Power of the - The expression "power of the keys" is derived from Christ's words to St. Peter (in Matthew 16:19). Krafft, Adam - Sculptor, b. about 1440 at Nuremberg; d. Jan., 1509 at Schwabach. Keyes, Erasmus Darwin - Soldier, convert, b. at Brimfield, Massuchusetts, U.S.A., 29 May, 1810; d. at Nice, France, 14 October, 1895. Koniggrätz - Diocese in Bohemia. Konrad of Lichtenau - Medieval German chronicler. (d. 1240) Konigshofen, Jacob - Medieval chronicler. (1346-1420) Kreil, Karl - Austrian meteorologist and astronomer, b. at Ried, Upper Austria, 4 Nov., 1798; d. at Vienna, 21 Dec., 1862. Kernan, Francis - Lawyer, statesman; born in Steuben County, New York, 14 January, 1816; d. at Utica, New York, 7 September, 1892. Konarski, Stanislaus - Born in 1700; died in 1773. This great reformer of Polish schools was a Piarist who, during a visit to Rome after his ordination, received there the first idea of his life's mission. Krasicki, Ignatius - Born in 1735; died at Berlin, 1801. He took orders in early youth, and soon after became a canon, travelled abroad, preached the coronation sermon for King Stanislaus Poniatowski, by whose favour he shortly got a bishopric in what was soon to become Prussian Poland. Konrad of Würzburg - A Middle High German poet, b. about 1230; d. at Basle, 1287. Klopp, Onno - Historian, b. on 9 October, 1822, at Leer (East Friesland); d. at Vienna, 9 August 1903. Koran, The - The sacred book of the Muslims, by whom it is regarded as the revelation of God. Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von - Bishop of Mainz, b. at Münster, in Westphalia, 25 Dec., 1811; d. at Burghausen, 13 July, 1877. Kharput - Armenian Uniat diocese created in 1850. Kiang-nan - The Vicariate comprises the two provinces of Kiang-su and Ngan-hwei. Kiang-si, Eastern - The mission of Eastern Kiang-si was separated from the mission of Northern Kiang-si in 1885. Kiang-si, Northern - Father Matteo Ricci of the Society of Jesus was the first missionary who entered the province of Kiang-si at the end of the sixteenth century. Kiang-si, Southern - Separated from the mission of Northern Kiang-si in 1879, and organized into an independent Vicariate Apostolic. Kickapoo Indians - Apparently corrupted from a longer term signifying "roamers", a tribe of Algonquian stock, closely related dialectically to the Sauk and Foxes, and living when first known in south central Wisconsin. Kielce - Diocese in the southern part of Russian Poland. Kildare, School of - Situated in Magh Liffe, or the Plain of the Liffey, came to be known as Cill-Dara, or the Church of the Oak, from the stately oak-tree so much loved by St. Brigid, who under its branches laid the foundations of what in process of time became a monastic city. Kildare and Leighlin - One of the four suffragans of Dublin, Ireland. Killaloe - A suffragan diocese of Cashel. Kilmore - Diocese in Ireland, includes almost all Cavan and about half of Leitrim. Kilwinning, Benedictine Abbey of - Located in Ayrshire, Scotland, in the town of the same name, where a church was said to have been founded early in the eighth century by St. Winning. Kimberley - Vicariate apostolic; suffragan of Adelaide, erected by Leo XIII, 5 May, 1887. Kimberley in Orange - The portion of South Africa which at the present day forms the Vicariate of Kimberley in Orange became in the division of the Vicariate of Good Hope part of the Eastern District, and later on part of the Vicariate of Natal. Kingisel - The name of two abbots who ruled Glastonbury in the seventh and eighth centuries respectively. Kingston - The Archdiocese of Kingston comprises the territory from the eastern line of Dundas County to the western boundary of Hastings County in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Kiowa Indians - An important Plains tribe, constituting a distinct linguistic stock. Kisfaludy - Born at Suemeg, Hungary, 27 Sept., 1772; died at Suemeg, 28 October, 1844. Knighton, Henry - A fourteenth-century chronicler. Knox, John - Scotch Protestant leader, b. at Haddington, Scotland, between 1505 and 1515; d. at Edinburgh, 24 November, 1572. Krain - A duchy and crownland in the Austrian Empire, bounded on the north by Karinthia, on the north-east by Styria, on the south-east and south by Croatia, and on the west by Trieste, Goritza, and Istria. Kromer, Martin - A distinguished Polish bishop and historian; b. at Biecz in Galicia in 1512; d. at Heilsberg, Ermland (now East Prussia), on 23 March, 1589. Krzycki, Andrew - A typical humanistic poet, a most supple courtier for whom poetry was to be a source of renown and profit, Krzycki was well-read in Latin poetry and knew the language to perfection. Date of birth uncertain; d. in 1535. Kuhn, Johannes von - Theologian, b. at Waeschenbeuren in Wuertemberg, 19 Feb., 1806; d. at Tübingen, 8 May, 1887. Kutenai Indians - An important tribe of south-eastern British Columbia and the adjacent portions of Montana and Idaho. Kwango - The name of a river which flows into the Kassai, which itself is a tributary of the River Congo. Kwang-si - The mission of Kwang-si comprises the entire province of that name. Kwang-tung - This prefecture comprises the whole province of that name except the civil prefecture of Shin-hing, the three districts of Heung-shan, Yan-ping, and Yeung-tsun, which belong to the Diocese of Macao, and the three districts of San-on, Kwei-shin, and Hoi-fung, which belong to the Vicariate Apostolic of Hong-Kong. Kwei-chou - The mission of Kwei-chou embraces the entire province of that name.