Jones, Inigo - A biography with references of the London-born architect who drew his inspiration from the Classical forms of Italy. Jericho - Three cities of this name have successively occupied sites in the same neighbourhood. Jeningen, Venerable Philipp - Born at Eichstätt, Bavaria, 5 January, 1642;d, at Ellwangen, 8 February, 1704. Entering the Society of Jesus, 19 January, 1663, he became a most successful popular missionary at the shrine of Our Lady of Schönenberg, near Ellwangen in Swabia. Jubilees, Book of - An apocryphal writing, so called from the fact that the narratives and stories contained in it are arranged throughout in a fanciful chronological system of jubilee-periods of forty-nine years each; each event is recorded as having taken place in such a week of such a month of such a Jubilee year. Joliet, Louis - A discoverer and the son of a wagon-maker, was born at Quebec, Canada, on 21 September 1645; d. in Canada, May 1700. John of Salisbury - Article on the life and thought of this medieval philosopher, by P. Coffey. Juda - The name of one of the Patriarchs, the name of the tribe reputed to be descended from him, the name of the territory occupied by the same, and also the name of several persons mentioned in the Old Testament. Jezabel - Wife of Achab, King of Israel. Jacob - The son of Isaac and Rebecca, third great patriarch of the chosen people, and the immediate ancestor of the twelve tribes of Israel. Josue (Joshua) - The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books. Judith, Book of - The book exists in distinct Greek and Latin versions, of which the former contains at least eighty-four verses more than the later. Judas Machabeus - Third son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the patriotic and religious revolt of the Jews against the King of Syria (I Mach., ii, 4). Jonathan - Name of several persons mentioned in the Old Testament. Joel - Profile of the Old Testament prophet and analysis of the book bearing his name. Jonah - The fifth of the Minor Prophets. Article takes a look at the Book of Jonah. Joseph - The eleventh son of Jacob, the firstborn of Rachel, and the immediate ancestor of the tribes of Manasses and Ephraim. Jeremias the Prophet - Background information on his era. His life and mission. Analysis of the Biblical book which bears his name. Job - One of the books of the Old Testament, and the chief personage in it. Jesus Christ - An index of articles on the subject. Jerome, Saint - Lengthy article on the life and works of St. Jerome. John and Paul, Saints - Roman martyrs, c. 362. Jarlath, Saint - Studied under St. Benen, founded a college at Cloonfush, was noted for his fasting, died about 540. John I, Pope Saint - A Tuscan, was warmly received in Constantinople, but upon his return to Rome, was imprisoned by King Theodoric. Pope John died in prison in 526. Jude, Epistle of Saint - One of the so-called antilegomena; but, although its canonicity has been questioned in several Churches, its genuineness has never been denied. Juliana of Norwich, Blessed - Biographical article on this fourteenth-century English anchoress, mystic, author. By Edmund Gardner. John Damascene, Saint - Lengthy biographical article on the last of the Greek Fathers. James the Greater, Saint - What can be known of St. James, son of Zebedee and brother of John, from Scripture. Also discusses the tradition that St. James preached in Spain and that his body was translated to Compostela. Joseph of Arimathea, Saint - All that is known for certain concerning him is derived from the canonical Gospels. John the Evangelist, Saint - Brother of James and son of Zebedee. Julius I, Pope Saint - A Roman, anti-Arian, supporter of St. Athanasius. Julius died in 352. Justin Martyr, Saint - Lengthy article on the life and teachings of the apologist. John the Baptist, Saint - Lengthy article on the Precursor. Justus, Saint - The first bishop of Rochester, and later the fourth archbishop of Canterbury, died possibly in 627. John Climacus, Saint - Sometimes called Scholasticus or the Sinaita. Article on the sixth-century Syrian abbot of Mt. Sinai. He is called "Climacus" because he wrote the spiritual classic "The Ladder of Divine Ascent," "Klimax" being the Greek for "ladder." John the Almsgiver, Saint - Also called John Eleemosynarius. Patriarch of Alexandria, d. 616. Januarius, Saint - Bishop of Beneventum, martyr, believed to have died in the Diocletian persecution, c. 305. Article has a lengthy discussion of the liquefaction of the saint's blood. Joachim, Saint - According to apocryphal literature, the father of Mary. John of Beverley, Saint - Benedictine bishop of Hexham and later of York, monastic founder, d. 721. Joseph, Saint - Information on the entire life of St. Joseph. Juliana, Saint - Martyred in the Diocletian persecution. The oldest notice says that she died near Naples; the notion that she lived in Nicomedia is strictly legendary. Julian and Basilissa, Saints - Husband and wife, of whom little is known except that he was martyred in the Diocletian persecution. According to later legend, Basilissa was the founder of a monastery. John the Silent, Saint - Or John Hesychastes. Monk, runaway bishop of Colonia, hermit, d. 558. James the Less, Saint - Identifies James the Less with James the Apostle, son of Alpheus, and with James the brother of the Lord. John Chrysostom, Saint - Long biographical article on this bishop and Doctor of the Church. John Speed, Blessed - Alias John Spence. Englishman, martyred for aiding St. John Boste. Bl. John was executed at Durham in 1593/4. John of Parma, Blessed - Franciscan, professor of theology, Minister General, peacemaker, d. 1289. John Britton, Blessed - Also called John Bretton. Short biography of the layman and martyr. John Rigby, Saint - Rigby, an unmarried layman, appeared in court on behalf of his employer's daughter and admitted that he was himself a Catholic. He was martyred in 1600. John of the Cross, Saint - Article on the life and teaching of this Discalced Carmelite associated with St. Teresa of Avila. Mystic, Doctor of the Church, d. 1591. John Berchmans, Saint - Biography of this Jesuit, always pious, who died in 1621 at the age of 22. John Beche, Blessed - Benedictine abbot. When Beche refused to grant that the king had any authority to confiscate St. John's Abbey, Colchester, he was thrown in the Tower on charges of treason. Though weak, he gained the crown of martyrdom in 1539. John Cantius, Saint - Polish priest, professor of Sacred Scripture, d. 1473. Joseph Calasanctius, Saint - Priest, founder of the Piarists, d. 1648. John Baptist de la Salle, Saint - Essay on the founder of the Christian Brothers. John Sarkander, Saint - This priest was tortured for refusing to break the seal of confession, and died in prison in 1620. John Adams, Blessed - A convert to Catholicism, he was martyred at Tyburn in 1586. Jean Louis Bonnard, Saint - Short biography of the French missionary priest and martyr, d. 1852. John Stone, Saint - English Augustinian friar, martyred probably in 1539. John Finch, Blessed - A layman, raised Protestant. As a young man he converted to Catholicism, married, served as a catechist, and made his home a center of missionary activity. Captured, he was tortured and imprisoned for three years before being martyred in 1584. Jacopo de Voragine, Blessed - Became a Dominican at a very early age, was a renowned preacher, provincial, and then Archbishop of Genoa. He died in about 1298. Biographical article. John Ruysbroeck, Blessed - Article on the Admirable Doctor, "undoubtedly the foremost of the Flemish mystics," author, who died in 1381. John of Fermo, Blessed - Also known as John of La Verna. Franciscan, a friend of Jacopone of Todi. John died in 1322. John Ingram, Blessed - English priest, tortured and twice imprisoned, martyred in 1594. James Thompson, Blessed - Also called James Hudson. Priest who was imprisoned and then martyred at York in 1582. John Thulis, Blessed - Lancashire priest and martyr, converted some of his fellow prisoners. Was executed together with Roger Wrenno in 1615 or 1616. John Woodcock, Blessed - Brief biography of the English Franciscan martyr, who died in 1646. John Bodey, Blessed - Short biography of the English layman and martyr, who died in 1583. John Story, Blessed - Or Storey. Member of Parliament, was arrested but escaped and became a Spanish subject. Kidnapped in Flanders, he was carried to the Tower, where he was tortured repeatedly. Died a martyr in 1571. John Houghton, Saint - Biography of the Carthusian martyr, who died in 1535, and details on some of his companions in martyrdom. Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, Saint - Vincentian priest, missionary to China, where he was tortured and martyred in 1840. John Hambley, Blessed - More than once this priest offered to conform to the state-mandated religion, but at last he died a martyr. Josaphat Kuncevyc, Saint - Lithuanian-born Basilian monk and Ruthenian Rite archbishop of Polotsk, writer. He loved to make profound bows while reciting the Jesus Prayer. Martyred in 1623. Junípero Serra, Blessed - Biography of the famed Franciscan priest, missionary to Mexico and California, who died in 1784. Joanna of Portugal, Blessed - Princess, Dominican, d. 1490. John Joseph of the Cross, Saint - Italian Franciscan priest, had the gift of miracles, d. 1739. John Nelson, Blessed - Jesuit priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1577/8. John Baptist de Rossi, Saint - Priest, canon, preacher, d. 1764. John Felton, Blessed - Arrested, imprisoned, and tortured for having attached a copy of the papal bull excommunicating the queen to the Bishop of London's door. He died a martyr in 1570. Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, Saint - The Curé of Ars, d. 1869. John Southworth, Saint - English priest, missionary to his native land, imprisoned several times, once deported, finally martyred for the crime of being a priest. He was executed at Tyburn, 28 June, 1654. John Forest, Blessed - English Franciscan, served as confessor to Queen Catherine, was burned at the stake at Smithfield in 1538. Jerome Emiliani, Saint - Soldier, priest, founder of the Order of Somascha, d. 1537. Joachim of Flora, Blessed - Article on this Cistercian abbot, mystic, regarded as a prophet, d. 1202. John Amias, Blessed - Cloth merchant, widower, priest, martyred 1589. Julia Billiart, Saint - Biographical article on the founder of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. She died in 1816. Jacopone da Todi, Blessed - More properly called Jacopo Benedetti. Biographical article on the lawyer, widower, Franciscan poet sympathetic to the Spirituals, who died about 1306. John Kemble, Saint - Biography of the priest and martyr, who died in 1679. John Sandys, Blessed - Brief account of the martyrdom of the English priest, which took place in 1586. Jeanne de Valois, Saint - Biography of St. Jeanne, also known as Jéhanne de France or Jane of Valois, queen, founder of the Annonciades. She died in 1505. John Rochester, Blessed - Brief biography of this English Carthusian priest and martyr, d. 1537. John Finglow, Blessed - Yorkshire priest, martyred in 1586. Jean Eudes, Saint - French missionary, religious founder, writer, d. 1680. Juliana Falconieri, Saint - Niece of St. Alexis Falconieri. She founded the Servite Third Order, and died in 1341. John Pibush, Blessed - English priest and missionary to his native land, imprisoned for more than six years, on trial twice for the crime of being a priest, martyred at Waterings in 1600/1. James Bell, Blessed - Ordained priest in Mary's reign, served the Established Church under Queen Elizabeth, but returned to the Catholic Church and became a missionary. He was martyred along with a layman, John Finch, in 1584. John Roberts, Saint - A Welsh Benedictine, the first prior of Downside, was arrested six times, exiled four times, and finally martyred at Tyburn in 1610. John Boste, Saint - Or John Boast. Priest, martyred at Durham in 1594. One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. John Martin Moye, Blessed - Biography of the founder of the Sisters of Divine Providence, and missionary to China. He died in 1793. Joseph Vaz, Blessed - Biographical article on this 17th-century priest from Goa who was a missionary to Sri Lanka. John Ogilvie, Saint - Scotsman, raised Calvinist, converted to Catholicism, became a Jesuit priest and missionary to his native land, was tortured and martyred in 1615. Joseph of Leonessa, Saint - Capuchin missionary, confessor, d. 1612. John Francis Regis, Saint - Jesuit priest and missionary, d. 1640. John of Avila, Saint - Priest, preacher, author, d. 1569. Jane Frances de Chantal, Saint - Biography of the widowed baroness, mother, founder of the Congregation of the Visitation, who died in 1641. John Twenge, Saint - Canon regular, prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington. Miracle-worker, d. 1379. Justin de Jacobis, Saint - Italian, a Lazarist priest, titular bishop of Nilopolis, d. 1860. John Larke, Blessed - Parish priest and friend of St. Thomas More. Martyred at Tyburn in 1543/4, along with another priest (Bl. John Ireland) and the layman Bl. German Gardiner. John Duckett, Blessed - Biographical sketch of the English priest and martyr. Joan of Arc, Saint - Her brief life, her trial and death, swift rehabilitation, and her beatification in 1909. John Fisher, Saint - Cardinal, Bishop of Rochester, martyr, d. 1535. John Lockwood, Blessed - Short biographical article on the English priest and martyr. James of the Marches, Saint - Surnamed Gangala, civil lawyer, Franciscan priest, d. 1476. John Buckley, Saint - Alias John Jones. Welsh Franciscan priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1598. John Duns Scotus, Blessed - Called "Doctor Subtilis," Franciscan, philosopher, d. 1308. Joseph Anchieta, Blessed - Short biography of this famous Jesuit missionary to Brazil. Joseph Lambton, Blessed - Yorkshire man, a priest, martyred at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1592. Joseph of Cupertino, Saint - Mystic from a very young age, priest, d. 1663. Biographical article. John Almond, Saint - Biographical sketch of the martyr. John of God, Saint - Portuguese shepherd, soldier, bookseller, finally found his niche caring for the health of the poor in Granada, became de facto founder of a religious order, d. 1550. John Payne, Saint - English priest, tortured and martyred on completely fabricated charges of conspiracy to murder the queen. Executed in 1582. Johann Nepomuk von Tschiderer zu Gleifheim, Blessed - Bishop of Trent, d. 1860. James Duckett, Blessed - Convert to Catholicism, publisher and bookseller, martyred in 1601. John Wall, Saint - Biography of the English Franciscan priest and missionary, martyred in 1679. John Cornelius and Companions, Blessed - Cornelius, born of Irish parents in Cornwall, studied for the priesthood at Reims. For 10 years he worked as a missionary in England till he was martyred in 1594 for being a Catholic priest, and three companions were also martyred for aiding him. John Shert, Blessed - Very brief biographical profile of the English priest, martyred in 1581. John de Britto, Saint - Portuguese Jesuit missionary to India, martyr, d. 1693. Jean de Brébeuf, Saint - Biographical article on the Jesuit missionary and martyr. Juliana of Liège, Saint - Devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, lobbied for the institution of the feast of Corpus Christi, d. 1258. John Sugar, Blessed - Also called John Suker. English priest, was martyred on the same day as a layman, the Bl. Robert Grissold, in 1604 after spending a year in prison. John Lloyd, Saint - Welsh priest and martyr, executed at Cardiff in 1679. Article also has information on his fellow martyr the Jesuit Philip Evans. John Colombini, Blessed - Sienese husband and father whose life was transformed by reading the life of St. Mary of Egypt. Founder of the Jesuati. He died in 1367. John of Sahagun, Saint - Spanish canon, became an Augustinian hermit, d. 1479. John Capistran, Saint - Lawyer, governor, ambassador, became a Franciscan priest and a renowned preacher, died in 1456. John Nepomucene, Saint - Biography of the vicar general of the Archdiocese of Prague, who was tortured and then thrown into the Moldau and drowned, by order of King Wenceslaus IV, in 1393. Joseph Oriol, Saint - Earned a doctorate in theology, served as a parish priest, renowned for gifts of prophecy and miracles. St. Joseph died in 1702. Jesus Christ, Origin of the Name of - Article examines the name Jesus and Christ separately. Julian the Apostate - Roman emperor 361-63, b. at Constantinople in 331, d. 26 June, 363, son of Julius Constantius, the half-brother of Constantine the Great. Jacquier, François - French mathematician and physicist, born at Vitry-le-Francois, 7 June, 1711; died at Rome, 3 July, 1788. Jacob of Jüterbogk - Theologian and canonist, born of poor parents near Jüterbogk, Brandenburg, Germany, 1381; died at Erfurt in 1465. Julian of Eclanum - Born about 386; died in Sicily, 454; the most learned among the leaders of the Pelagian movement and Bishop of Eclanum near Beneventum. Julian of Speyer - A famous composer, poet, and historian of the thirteenth century, b. at Speyer, d. at Paris about 1250. James of Brescia - Theologian of the fifteenth century. Jaca, Diocese of - Located in the Spanish province of Huesca. Jaca, the chief town of the mountain district of Sobrarbe. Juvenile Courts - Tribunals for the trial of children charged with crimes or offences. James of Edessa - A celebrated Syrian writer, b. most likely in A.D. 633; d. 5 June, 708. Justinianopolis - A titular see of Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebaste. Jacotot, Joseph - French educator, b. at Dijon, March, 1770; d. at Paris, 30 July, 1840. Judas Iscariot - The Apostle who betrayed Jesus. Justinian I - Roman Emperor (527-65). Justice - In its ordinary and proper sense, signifiies the most important of the cardinal virtues. Josias - A pious King of Juda (639-608 B.C.), who ascended the throne when he was only eight years of age. He was the son of Amon and the grandson of Manasses. Joseph of Issachar - A man of the tribe of Issachar, and the father of Igal who was one of the spies sent by Moses to traverse Chanaan and report on the country (Numbers 13:8). Joseph, Sisters of Saint - Founded at Le Puy, in Velay, France, by the Rev. Jean-Paul Médaille of the Society of Jesus. Jacobus de Teramo - Canonist and bishop, born in 1349 at Teramo in Italy; died in 1417 in Poland. Janner, Ferdinand - Theologian, born at Hirschau, in the Upper Palatinate (Bavaria), 4 Feb., 1836; died 1 November, 1895. Janow, Matthew of - A medieval ecclesiastical author, born in the fourteenth century in Bohemia; died at Prague, 30 Nov., 1394. James, Epistle of Saint - The author is commonly identified with the Lord's brother, the Bishop of Jerusalem; the view that the Lord's brother must be identified with James, the son of Alpheus, is by far the most probable. James of Sarugh - A writer of the Syrian Church. Jarric, Pierre de - Missionary writer, born at Toulouse in 1566; d. at Saintes, 2 March, 1617. Jaffna, Diocese of - Situated in the northern portion of Ceylon, Jaffna comprises the northern and north-central provinces of the island. Justiniani, Benedetto - Theological and Biblical writer. (1550-1622) John of Nikiû - An Egyptian chronicler who flourished in the latter part of the seventh century. John of Winterthur - Historian, born about 1300 atWinterthur (Switzerland); died subsequently to 1348, probably at Zurich. Jason - A Greek name adopted by many Jews whose Hebrew designation was Joshua (Jesus). In the Old Testament, it is applied to three or four persons connected with the period of the Machabees. Jansen, Cornelius - Exegete, born at Hulst, Flanders, 1510; died at Ghent, 11 April, 1576. Jaenbert - Thirteenth Archbishop of Canterbury; died at Canterbury 11 or 12 August, 791. Jacques de Vitry - Historian of the crusades, cardinal Bishop of Acre, later of Tusculum, b. at Vitry-sur-Seine, near Paris, probably about 1160; d. at Rome, 1240. Janssen, Johann - Historian, born 10 April, 1829, at Kanten, Germany; died 24 December, 1891, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Jealousy - Taken to be synonymous with envy. Jedburgh - Augustinian abbey, in the town of the same name, established as a priory by David I, King of Scots, in 1118, and colonized by Canons Regular of St. Augustine from the Abbey of St-Quentin, at Beauvais, France. Janauschek, Leopold - Cistercian, born at Brünn, Moravia, 13 October, 1827; died 23 July, 1898, at Baden, near Vienna. Jaro - Diocese in the Philippine Islands, formerly a part of the Diocese of Cebú, was made a separate diocese on 27 May, 1865. Jamay, Denis - Franciscan, missionary, date and place of birth unknown; died in France, 1625; an important figure in the early history of the Church in Canada. James Primadicci - Born at Bologna; died in the same city in 1460. Jovianus, Flavius Claudius - Roman Emperor, 363-4. Jassus - A titular see of Caria, and suffragan of Aphrodisias. Jehoshaphat - Fourth King of Juda after the schism of the Ten Tribes. Jackson, Henry Moore - Knight, born in Grenada, 1849; died in London, 29 August, 1908. Jainism - A form of religion intermediate between Brahminism and Buddhism, originated in India in pre-Christian times. Jeremias - Name of several Old Testament figures. Jubilee, Year of (Hebrew) - According to the Pentateuchal legislation contained in Leviticus, a Jubilee year is the year that follows immediately seven successive Sabbatic years (the Sabbatic year being the seventh year of a seven-year cycle). Jehoshaphat, Valley of - Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible (Joel, iii-Heb. text, iv). Jouffroy, Claude-François-Dorothée de - Mechanician, b. at Abbans, near Besançon, 30 Sept., 1751; d. at Paris, 18 July, 1832. Jaricot, Pauline-Marie - Foundress of the Society of the Propagation of the Faith and the Association of the Living Rosary, born at Lyons, 22 July, 1799; died there, 9 January, 1862. John of Saint Thomas - Theologian, born at Lisbon, 9 June, 1589; died at Fraga, Spain, 17 June, 1644. Jehu - The derivation of the name is uncertain. By some it is translated "Yahweh is he". Several by this name are noted in the article. Jerusalem (71-1099) - History in several periods to the first crusade. Jesuit Apologetic - The accusations brought against the Society have been exceptional for their frequency and fierceness. Jouin, Louis - Linguist, philosopher, author, b. at Berlin, 14 June, 1818, d. at New York, 10 June, 1899. Jemez Pueblo - An Indian pueblo situated upon the north bank of the river of the same name about twenty miles north-west of Bernalillo, New Mexico. Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71) - This article deals with the destruction by the Romans after it had become the scene of the Redemption. Jaén - Diocese in Southern Spain. John of Falkenberg - Author, b. at Falkenberg, Pomerania, Prussia, date unknown; d. about 1418 in Italy. Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of (1099-1291) - Founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed a first time by Saladin in 1187, it was re-established around Saint-Jean d'Acre and maintained until the capture of that city in 1291. Jesus Christ, Chronology of the Life of - Includes absolute and relative chronologies. Jesus Christ, Character of - The surpassing eminence of the character of Jesus has been acknowledged by men of the most varied type. Jews (as a Religion) - Judaism designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of the Jewish nation by the Assyrians and the Babylonians. Jurisdiction, Ecclesiastical - The right to guide and rule the Church of God. Jesu Dulcis Memoria - A poem ranging from forty two to fifty three stanzas (in various manuscripts), to form the three hymns of the Office of the Holy Name. Joseph Calasanctius of the Mother of God, Pious Workers of Saint - Founded at Vienna, 24 November, 1889, by Father Anton Maria Schwartz for all works of charity, but especially the apostolate among workingmen. Jansenius and Jansenism - The subject of this article lived three-quarters of a century later than his namesake. He was born 28 October, 1585, of a Catholic family, in the village of Accoi, near Leerdam, Holland; died at Ypres, 6 May, 1638. Jeaurat, Edmond - French engraver, b. at Vermenton, near Auxerre, 1688; d. at Paris, 1738. Justification - A biblio-ecclesiastical term; which denotes the transforming of the sinner from the state of unrighteousness to the state of holiness and sonship of God. Joan, Popess - The fable about a female pope, who afterwards bore the name of Johanna (Joan), is first noticed in the middle of the thirteenth century. Jandel, Alexandre Vincent - General of the Dominican order, born at Gerbevilliers (Lorraine), 18 July, 1810; died at Rome, 11 December, 1872. Jerusalem, Liturgy of - The Rite of Jerusalem is that of Antioch. Jumièges, Abbey of - Founded in 634 by St. Philibert, who had been the companion of Sts. Ouen and Wandrille at the Merovingian court. Jews, History of the - Of the two terms, Jews and Judaism, the former denotes usually the Israelites or descendants of Jacob (Israel) in contrast to Gentile races; the latter, the creed and worship of the Jews in contrast to Christianity and others. Jenks, Silvester - Theologian, born in Shropshire, c. 1656; died in December, 1714. Jesi - Diocese in the Province of Ancona, Italy, immediately subject to the Holy See. Judaizers - A party of Jewish Christians in the Early Church, who either held that circumcision and the observance of the Mosaic Law were necessary for salvation and in consequence wished to impose them on the Gentile converts, or who at least considered them as still obligatory on the Jewish Christians. John II, Pope - A Roman and the son of Projectus; if not born in the second region (Coelimontium) he had at least been a priest of St. Clement's Basilica. John III, Pope - A Roman surnamed Catelinus, d. 13 July, 574. John IV, Pope - A native of Dalmatia, and the son of the scholasticus (advocate) Venantius. John V, Pope - A Syrian whose father was one Cyriacus; when he was born is not known; d. 2 August, 686. John VI, Pope - A Greek, the date of whose birth is unknown; d. 11 January, 705. John XV (XVI), Pope - Enthroned 985; d. April, 996. John XVI (XVII) - Antipope 997-998; d. probably in 1013. John XVII (XVIII), Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. 6 Nov., 1003. John XVIII (XIX), Pope - Successor of John XVII, consecrated Christmas, 1003; d. June, 1009. John XIX (XX), Pope - Enthroned in 1024; d. 1032. John XXI (XX), Pope - Born at Lisbon between 1210 and 1220; enthroned, 1276; died at Viterbo, 20 May, 1277. Jauregui, Juan de - A Spanish painter and poet, born at Seville c. 1570, or, according to some, as late as 1583; died at Madrid c. 1640-1. John, Gospel of - According to the traditional order, the Gospel of St. John occupies the last place among the four canonical Gospels. John of Antioch - There are four persons commonly known by this name. Jocelin of Wells - Bishop of Bath and Wells, d. 19 Nov., 1242. Jaffa - A titular see in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. John of Hauteville - Moralist and satirical poet of the twelfth century (flourished about 1184). John of Biclaro - Chronicler, born in Portugal, probably about the middle of the sixth century; died after 621. Jarcke, Karl Ernst - Born 10 November, 1801, at Danzig, Prussia; died 27 December, 1852, at Vienna. He belonged to a Protestant merchant family. He took up the study of jurisprudence, and became at an early age professor of criminal law at Bonn and later in Berlin. Jíbaro Indians - An important tribal group of Ecuador, comprising a great number of small subtribes speaking a common language with dialectic variants, and together constituting a distinct linguistic stock. John of Janduno - An Averroistic philosopher, theologian, and political writer of the fourteenth century. Jesuit's Bark - On account of its alkaloids, is the most celebrated specific remedy for all forms of malaria. John of Montecorvino - A Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China, b. at Montecorvino in Southern Italy, in 1246; d. at Peking, in 1328. John, Epistles of - Three canonical books of the New Testament written by the Apostle St. John. John of Genoa - Grammarian; born at Genoa, date unknown; died there about 1298. John of Rupella - Franciscan theologian, b. at La Rochelle (Rupella), towards the end of the twelfth century. John of Fécamp - Ascetic writer, b. near Ravenna about the beginning of the eleventh century; d. at Fécamp, Normandy, 22 February, 1079. Juvencus, C. Vettius Aquilinus - Fourth-century Christian Latin poet. John of Montesono - Theologian and controversialist, born at Monzón, Spain; dates of birth and death unknown. John of Ephesus - Syriac historian, born at Amida (Diarbekir, on the upper Tigris), about 505; d. about 585. Jocelin de Brakelond - An English chronicler, of the late twelfth century. John of Victring - Chronicler, b. probably between 1270 and 1280; d. at Victring, Austria, 12 November, 1347. Judgment, Divine - Divine judgment (judicium divinum), as an immanent act of God, denotes the action of God's retributive justice by which the destiny of rational creatures is decided according to their merits and demerits. John Scholasticus - Patriarch of Constantinople, the author of an important collection of ecclesiastical laws; b. at Sirimis near Antioch; d. 577. John Talaia - Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (481-482) at the time of the Monophysite troubles. John of Segovia - A Spanish theologian, b. at Segovia towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. probably in 1458. John the Faster - Patriarch of Constantinople (John IV, 582-595), famous chiefly through his assumption of the title "eœcumenical patriarch"; d. 2 September, 595. Joannes de Sacrobosco - John Holywood, a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as professor of astronomy at Paris; died in that city, 1256. Johnston, Richard Malcolm - Educator, author, b. 8 March, 1822, at Powellton, Georgia, U.S.A.; d. at Baltimore, Maryland, 23 September, 1898. John of Paris - Theologian and controversialist; born at Paris, date unknown; died at Bordeaux, 22 September, 1306. Jeroboam - Name of two Israelitish kings. Jesus and Mary, Sisters of the Holy Childhood of - Several groups detailed. Jamaica - The largest of the British West Indian islands, situated in the Caribbean Sea. Joinville, Jean, Sire de - Seneschal of Champagne, historian, b in 1225; d. at Joinville, 1317. Jassy - Diocese in Rumania. Joliette - Diocese created by Pius X, 27 January, 1904 by division of the Archdiocese of Montreal; comprises three counties, Joliette, Berthier, and Montcalm, with four parishes of L'Assomption County. Jordanis - Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. John Malalas - A Monophysite Byzantine chronicler of the sixth century. Jus Spolii - A claim, exercised in the Middle Ages, of succession to the property of deceased clerics, at least such as they had derived from their ecclesiastical benefices. Jesus, Daughters of - Founded at Kermaria, in the Diocese of Vannes, France, in 1834, for the care of the sick poor, and the education of girls. Janssens, Abraham - Flemish painter, b. at Antwerp about 1573; d. probably in the same place about 1631. Joseph's Society for Foreign Missions, Saint - A society of priests and laymen whose object is to labour for the conversion of heathens in foreign countries. Jephte - One of the judges of Israel. The story of Jephte is narrated in chapters xi and xii of the Book of Judges. Janssens, Johann Hermann - Catholic theologian, b. at Maeseyck, Belgium, 7 Dec., 1783; d. at Engis, 23 May, 1853. Joseph's Society for Colored Missions, Saint - This organization began its labours in 1871, when four young priests from Mill Hill were put in charge of St. Francis Xavier's church, with a large congregation of black Catholics, in Baltimore. Other black missions were soon begun at Louisville, Charleston, Washington, Richmond, Norfolk, and other places in the South. John of Cornwall - Lived about 1176. Author of a treatise written against the doctrine of Abelard. Jouffroy, Jean de - French prelate and statesman; b. at Luxeuil (Franche-Comté) about 1412; d. at the priory of Rulli, in the Diocese of Bourges, 24 November, 1473. Japan - Called in the language of the country Nihon or Nippon (Land of the Rising Sun), and Dai Nihon or Dai Nippon (Great Japan), situated north-west of the Pacific Ocean and east of the Asiatic continent. Josephus, Flavius - Jewish historian, born A.D. 37, at Jerusalem; died about 101. Jesus Mary, Religious of - Founded at Lyons, France, in October, 1818, by Claudine Thevenet, in religion, Mother St. Ignatius. Joest, Jan - Dutch painter, b. at Calcker, or Calcar, about 1460; d. at Haarlem in 1519. Jesus Christ, Early Historical Documents on - Divided into three classes: pagan sources, Jewish sources, and Christian sources. Jordanus of Giano - Italian Minorite, b. at Giano in the Valley of Spoleto, c. 1195; d. after 1262. John the Deacon - Article about four historians of the Middle Ages who bear this name. John of Roquetaillade (de Rupescissa) - Franciscan alchemist, date of birth unknown; d. probably at Avignon, 1362. Joseph of Exeter - A twelfth-century Lain poet; b. at Exeter, England. Jorg, Joseph Edmund - Historian and politician, b. 23 Dec., 1819 at Immenstadt (Ahgau); d. at Landshut, 18 Nov., 1901. John of Ragusa - Dominican theologian. (1380-1443) Josephites - A congregation devoted to the Christian education of youth, founded in the Diocese of Ghent (Belgium) by Canon van Crombrugghe, in 1817. Jouvenet, Jean - French painter, b. at Rouen in 1644, d. at Paris, 5 April, 1717. Jerusalem (After 1291) - The Latin dominion over Jerusalem really came to an end on 2 October, 1187, when the city opened its gates to Saladin (Yusuf ibn Ayyub, Salah-ed-din, Emir of Egypt, 1169-93); although fragments of the Latin kingdom in Palestine lasted into another century. Joubert, Joseph - French philosopher; b. at Martignac (Dordogne), 7 May, 1754, d. at Villeneuve-le-Roi (Yonne), 4 May 1824. Jovius, Paulus - Historian, b. at Como, Italy, 9 April, 1483, d. at Florence, 11 Dec., 1552. Johnson, Lionel Pigot - Born at Broadstairs on the Kentish coast, 15 Mar., 1867; died 4 Oct., 1902. Joyeuse, Henri, Duc de - Born in 1563 and not, as is mistakenly stated in the "Biographic Michaud", in 1567; died at Rivoli, 28 Sept., 1608. He was the third son of Maréchal Guillaume de Joyeuse, and was a brother of the Admiral Anne de Joyeuse and of the prelate François de Joyeuse. Jubilate Sunday - The third Sunday after Easter. Joseph II - German Emperor (reigned 1765-90), of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine, son and successor of Maria Theresa and Francis I. Judde, Claude - French preacher and spiritual father; born at Rouen, about 20 December, 1661; died at Paris, 11 March, 1735. Jehovah - Proper name of God in the Old Testament. Judge, Ecclesiastical - An ecclesiastical person who possesses ecclesiastical jurisdiction either in general or in the strict sense. Jubilee, Holy Year of - Background information relating to the Jubilee. Jouvancy, Joseph de - Poet, pedagogue, philologist, and historian, b. at Paris, 14 September, 1643; d. at Rome, 29 May, 1719. Jussieu, De - Name of five French botanists. Judica Sunday - Name given to the fifth Sunday of Lent, and derived from the first words of the Introit of that day. Jordan, The - Formed at a point about five and a half miles below Banias, by the junction of three streams, the Jordan enters Lake Hûleh about nine and a third miles lower down. Jovinianus - An opponent of Christian asceticism in the fourth century, condemned as a heretic (390). Jocelin - Cistercian monk and Bishop of Glasgow; d. at Melrose Abbey in 1199. Juliopolis - Titular see in the province of Bithynia Secunda, suffragan of Nicaea. Judges, The Book of - The seventh book of the Old Testament, second of the Early Prophets of the Hebrew canon. Jolly, Philipp Johann Gustav von - German physicist, born at Mannheim, 26 September, 1809; died at Munich, 24 December, 1884. Juste - The name conventionally applied to a family of Italian sculptors, whose real name was Betti, originally from San Martino a Mensola, near Florence. Jennings, Sir Patrick Alfred - An Australian statesman, b. at Newry, Ireland, 1831; d. July, 1897. Jesuit Generals Prior to the Suppression - Details of several who held the position. Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de - Spanish statesman and man of letters, at Gijon, Asturias, 5 Jan., 1744, d. at Puerto de Vega on the borders of Asturias, 27 Nov., 1811. Jesuits, Distinguished - A list without details of the Jesuits. Does include links to articles when there is one about the person. Jesuits, History of the (pre-1750) - Includes details of activities in various countries. Jesuits, Suppression of the (1750-1773) - The most difficult part of the history of the Society. Jesuits, History of the (1773-1814) - The execution of the Brief of Suppression having been largely left to local bishops, there was room for a good deal of variety in the treatment the Jesuits might receive in different places. Jesuits, History of the (1814-1912) - Pius VII had resolved to restore the Society during his captivity in France; and after his return to Rome he did so with little delay. John VII, Pope - Reigned 705-707. John VIII, Pope - Reigned 872-82. John IX, Pope - Reigned 898-900. John X, Pope - Born at Tossignano, Romagna; enthroned, 914; died at Rome, 928. John XI, Pope - Reigned 931-935. John XII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; reigned 955-64. John XIII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; enthroned on 1 Oct., 965; d. 6 Sept., 972. John XIV, Pope - After the death of Benedict VII, Bishop Peter Campanora of Pavia, earlier imperial chancellor of Italy, was elected pope with the consent of Emperor Otto II, and took the name of John. John XXII, Pope - Born at Cahors in 1249; enthroned, 5 September, 1316; died at Avignon, 4 December, 1334. John XXIII - Antipope. (1370-1419) John Parvus - A French theologian and professor in the University of Paris; b. most likely at Brachy, Caux, in Normandy, and certainly in the Diocese of Rouen, about 1360; d. 15 July, 1411. Jonas of Bobbio - Monk and hagiographer, b. about the close of the sixth century at Sigusia (Susa) in Piedmont; d. after 659. Jonas of Orléans - Bishop and ecclesiastical writer, born in Aquitaine; died in 843 or 844. Juan Bautista de Toledo - An eminent Spanish sculptor and architect; b. at Madrid (date not known); d. there 19 May, 1567. Judea - It designates the part of Palestine adjacent to Jerusalem and inhabited by the Jewish community after their return from captivity. Judgment, General - To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the "Day of the Lord" (Joel 2:31; Ezekiel 13:5; Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment. In the New Testament the second Parusia, or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrine. Julius II, Pope - Born on 5 December, 1443, at Albissola near Savona; crowned on 28 November, 1503; died at Rome, in the night of 20-21 February, 1513. Julius III, Pope - Born at Rome, 10 September, 1487; died there, 23 March, 1555. Julius Africanus - The father of Christian chronography. Jungmann, Bernard - A dogmatic theologian and ecclesiastical historian, born at Münster in Westphalia, 1 March, 1833; died at Louvain, 12 Jan., 1895. Jungmann, Josef - In 1850 he entered the German College at Rome, and was ordained priest in 1855. He afterwards joined the Society of Jesus. Judgment, Particular - The Catholic doctrine of the particular judgment is this: that immediately after death the eternal destiny of each separated soul is decided by the just judgment of God.