Indianapolis - Diocese; suffragan of Cincinnati, established as the Diocese of Vincennes in 1834, but by brief dated 28 March, and promulgated 30 April, 1898, the pope changed the see to Indianapolis. Ipolyi, Arnold - Bishop of Grosswardein (Nagy-Várad), b. at Ipoly-Keszi, 20 Oct., 1823; d. at Grosswardein, 2 December 1886. Isaac - The son of Abraham and Sara. Ismael - Son of Abraham and Hagar. Issachar - Ninth son of Jacob, and name of the tribe descended from him. Isaias - Essay on the Biblical prophet and the book which bears his name. Isidore of Seville, Saint - Biographical entry for this bishop, who died in 636. Ildephonsus, Saint - Archbishop of Toledo, d. 667. Ignatius of Constantinople, Saint - Tells the story of this son of Emperor Michael I, forced into monastic life by a rival. Patriarch of Constantinople, deposed on a wicked pretext. Ignatius died in 877. Irenaeus, Saint - Article on the bishop of Lyons, Father of the Church, d. late second or early third century. Innocent I, Pope Saint - Unanimously chosen to succeed Anastasius. Essay on his writings and some of the more notable events of his pontificate. Innocent died in 417. Isidore of Pelusium, Saint - Born at Alexandria, became a monk, opposed Nestorianism and Eutychianism, d. no later than 449-450. Ine, Saint - King of the West Saxons, d. 728. Also known as Ina or Ini. Ita, Saint - The "Brigid of Munster," d. 570. Illtyd, Saint - Also known as Iltutus. Late fifth- to early sixth-century Welsh saint. Biographical article. Ignatius of Antioch, Saint - Biography of the bishop and writer. Ignatius was martyred at Rome sometime between 98 and 117. Ibar, Saint - Irishman, contemporary of St. Patrick, and was a missionary in County Wexford before Patrick set foot in Ireland. Uncle of St. Abban. Investitures, Conflict of - The terminus technicus for the great struggle between the popes and the German kings Henry IV and Henry V, during the period 1075-1122. Ivo of Chartres, Saint - Essay on the life and writings of this bishop, who died in 1116. Ignatius Loyola, Saint - Biography of the Spanish founder of the Jesuits, who died in 1556. Innocent XI, Pope Blessed - Lengthy biography of this pope known for his piety and unselfish devotion to duty. Isidore the Labourer, Saint - Spanish day laborer, married to St. María de la Cabeza. He died in 1130. Ignacio de Azevedo, Blessed - Portuguese Jesuit, missionary to Brazil, martyred with thirty-nine companions by Huguenot pirates near the island of Palma in 1570. Isaac Jogues, Saint - French Jesuit missionary to Canada, martyred in 1646. Ippolito Galantini, Blessed - Founder of the Christian Congregation of Florence, d. 1619. Ives, Saint - Or St. Yves. Patron saint of lawyers, d. 1303. Isabel of France, Saint - Daughter of Blanche of Castille and sister of St. Louis IX. Founded a convent of Poor Clares. Died 1270. Innocent V, Pope Blessed - French Dominican, known as "most famous doctor," d. 1276. Inspiration of the Bible - Covered in four sections, I. Belief in Inspired books; II. Nature of Inspiration; III. Extent of Inspiration; IV. Protestant Views on the Inspiration of the Bible. Inquisition - By this term is usually meant a special ecclesiastical institutional for combating or suppressing heresy. Irish Literature - It is uncertain at what period and in what manner the Irish discovered the use of letters. It may have been through direct commerce with Gaul, but it is more probable, as McNeill has shown in his study of Irish oghams, that it was from the Romanized Britons that they first learned the art of writing. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alba - Mexican historian. (1568-1648) Interest (in Psychology) - Defined as a kind of consciousness accompanying and stimulating attention, a feeling pleasant or painful directing attention, the pleasurable or painful aspect of a process of attention, and as identical with attention itself. Isidore of Thessalonica - Cardinal and sometime Metropolitan of Kiev or Moscow, b. at Thessalonica (Saloniki) towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. at Rome, 27 April, 1463. Innsbruck University - Opened at Innsbruck in 1562 by Blessed Peter Canisius, at the request and on the foundation of the Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria. Imitation of Christ - A work of spiritual devotion, also sometimes called the "Following of Christ". Its purpose is to instruct the soul in Christian perfection with Christ as the Divine Model. Ittenbach, Franz - Historical painter; born at Königswinter, at the foot of the Drachenfels, in 1813; died at Düsseldorf, 1879. Israelites - The word designates the descendants of the Patriarch Jacob, or Israel. Ionopolis - A titular see in the province of Paphlagonia, suffragan of Gangres. Idealism - The characteristic of those who regard the ideas of truth and right, goodness and beauty, as standards and directive forces. Ispahan - A Catholic Armenian Latin see. Ibarra - Diocese in Southern Ecuador, suffragan of Quito, created by Pius IX. Ivory - The tusks of the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, and other animals: a tough and elastic substance, of a creamy white, taking a high and lasting polish, largely employed in the arts since pre-historic times, and used extensively in making or adorning ecclesiastical objects by the primitive and medieval Christians. Iowa - One of the North Central States of the American Union, and is about midway between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. IHS - A monogram of the name of Jesus Christ. Innocent XII, Pope - Reigned 1691-1700. Irish Colleges, on the Continent - The religious persecution under Elizabeth and James I lead to the suppression of the monastic schools in Ireland in which the clergy for the most part received their education. It became necessary, therefore, to seek education abroad, and many colleges for the training of the secular clergy were founded on the Continent, at Rome, in Spain and Portugal, in Belgium, and in France. Islam (Concept) - An Arabic word which, since Mohammed's time, has acquired a religious and technical significance denoting the religion of Mohammed and of the Koran, just as Christianity denotes that of Jesus and of the Gospels, or Judaism that of Moses, the Prophets, and of the Old Testament. Institute of Mission Helpers of the Sacred Heart - There are houses of the institute in New York, Trenton, Porto Rico, and Baltimore. Irish College, in Rome - Towards the close of the sixteenth century, Gregory XIII had sanctioned the foundation of an Irish college in Rome, and had assigned a large sum of money as the nucleus of an endowment. Iconoclasm - The name of the heresy that in the eighth and ninth centuries disturbed the peace of the Eastern Church, caused the last of the many breaches with Rome that prepared the way for the schism of Photius, and was echoed on a smaller scale in the Frankish kingdom in the West. Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament, Order of the - Founded in the early part of the seventeenth century by Jeanne Chezard de Matel. Illinois Indians - An important confederacy of Algonquian tribes formerly occupying the greater part of the present state of Illinois, together with the adjacent portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri. Iconostasis - A great screen or partition running from side to side of the apse or across the entire end of the church, which divides the sanctuary from the body of the church, and is built of solid materials such as stone, metal, or wood, and which reaches often (as in Russia) to the very ceiling of the church, thus completely shutting off the altar and the sanctuary from the worshipper. Ivrea, Diocese of - Suffragan of Turin, Northern Italy. Images, Veneration of - It is an uncompromising attitude in the late Jewish history, together with the apparently obvious meaning of the First Commandment, that are responsible for the common idea that Jews had no images. Incarnate Word, Sisters of Charity of the - This congregation, with simple vows, was founded by Rt. Rev. C.M. Dubuis, Bishop of Galveston. Idolatry - Etymologically denotes divine worship given to an image, but its signification has been extended to all divine worship given to anyone or anything but the true God. Imagination - The faculty of representing to oneself sensible objects independently of an actual impression of those objects on our senses. Isaac of Seleucia - Patriarch of the Persian Church, d. 410. Idaho - Probably from an Arapahoe Indian word, "Gem of the Mountains", the name first suggested for the territory of Colorado. Indian Missions, Bureau of Catholic - An institution originated (1874) by J. Roosevelt Barley, Archbishop of Baltimore, for the protection and promotion of Catholic Indian mission interests in the United States of America. Iglesias, Diocese of - A suffragan of Cagliari in Sardinia. Innocent VII, Pope - Reigned 1406. Illuminati - Secret society founded in 1776. Internuncio - The name given in the Roman Curia to a diplomatic agent who, though not belonging to the five highest classes of the papal diplomatic service (legatus a latere, nuncio with full powers of a legatus a latere, legate, nuncio of the first class, and nuncio of the second class), is, nevertheless, chief of a legation (chef de mission). Iconography, Christian - The science of the description, history, and interpretation of the traditional representations of God, the saints and other sacred subjects in art. Immunity - An exemption from a legal obligation (munus), imposed on a person or his property by law, custom, or the order of a superior. Ingres, Jean-Auguste Dominique - A French painter, b. at Montauban, 29 August, 1780; d. at Paris, 14 January, 1867. Imola, Innocenzo di Pietro Francucci da - Italian painter; b. at Imola, c. 1494; d. at Bologna, c. 1550. Irish, The, (in countries other than Ireland) - Includes the United States, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, South Africa, and South America. Illyria - A district of the Balkan Peninsula, which has varied in extent at different periods. Idumea - The country inhabited by the descendants of Edom. Imposition of Hands - A symbolical ceremony by which one intends to communicate to another some favour, quality or excellence (principally of a spiritual kind), or to depute another to some office. Iglesias de la Casa, José - A Spanish of the coterie gathered about Meléndez, Valdés, born at Salamanca, 31 October, 1748; died 1791. Imola - Diocese; suffragan of Bologna. Infanticide - Child-murder; the killing of an infant before or after birth. Incense - An aromatic substance which is obtained from certain resinous trees and largely employed for purposes of religious worship. In Commendam - A phrase used in canon law to designate a certain manner of collating an ecclesiastical benefice. Insane, Asylums and Care for the - The Church, from the earliest times, arranged for the care of the insane. Index of Prohibited Books - The exact list or catalogue of books, the reading of which was once forbidden to Catholics by the highest ecclesiastical authority. Islip, Simon - An Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Islip, near Oxford; d. at Mayfield, Sussex, 26 April, 1366. Indifferentism, Religious - The term given, in general, to all those theories, which, for one reason or another, deny that it is the duty of man to worship God by believing and practicing the one true religion. Improperia - The reproaches which in the liturgy of the Office of Good Friday the Saviour is made to utter against the Jews, who, in requital for all the Divine favours and particularly for the delivery from the bondage of Egypt and safe conduct into the Promised Land, inflicted on Him the ignominies of the Passion and a cruel death. Ignorance - Lack of knowledge about a thing in a being capable of knowing. Immortality - By immortality is ordinarily understood the doctrine that the human soul will survive death, continuing in the possession of an endless conscious existence. In Partibus Infidelium - A term meaning "in the lands of the unbelievers," words added to the name of the see conferred on non-residential or titular Latin bishops. Imhof, Maximus von - German physicist, born 26 July, 1758, at Rissbach, in Bavaria; died 11 April, 1817 at Munich. Intendencia Oriental y Llanos de San Martín - Vicariate Apostolic in the province of Saint Martin, Colombia, South America, created 24 March, 1908, and entrusted to the Society of Mary. Individualism - The tendency to magnify individual liberty, as against external authority, and individual activity, as against associated activity. Incest - Sexual intercourse between those who are related by blood or marriage. Indulgences - A remission of the temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven. Indult, Pontifical - General faculties granted by the Holy See to bishops and others, of doing something not permitted by the common law. In Petto - An Italian translation of the Latin in pectore, "in the breast", i.e. in the secret of the heart. Invitatorium - The invitation addressed to the faithful to come and take part in the Divine Office. Infidels - As in ecclesiastical language those who by baptism have received faith in Jesus Christ and have pledged Him their fidelity and called the faithful, so the name infidel is given to those who have not been baptized. Incarnation, The - The Incarnation is the mystery and the dogma of the Word made Flesh. Inchbald, Elizabeth - Novelist, dramatist, and actress; b. at Staningfield, near Bury St. Edmunds, 15 Oct., 1753; d. at Kensington, London, 1 Aug., 1821. Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Irish - Founded by Frances Mary Teresa Ball, under the direction and episcopal jurisdiction of the Most Rev. D. Murray, Archbishop of Dublin. Individual, Individuality - An individual being is defined by St. Thomas as "quod est in se indivisum, ab aliis vero divisum" (a being undivided in itself but separated from other beings). Immaculate Conception, Congregation of the - Article covers several groups of this name. Italians in the United States - Information on distribution, statistics, and religion. Infamy - Loss of a good name. Induction - Induction is the conscious mental process by which we pass from the perception of particular phenomena (things and events) to the knowledge of general truths. Indies, Patriarchate of the East - In consequence of an agreement between the Holy See and the Portuguese Government in 1886. Indians, American - History, customs, and language are covered here. Infessura, Stefano - Lawyer and antipapal chronicler. (1435-1500) Innocent II, Pope - Reigned 1130-1143. Incardination and Excardination - In the ecclesiastical sense the words are used to denote that a given person is freed from the jurisdiction of one bishop and is transferred to that of another. Innocent IV, Pope - Reigned 1243-1254. Innocent III, Pope - Reigned 1198-1216. Inghirami, Giovanni - Italian astronomer, b. at Volterra, Tuscany, 16 April, 1779; d. at Florence, 15 August, 1851. Illuminati - False Spanish mystics. Institute of Mary - The official title of the second congregation founded by Mary Ward. Innocent VI, Pope - Reigned 1352-1362. Ingen-Housz, Jan - Investigator of the physiology of plants, physicist, and physician. (1730-1799) Innocent IX, Pope - Reigned 1591. Inscriptions, Early Christian - Divided into three main classes: sepulchral inscriptions, epigraphic records, and inscriptions concerning private life. Innocent VIII, Pope - Reigned 1484-1492. Ingworth, Richard of - A Franciscan preacher who flourished about 1225. Irish Confessors and Martyrs - The period covered by this article embraces that between the years 1540 and (approximately) 1713. Indulgences, Apostolic - Those which the Roman pontiff, the successor of the Prince of the Apostles, attaches to the crosses, crucifixes, chaplets, rosaries, images, and medals which he blesses, either with his own hand or by those to whom he has delegated this faculty. Inventory of Church Property - An inventory is to be made at the beginning of a given administration; when the period of management has expired, the out-going official must produce all the things which appear in this inventory or were added later, excepting those which have been consumed or rendered useless. Infinity - The infinite, as the word indicates, is that which has no end, no limit, no boundary, and therefore cannot be measured by a finite standard, however often applied; it is that which cannot be attained by successive addition, not exhausted by successive subtraction of finite quantities. Ionian School of Philosophy - Includes the earliest Greek philosophers, who lived at Miletus, an Ionian colony in Asia Minor, during the sixth century B.C., and a group of philosophers who lived about one hundred years later and modified the doctrines of their predecessors in several respects. Imbonati, Carlo Giuseppe - Cistercian of the Reform of St. Bernard, orientalist, biographer, theologian; born at Milan; flourished in the latter half of the seventeenth century. Insanity - The dividing line between sanity and insanity, like the line that distinguishes a man of average height from a tall man, can be described only in terms of a moral estimate. Ingolstadt, University of - Founded by Louis the Rich, Duke of Bavaria. Inquisition, Canonical - Either extra-judicial or judicial: the former might be likened to a coroner's inquest in civil law; while the latter is similar to an investigation by the grand jury. Injustice - The violation of another's strict right against his reasonable will, and the value of the word right is determined to be the moral power of having or doing or exacting something in support or furtherance of one's own advantage. Isaac of Nineveh - A Nestorian bishop of that city in the latter half of the seventh century, being consecrated by the Nestorian Patriarch George (660-80). Intellect - The faculty of thought. Installation - This word, strictly speaking, applies to the solemn induction of a canon into the stall or seat which he is to occupy in the choir of a cathedral or collegiate church. Intention - An act of the will by which that faculty efficaciously desires to reach an end by employing the means. Interest (in Economics) - A value exacted or promised over and above the restitution of a borrowed capital. Intercession, Episcopal - The right to intercede for criminals, which was granted by the secular power to the bishops of the Early Church. Instinct - The term usually includes the idea of a purposive adaptation of an action or series of actions in an organized being, not governed by consciousness of the end to be attained. Institution, Canonical - In its strictest sense the word denotes the collation of an ecclesiastical benefice by a legitimate authority, on the presentation of a candidate by a third person. Indiana - One of the United States of America, the nineteenth in point of admission. Interdict - Originally in Roman law, an interlocutory edict of the praetor, especially in matter affecting the right of possession; it still preserves this meaning in both Roman and canon law. Intrusion - The act by which unlawful possession of an ecclesiastical benefice is taken. Introduction, Biblical - Designates the part of Scriptural science which is concerned with topics preliminary to the detailed study and correct exposition of Holy Writ, and also, it is given to a work in which these various topics are actually treated. Investiture, Canonical - The act by which a suzerain granted a fief to his vassal, and the ceremonies which accompanied that grant. Immaculate Conception - In the Constitution Ineffabilis Deus of 8 December, 1854, Pius IX pronounced and defined that the Blessed Virgin Mary "in the first instance of her conception, by a singular privilege and grace granted by God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved exempt from all stain of original sin." Intercession - To go or come between two parties, to plead before one of them on behalf of the other. Infralapsarians - The name given to a party of Dutch Calvinists in the seventeenth century, who sought to mitigate the rigour of Calvin's doctrine concerning absolute predestination. Isabella I - Queen of Castile. (1451-1504) Irvingites - A religious sect called after Edward Irving (1792-1834), a deposed Presbyterian minister. Ite Missa Est - This is the versicle chanted in the Roman Rite by the deacon at the end of Mass, after the Post-Communions. Iriarte, Ignacio de - Painter, b. at Azcoitia, Guipuzcoa, in 1620; d. at Seville, 1685. Intuition - A psychological and philosophical term which designates the process of immediate apprehension or perception of an actual fact, being, or relation between two terms and its results. Ibagué - Suffragan of Bogotá, in the Republic of Colombia, South America. Ionian Islands - A group of seven islands and a number of islets scattered over the Ionian Sea to the west of Greece. Innocent XIII, Pope - Reigned 1721-24. India - The peninsula is separated on the north from Tibet and Central Asia by the Himalaya, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram mountains, and some lower ranges divide it from Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Isaac of Armenia - Catholicos or Patriarch of Armenia (338-439). Innocent X, Pope - Reigned 1644-1655. Infallibility - In general, exemption or immunity from liability to error or failure; in particular in theological usage, the supernatural prerogative by which the Church of Christ is, by a special Divine assistance, preserved from liability to error in her definitive dogmatic teaching regarding matters of faith and morals. Indo-China - The most easterly of the three great peninsulas of Southern Asia, is bounded on the north by the mountains of Assam, the Plateau of Yun-nan, and the mountains of Kwang-si; on the east by the province of Kwang-si (Canton), the Gulf of Tong-king, and the Sea of China; on the south by the Sea of China, the Gulf of Siam and the Strait of Malacca; on the west by the Gulf of Martaban and the Bay of Bengal. Iona, School of - Thorough history of the ancient monastery. Isleta Pueblo - The name of two pueblos of the ancient Tigua tribe, of remote Shoshoncan stock. Irene, Sister - Catherine FitzGibbon, born in London, England, 12 May, 1823; died in New York, 14 August, 1896. Irenopolis - A titular see of Isauria, suffragan of Seleucia. Iroquois - A noted confederacy of five, and afterwards six, cognate tribes of Iroquoian stock, and closely cognate languages, formerly occupying central New York, and claiming right of conquest over nearly all the tribes from Hudson Bay to Tennessee River, and westward to Lake Michigan and Illinois River. Interims - Temporary settlements in matters of religion, entered into by Emperor Charles V (1519-56) with the Protestants. Irnerius - An Italian jurist and founder of the School of Glossators, b. at Bologna about 1050; d. there about 1130. Isionda - A titular see in the province of Pamphylia Secunda; it was a suffragan of Perge. Introit - The Introit (Introitus) of the Mass is the fragment of a psalm with its antiphon sung while the celebrant and ministers enter the church and approach the altar. Ipsus - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, suffragan of Synnada. Ingulf - Abbot of Croyland, Lincolnshire; d. there 17 December 1109. Issus - Titular see of Cilicia Prima. In Coeœna Domini - A papal Bull, so called from the feast on which it was annually published in Rome, viz, the feast of the Lord's Supper, or Maundy Thursday. Isla, José Francisco de - Spanish preacher and satirist, b. at Villavidantes (Kingdom of Leon), 24 March, 1703; d. at Bologna, 2 November, 1782. Ibas - Elected Bishop of Edessa in 439 as successor of Rabbulas, one of the most ardent supporters of St. Cyril; d. 457. Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d' - Founder of the colony of Louisiana, b. at Villemarie, Montreal, 16 July, 1661; d. at Havana, 9 July, 1706. Ibora - A titular see in the Province of Helenopont, suffragan of Amasia. Iceland - The island called Iceland, is considered, because of its population and history as forming a part of Europe, is situated in the North Atlantic Ocean. Iconium - A titular see of Lycaonia. Idea - The word was originally Greek, but passed without change into Latin. It seems first to have meant form, shape, or appearance, whence, by an easy transition, it acquired the connotation of nature, or kind. Idiota - The nom de plume of an ancient, learned, and pious writer whose identity remained unknown for some centuries. Illegitimacy - As generally defined, and as understood in this article, illegitimacy denotes the condition of children born out of wedlock. Illinois - One of the United States of America, bounded on the north by Wisconsin, on the west by the Mississippi, which separates it from Iowa and Missouri, on the south by the confluent waters of the Mississippi and the Ohio, which separate it from Kentucky, on the east by Indiana and Lake Michigan. Immanence - Latin, in manere, to remain in. The quality of any action which begins and ends within the agent. Impanation - An heretical doctrine according to which Christ is in the Eucharist through His human body substantially united with the substances of bread and wine, and thus is really present as God, made bread. Impediments, Canonical - Canon law uses the word impediment in its restricted and technical sense, only in reference to marriage, while impediments to Holy orders are spoken of as irregularities. Impostors - That there would be hypocrites who would take advantage of a profession of piety to mask their own evil designs had been clearly foretold by Christ in the Gospels. Incorporation of Church Property, Civil - Christianity at its very beginning, found the concept of the corporation well developed under Roman law and widely and variously organized in Roman society. It was a concept that the early Christians soon adapted to their organization and, as a means of protection in the periods of persecution. Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools - A society of male religious approved by the Church, but not taking Holy orders, and having for its object the personal sanctification of its members and the Christian education of youth, especially of the children of artisans and the poor. Institutes, Roman Historical - Collegiate bodies established at Rome by ecclesiastical or civil authority for the purpose of historical research, notably in the Vatican archives. Irregularity - A canonical impediment directly impeding the reception of tonsure and Holy orders or preventing the exercise of orders already received. Irremovability - A quality of certain ecclesiastical offices and dignities. It implies that the incumbent's appointment is, under certain conditions, a perpetual one, or for the term of his natural life. Isaura - Titular see in the Province of Lycaonia, suffragan of Iconium. Ischia - Diocese, suffragan to Naples. Isernia and Venafro - Diocese in the province of Campobasso in Molise (Southern Italy). Italian Literature - The modern language of Italy is naturally derived from Latin, a continuation and development of the Latin actually spoken among the inhabitants of the peninsula after the downfall of the Roman Empire. Italo-Greeks - The name applied to the Greeks in Italy who observe the Byzantine Rite. Italy - In ancient times Italy had several other names: it was called Saturnia, in honour of Saturn; Enotria, wine-producing land; Ausonia, land of the Ausonians; Hesperia, land to the west (of Greece); Tyrrhenia, etc. The name Italy, which seems to have been taken from vitulus, to signify a land abounding in cattle, was applied at first to a very limited territory. Itineraria - Under this term are comprised two kinds of works: travellers' relations describing the places and countries visited by them, together with such incidents of the voyage as are worth noting; and compilations intended to furnish information for the guidance of travellers, i.e. works which we now distinguish as books of travel and guide-books. Itinerarium - A form of prayer used by monks and clerics before setting out on a journey, and for that reason usually printed at the end of the Breviary, where it can be conveniently found when required. Ives, Levi Silliman - Born at Meriden, Connecticut, U.S.A., 16 September, 1797; d. at New York, 13 October, 1867. He was one of the most distinguished converts to the Church made in the United States through the influence of the Tractarian Movement of 1848-49.