Giorgione - Italian painter, b. at Castelfranco in or before 1477; d. in Venice in October or November, 1510. Ghiberti, Lorenzo di Cione - Sculptor; b. at Florence about 1381; d. there, December, 1455. Guido of Arezzo - Article with life and summary of his contributions to musical theory and composition. Gounod, Charles-François - An article focusing especially on his religious compositions and the effect of his beliefs on his compositions. Giraldus Cambrensis - Biographical article on the medieval ecclesiastic and writer. Goldoni, Carlo - Brief biography of the Italian dramatist. Gozzi, Carlo - Italian author, born at Venice, 1720; died 1806. Gall, Abbey of Saint - In Switzerland, Canton St. Gall, 30 miles southeast of Constance; for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe; founded about 613, and named after Gallus, an Irishman, the disciple and companion of St. Columbanus in his exile from Luxeuil. Gaza - A titular see of Palaestina Prima, in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Greenland - An island stretching from within the Arctic Circle south to about 59 degrees N. latitude, being between 20 degrees and 75 degrees W. longitude. Gisbert, Blaise - French rhetorician and critic; born at Cahors, 21 February, 1657; died at Montpellier, 21 February, 1731. Grosswardein - A diocese of the Latin Rite in Hungary, suffragan of Kalocsa-Bács. Gama, Vasco da - The discover of the sea route to East Indies; born at Sines, Province of Alemtejo, Portugal, about 1469; died at Cochin, India, 24 December, 1524. Galerius, Valerius Maximianus - Galerius, a native of Illyria, was made Caesar 1 March, 293, by Diocletian, whose daughter Valeria he married and who in turn adopted her husband. Gordian - There were three Roman emperors of this name, who reigned between A.D. 237-44, and all of whom met with violent deaths. Gratian - Details on this Roman Emperor who was the son of Valentinian I. He was born at Sirmium, 359 and died at Lyons, 383. Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatius - Roman emperor; b. about 218; d. at Milan, 4 March, 268. Gunpowder Plot, The - Oath taken May, 1604, plot discovered November, 1605. Robert Catesby, the originator of the Powder Plot, owned estates at Lapworth and Ashby St. Legers. Godfrey of Fontaines - A scholastic philosopher and theologian; born near Liège within the first half of the thirteenth century. Gassendi, Pierre - French philosopher and scientist. Article by J.G. Hagen covers Gassendi's life and work in some detail. Guicciardini, Francesco - Biographical article by Edmund G. Gardner on the historian and statesman, who died in 1540. Gregory of Rimini - Augustinian theologian, d. 1358. Gad - A proper name which designates in the Bible, (I), a patriarch; (II), a tribe of Israel; (III), a prophet; (IV), a pagan deity. Gideon - One of the Greater Judges of Israel. He belonged to the tribe of Manasses, and to the family of Abiezer. Gresemund, Dietrich - German humanist; b. in 1477, at Speyer; d. 1512, at Mainz. Gnosticism - History of Gnosticism from its pre-Christian roots through its developed doctrines concerning cosmogony, the Sophia-myth, soteriology, and eschatology. Includes information on rites, schools, and literature. Giles, Saint - Also known as Aegidius. Hermit and then abbot in late seventh-century Gaul. Gallicanus, Saints - Three saints by this name commemorated on 25 June. Ghislain, Saint - Hermit in Belgium, confessor, died c. 680. Gall, Saint - Late sixth- to early seventh-century Irish hermit. Gregory the Illuminator, Saint - Patron of Armenia. Husband and father, bishop, d. possibly in 337. Gelasius I, Pope Saint - An assessment of his pontificate. He died in 496. Gerald, Saint - English monk, Bishop of Mayo, d. 731. Brief biography. Gaudentius, Saint - Successor of St. Philastrius as bishop of Brescia. Gaudentius died c. 410. Gregory of Neocaesarea, Saint - Also known as Gregory Thaumaturgus, converted to Christianity by Origen, became a bishop, d. between 270 and 275. Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint - Biographical article on this Doctor of the Church, known in the Christian East as St. Gregory the Theologian. Gildas, Saint - Biographical entry for St. Gildas the Wise, also called "Badonicus," born to a British family in Scotland, educated in Wales, monk, priest, died in 570. Gobban Saer - Regarded in traditional lore as the greatest Irish architect of the seventh century, and popularly canonized as St. Gobban; b. at Turvey, near Malahide, Co. Dublin, about 560. Germain, Saint - Monk, Bishop of Paris, d. 576. Gregory of Utrecht, Saint - Missionary companion of St. Boniface, and later an abbot, d. 775 or 780. Gatianus, Saint - First bishop of Tours, d. 301. Gregory of Nyssa, Saint - Bishop, one of the Cappadocian Fathers, d. after 385 or 386. Gregory III, Pope Saint - A Syrian, was elected the successor of Pope St. Gregory II by acclamation, d. 741. Godeberta, Saint - Born in about 640, superior of a convent at Noyon. Gerard, Bishop of Toul, Saint - Biography of this tenth-century bishop. Géry, Saint - Bishop of Cambrai-Arras, d. between 623 and 626. Gabriel the Archangel, Saint - One of the three archangels mentioned in the Bible. Galla, Saint - A Roman widow of the sixth century; feast, 5 October. Gregory II, Pope Saint - Also known as Gregory Junior, or Gregory the Younger, d. 731. Gilbert of Sempringham, Saint - Short biography of the founder of the Gilbertines, who died in 1189. Gal, Saint - The sixteenth and twenty-third bishops of Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergne) were both named Gal, and both are saints. The first St. Gal was bishop from 527 to 551, and the second, from 640-650. Gordianus and Epimachus, Saints - Roman martyrs under Julian the Apostate. Both died in 362. Although they did not die together, they are buried together, and the cemetery is named after them. Identifies two other martyrs named Gordianus, considers several named Epimachus. Gorgonius, Saint - Identifies six martyrs of this name. Article concentrates on an imperial official who suffered in the Diocletian persecution and whose feast is 9 September. His cult was strong in France. Genevieve, Saint - Patroness of Paris, d. 512. Guthlac, Saint - Brief biography of this soldier, monk, and hermit, who died in 714. Germain, Saint - A married lawyer, rather worldly, became Bishop of Auxerre, d. 448 or 450. Biography. Gregory I ("the Great"), Pope Saint - Biographical article on this Doctor of the Church, d. 604. Gregory of Tours, Saint - Lengthy article about this bishop, historian, and theologian. He died in 593 or 594. Gudula, Saint - Born in Brabant, one of a family of saints. She died in the early eighth century. Gervasius and Protasius, Saints - Martyred in Milan, probably in the second century. Germanus I, Saint - Patriarch of Constantinople, defender of the veneration of ikons, d. 733 or 740. George, Saint - Long, scholarly article on St. George, martyr, patron saint of England. Gertrude of Nivelles, Saint - Benedictine abbess of a double monastery, d. 659. Gennadius I, Saint - Patriarch of Constantinople, d. 471. Goar, Saint - Priest, hermit, d. 649. Giovanni Dominici, Blessed - Biography of the Dominican preacher and writer. Gregorian Chant - Short description and history, with links to more information. Gertrude of Aldenberg, Blessed - Longtime abbess of a Premonstratensian convent near Wetzlar. She died in 1297. Gérard, Abbot of Brogne, Saint - Soldier turned monk, d. 959. Giuseppe Maria Tommasi, Saint - Cardinal, scholar, and author, died 1713. Gertrude van der Oosten, Blessed - Beguine, had the stigmata and the gift of prophecy, died on Epiphany, 1358. Gregory X, Pope Blessed - Biographical article on this thirteenth-century pope. Includes bibliography. Gregory VII, Pope Saint - Also known as Hildebrand: "one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs and one of the most remarkable men of all times." He died in 1085. Biographical article. Gottschalk, Saint - Wendish prince, considered a martyr, d. 1066. German Gardiner, Blessed - Layman, the last martyr under Henry VIII. Executed at Tyburn on 7 March, 1544, for refusing to grant that the King was the head of the English and Irish Church. Godelina, Saint - Physically and psychologically abused by her husband Bertolf and mother-in-law, until finally she was murdered at Bertolf's orders in 1070. Gabriel Possenti, Saint - Passionist student, d. 1862. Gil of Santarem, Blessed - Portuguese Dominican, d. 1265. Gonsalo Garcia, Saint - Biography of the Franciscan martyr born in Vasai. Gabriel Lalemant, Saint - Short biography of this Jesuit missionary. Gertrude the Great, Saint - Benedictine, mystic, author, d. 1301 or 1302. George Beesley, Blessed - English priest and martyr, died 1591. George Napper, Blessed - Or George Napier. Expelled from university for being Catholic, imprisoned for nearly 9 years for merely visiting the English College at Reims, finally martyred for being a priest. He died in 1610. Germaine Cousin, Saint - Sickly, pious shepherdess, cruelly treated by her stepmother. St. Germaine died in 1601, at the age of 22. George Gervase, Blessed - Account of the dramatic life of this Benedictine priest and martyr, who died in 1608. Gerard Majella, Saint - Tailor, Redemptorist, called "Father of the Poor," d. 1755. Gunther, Blessed - Lay brother, penitent, hermit in Bohemia, d. 1045. Gaspare del Bufalo, Saint - Founder of the Missionaries of the Most Precious Blood, died 1837. Godard, Saint - Benedictine abbot, bishop of Hildesheim, d. 1038. George Nichols, Blessed - Biography of the English priest and martyr. Also some information on the Bl. Richard Yaxley, a fellow priest. They were arrested together with laymen Humphrey Prichard and Thomas Belson. All four were martyred in 1589. George Haydock, Blessed - Biographical article on the English priest and martyr. Includes bibliography. Giuseppe Maria Pignatelli, Saint - Jesuit priest, novice master, provincial, d. 1811. Giovanni Melchior Bosco, Saint - Commonly called Don Bosco or John Bosco. Founder of the Salesians, d. 1888. Grace, Actual - A supernatural gift of God to intellectual creatures (men, angels) for their eternal salvation. Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco - An eclectic painter of the Bolognese school; b. at Bologna, 1606; d. at Rome, 1680. Guzmán, Fernando Pérez de - Señor de Batres; Spanish historian and poet (1376-1458). Galilei, Alessandro - An eminent Florentine architect; born 1691; died 1737. Guarda, Diocese of - Province of Beira, Portugal. Guadix, Diocese of - Diocese in Spain, comprises the greater part of the Province of Granada and a portion of the Province of Almeria. Gutenberg, Johann - Inventor of printing. (1400-1467) Guise, House of - A branch of the ducal family of Lorraine who played an important part in the religious troubles of France during the seventeenth century. Galien, Joseph - Dominican, professor of philosophy and theology at the University of Avignon, meteorologist, physicist, and writer on aeronautics; b. 1699. Guijon, André - Bishop and orator. (1548-1631) Guiana - The name given to all that region of South America which extends along the Atlantic coast from the Orinoco to the Amazon. Galilei, Galileo - Although in the popular mind Galileo is remembered chiefly as an astronomer, it was not in this character that he made really substantial contributions to human knowledge, but rather in the field of mechanics, and especially of dynamics, which science may be said to owe its existence to him. Gulf of St. Lawrence - Vicariate erected 12 September, 1905, and formed from the prefecture Apostolic of the same name organized 29 May, 1882. Guaicuri Indians - A group of small tribes, speaking dialectic forms of a common language, probably of distinct stock, formerly occupying part of Lower California. Gregory XI - Reigned 1370-1378. Goya y Lucientes, Francisco José de - Painter and etcher, b. in Fuendetodos, Aragon, Spain, 31 March, 1746; d. in Bordeaux, 16 April, 1828. Galitzin, Elizabeth - Princess, religious of the Sacred Heart; born at St. Petersburg, 22 February, 1797; died in Louisiana, 8 December, 1843. González de Santalla, Thyrsus - Theologian and thirteenth general of the Society of Jesus, b. at Arganda, Spain, 18 January, 1624; died at Rome, 27 October, 1705. Gagliardi, Achille - Ascetic writer and spiritual director; born at Padua, Italy, in 1537; died at Modena, 6 July, 1607. Gallandi, Andrea - Oratorian and patristic scholar, born at Venice, 7 December, 1709; died there 12 January, 1779, or 1780. Gallait, Louis - Flemish painter; born at Tournai, 10 May, 1810; died in Brussels, 20 November, 1887. Gallwey, Peter - Famous London priest. (1820-1906) Galtelli-Nuoro - Diocese in the province of Sassari (Sardinia), suffragan of Caglari. Galvani, Luigi - Physician, b. at Bologna, Italy, 9 September, 1737; d. there, 4 December, 1798. Gabbatha - The Aramaic appellation of a place in Jerusalem, designated also under the Greek name of Lithostrotos. Gallego, Juan Nicasio - Priest and poet; born at Zamora, Spain, 14 December, 1777; died at Madrid, 9 January, 1853. Galura, Bernhard - Prince-Bishop of Brixen; b. 21 August, 1764, at Herbolzheim, Bresigau; d. 17 May, 1856. Gabriel Sionita - A learned Maronite, famous for his share in the publication of the Parisian polyglot of the Bible; b. 1577, at Edden on the Lebanon; d. 1648. Gregory XII - Reigned 1406-1415. Gams, Pius Bonifacius - Ecclesiastical historian. (1816-1892) Guastalla, Diocese of - Situated in the province of Reggio Emilia (Central Italy) on the left bank of the Po at its junction with the Crostolo. Gallicanism - This term is used to designate a certain group of religious opinions for some time peculiar to the Church of France, or Gallican Church, and the theological schools of that country. Galilee - The native land of Jesus Christ, where He began His ministry and performed many of His works, and whence He drew His Apostles. Garcilasso de la Vega - Spanish poet. (1503-1536) Gargara - A titular see in the province of Asia, suffragan of Ephesus. Guastallines - Luigia Torelli, Countess of Guastalla (b. about 1500; d. 29 Oct., 1559 or 1569), widowed for the second time when she was twenty-five, resolved to devote her life to the service of God. Garland, John - English poet and grammarian, who lived in the middle of the thirteenth century. Gandolphy, Peter - Jesuit preacher; b. in London, 26 July, 1779; d. at East Sheen, Surrey, 9 July, 1821. Garnet, Henry - English martyr, b. 1553-4; d. 1606. Groote, Gerard - Founder of the "Brethren of the Common Life", b. 1340 at Deventer, Gelderland; d. 20 Aug., 1384. Galluppi, Pasquale - Philosopher, b. at Tropea, in Calabria, 2 April, 1770; d. at Naples, 13 Dec., 1846, where from 1831 he was a professor in the university. Grace - Leads to four articles on the subject. Gunther, Anton - Philosopher; b. 17 Nov., 1783, at Lindenau, near Leitmeritz, Bohemia; d. at Vienna, 24 February, 1863. Gagarin, Ivan Sergejewitch - Of the Russian family which traces its origin to the ancient rulers of Starodub; born at Moscow, 1 August, 1814; died at Paris, 19 July, 1882. Gregory VIII - Antipope placed upon the papal chair by Emperor Henry V, 8 March, 1118. Galatians, Epistle to the - Background on Galatia, purpose and date, a summary of its contents, its importance and a discussion of some difficulties. Gabriel, Brothers of Saint - Originally founded by St. Louis Grignon de Montfort in 1705, but it did not spread much till it was amalgamated with one founded in 1835 by Monsignor Deshayes. Vicar-General of Rennes. García Moreno, Gabriel - Ecuadorean patriot and statesman; b. at Guayaquil, 24 December, 1821; assassinated at Quito, 6 August, 1875. Garnier, Julien - Jesuit missionary, born at Connerai, France, 6 January, 1642; d. in Quebec, 1730. Galloway, Diocese of - Situated in the southwest of Scotland. Gaston, William - Jurist: b. at Newbern, North Carolina, U.S.A., 19 Sept., 1778: d. at Raleigh, North Carolina, 28 January 1844. Gallifet, Joseph de - French Jesuit. (1663-1749) Gaudentius of Brescia - A theologian of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins; b. at Brescia in 1612; d. at Oriano, 25 March, 1672. Grey Nuns of the Cross - A community founded in 1745 at Monteal by Madame d'Youville, known as the Grey Sisters, or Grey Nuns, from the colour of the costume. Gasser von Valhorn, Joseph - Austrian sculptor, b. 22 Nov., 1816 at Prägraten, Tyrol; d. 28 Oct., 1900. Gaudete Sunday - The third Sunday of Advent, so called from the first word of the Introit at Mass (Gaudete, i.e. Rejoice). Garzon - Suffragan diocese of Popayan in the Republic of Colombia. Gaubil, Antoine - French Jesuit and missionary to China, b. at Gaillac (Aveyron), 14 July, 1689; d. at Peking, 24 July, 1759. Galatino, Pietro Colonna - Friar Minor, philosopher, theologian, Orientalist; b. at Galatia (now Cajazzo) in Apulia; d. at Rome, soon after 1539. Grillparzer, Franz - An Austrian poet, b. at Vienna, 15 January, 1791, d. 21 January, 1872. Gazzaniga, Pietro Maria - A theologian, b. at Bergamo, Italy, 3 March, 1722; d. at Vicenza, 11 Dec., 1799. Gallia Christiana - A documentary catalogue or list, with brief historical notices, of all the dioceses and abbeys of France from the earliest times, also of their occupants. Grottaferrata, Abbey of - A Basilian monastery near Rome. Gaudier, Antoine de - A writer on asectic theology; b. at Château-Thierry, France, 7 January, 1572; d. at Paris, 14 April, 1622. Garrucci, Raffaele - A historian of Christian art, b. at Naples, 22 January, 1812; d. at Rome, 5 May, 1885. Gedoyn, Nicolas - A French translator and literary critic; b. at Orleans, 17 June, 1667; d. 10 August, 1744. Grey Nuns - The Order of Sisters of Charity of the Hôpital Général of Montreal, commonly called Grey Nuns because of the colour of their attire, was founded in 1738. Generation - Definitions include: a definite period of time, with a special reference to the average length of man's life; an indefinite period of time, of time past; the men who lived in the same period of time who were contemporaries; a race or class of men; and a dwelling place or habitation. Gamaliel - Famous Pharisee and Rabbi. God - Links to five articles about the subject. Genealogy of Christ - Offers the genealogy according to Saint Matthew and Saint Luke. General Chapter - The daily assembling of a community for purposes of discipline and administration of monastic affairs has always included the reading of a chapter of the rule, and thus the assembly itself came to be called the chapter and the place of meeting the chapter-house. Genga, Girolamo - A painter, born at Urbino in 1476; died at the same place, 1551. Guigues du Chastel - Medieval Carthusian. (1083-1137) Gaspe, Philippe-Aubert de - French Canadian writer, b. at Quebec, 30 Oct., 1786, of a family ennobled by Louis XIV in 1693, d. 29 Jan., 1871. Genesius - Five people with this name including: Genesius of Rome; Genesius of Arles; Genesius, Bishop of Clermont; Genesius Count of Clermont; and Genesius of Lyons. Gregory XV, Pope - Reigned 1621-1623. Gelasius II, Pope - Reigned 1118-1119. Gavantus, Bartolommeo - Liturgist, a member of the Barnabite Order; b. at Monza, 1569; d. at Milan, 14 August, 1638. Geoffrey of Clairvaux - A disciple of Bernard, was b. between the years 1115 and 1120, at Auxerre; d. some time after the year 1188. Gau, Franz Christian - Architect and archæologist, b. at Cologne, 15 June, 1790; d. at Paris, January, 1854. Genezareth, Land of - By this name is designated in Mark, vi, 53, a district of Palestine bordering on the Sea of Galilee, and which in the parallel passage of Matthew (xiv, 34) is called "the country of Genesar". Ginoulhiac, Jacques-Marie-Achille - A French bishop; b. at Montpellier (department of Herault) 3 Dec., 1806; d. there 17 Nov., 1875. Grimmelshausen, Johann Jacob Christoffel von - German novelist of the seventeenth century. Geoffrey of Vendôme - A cardinal, b. in the second half of the eleventh century of a noble family, at Angers, France; d. there, 26 March, 1132. Gebhart, Emile - French professor and writer, b. 19 July, 1839, at Nancy; d. 22 April, 1908. Genebrard, Gilbert - Benedictine exegete and Orientalist, b. 12 December, 1535, at Riom, in the department of Puy-de-Dôme; d. 16 Feb., 1597. Geoffrey of Dunstable - Abbot of St. Alban's, d. at St. Alban's, 26 Feb., 1146. Good Shepherd, Our Lady of Charity of the - The aim of this institute is to provide a shelter for girls and women of dissolute habits, who wish to do penance for their iniquities and to lead a truly christian life. Genealogy (in the Bible) - The word genealogy occurs only twice in the New Testament: I Tim., i, 4, and Tit., iii, 9. In these passages commentators explain the word as referring to the Gentile theogonies, or to the Essene generation of angels, or to the emanation of spirits and aeons as conceived by the Gnostics, or to the genealogies of Jesus Christ, or finally to the genealogies of the Old Testament construed into a source of an occult doctrine. Guyon, Jeanne-Marie-Bouvier de La Motte- - Essay on the life, experiences, and teachings of this seventeenth-century French mystic. Gebhard (III) of Constance - Bishop of that city and strenuous defender of papal rights against imperial encroachments during the Investitures conflict; b. about 1040; d. 12 November, 1110. Garin, André - An Oblate missionary and parish priest. (1822-1895) God, Relation of the Universe to - Sections include essential dependence of the universe on God, divine immanence and transcendence, and possibility of the supernatural. Guérin, Anne-Thérèse - In religion, Mother Theodore. Born at Etables (Côte du Nord), Brittany, France, 2 October, 1798; died 14 May, 1856. Genicot, Edward - Moral theologian, b. at Antwerp, Belgium, 18 June, 1856; d. at Louvain, 21 February, 1900. Gethsemane, Abbey of Our Lady of - An abbey of the Order of Reformed Cistercians, commonly called Trappists, established in 1848 in Nelson Co., Kentucky, in the Diocese of Louisville, being the first abbey on American soil. Gentili, Aloysius - Proficient in poetry, displayed considerable musical aptitude, had a taste for mechanical and electrical science and was devoted to the cultivation of modern languages, applying himself more particularly to the study of English. (1801-1848) Gerard, Richard - Confessor; born about 1635; died 11 March, 1680. Gegenbauer, Josef Anton - An accomplished German historical and portrait painter, b. 6 March, 1800, at Wangen, Würtemberg; d. 31 January, 1876, at Rome. Gerando, Joseph-Marie de - French statesman and writer, born at Lyons, 29 February, 1772; died at Paris, 10 November, 1842. Gassner, Johann Joseph - A celebrated exorcist; b. 22 Aug., 1727, at Braz, Vorarlberg, Austria; d. 4 April, 1779. Gusmão, Bartholomeu Lourenço de - Naturalist, and the first aeronaut; b. in 1685 at Santos in the province of São Paulo, Brazil; d. 18 November, 1724, in Toledo, Spain. Guéranger, Prosper Louis Pascal - Benedictine and polygraph; b. 4 April, 1805, at Sablé-sur-Sarthe; d. at Solesmes, 30 January, 1875. Griffin, Martin Ignatius Joseph - Journalist, historian. (1842-1911) Goajira, Vicariate Apostolic of - The most northern portion of South America is a peninsula running into the Caribbean Sea. Guglielmini, Giovanni Battista - Scientist, b. at Bologna, 16 August, 1763; d. in the same city, l5 December, 1817. Good Samaritan, Sisters of the - A congregation of Tertiaries Regular of St. Benedict, established 2 February, 1857, at Sydney, Australia. Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine - Prince, priest, and missionary. (1770-1840) God, Nature and Attributes of - Covered as natural reason and faith. Geiler von Kayserberg, Johann - A celebrated German pulpit orator, b. at Schaffhausen, Switzerland, 16 March, 1445; d. at Strasburg, 10 March, 1510. Gousset, Thomas-Marie-Joseph - French cardinal and theologian; b. at Montigny-les-Charlieu, a village of Franche-Comté, in 1792; d. at Reims in 1866. Gerardus Odonis - Also Geraldus Othonis, or Ottonis, a medieval theologian and Minister General of the Franciscan Order; born probably at Châteauroux, in the present department of Indre, France, date unknown; died at Catania, Sicily, 1348. Gomes De Amorim, Francisco - Portuguese poet, dramatist, and novelist. (1827-1891) Gómara, Francisco Lopez de - Chaplain to Cortés. Born 1510. Wrote a severely flawed history of the Spanish conquest of the New World, though he himself had never been there. Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield - A musician, born at Ballygar Galway, Ireland, 25 Dec., 1829; died at St. Louis, 24 Sept., 1892. Genesareth - This is the name given to the Lake of Tiberias in Luke 5:1. Gerbet, Olympe-Phillipe - A French bishop and writer; b. at Poligny (Jura), 1798; d. at Perpignan (Pyrénées Orientales), 1864. Gerard, Archbishop of York - Date of birth unknown; died at Southwell, 21 May, 1108. Garet, Jean - Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, born at Havre about 1627; died at Jumieges, 24 September, 1694. Guardian Angels, Feast of - This feast, like many others, was local before it was placed in the Roman calendar. Garland - A wreath of flowers or evergreens formerly used in connection with baptismal, nuptial, and funeral rites, as well as in solemn processions. Garnier, Jean - Church historian, patristic scholar, and moral theologian; b. at Paris, 11 Nov., 1612; d. at Bologna, 26 Nov., 1681. Gibbons, Richard - Brother of Father John Gibbons, born at Winchester, 1550 or 1549; died at Douai, 23 June, 1632. George the Bearded - Duke of Saxony, b. at Dresden, 27 August, 1471; d. in the same city, 17 April, 1539. George Pisides - A Byzantine poet who lived in the first half of the seventh century. Georgetown University - Founded immediately after the Revolutionary War, by the incorporated Catholic Clergy of Maryland, who selected from their Body Trustees, and invested them with full power to choose a President and appoint Professors. Since the year 1805, it has been under the direction of Society of Jesus". Grimaldi, Francesco Maria - Italian physicist, b. at Bologna, 2 April, 1618; d. in the same city, 28 Dec., 1663. Greifswald, University of - The oldest university of Prussia, founded in 1456. Gennings, Edmund and John - The first, a martyr for the Catholic Faith, and the second, the restorer of the English province of Franciscan friars, were brothers and converts to the Church. Gerhoh of Reichersberg - Provost of that place and Austin canon, one of the most distinguished theologians of Germany in the twelfth century, b. at Polling, Bavaria, 1093; d. at Reichersberg, 27 June, 1169. Guarino da Verona - A humanist, b. 1370, at Verona, Italy; d. 1460, at Ferrara. Gilbertines, Order of - Founded by St. Gilbert, about the year 1130, at Sempringham, Gilbert's native place, where he was then parish priest. Gibbons, John - Jesuit theologian and controversialist; b. 1544, at or near Wells, Somersetshire; died 16 Aug. or 3 Dec., 1589. Goossens, Pierre-Lambert - Cardinal, Archbishop of Michlin (Belgium), b. at Perck, near Vilvorde, 18 July, 1827; d. at Michlin, 25 January, 1906. Gerbillon, Jean-François - French missionary; born at Verdun, 4 June, 1654; died at Peking, China, 27 March, 1707. Gentiles - In the English versions of both Testaments it collectively designates the nations distinct from the Jewish people. Grace, Controversies on - These are concerned chiefly with the relation between grace and free will. Gift, Supernatural - Something conferred on nature that is above all the powers (vires) of created nature. Gillespie, Eliza Maria - In religion Mother Mary of St. Angela. Born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, 21 February, 1824; died at St. Mary's convent, Notre Dame, Indiana, 4 March, 1887. Gioberti, Vincenzo - An Italian statesman and philosopher; b. at Turin, 5 April, 1801; d. at Paris, 26 October, 1852. Gilbert Foliot - Bishop of London, b. early in the twelfth century. Gerard of Cremona - A twelfth-century student of Arabic science and translator from Arabic into Latin; born at Cremona, in 1114; died in 1187. Gillespie, Neal Henry - Brother of the foregoing; b. in Washington county, Pa., 19 January 1831; d. at St. Mary's, Notre Dame, Indiana, 12 November, 1874. Giordani, Tommasso - A composer, b. at Naples in 1738; d. at Dublin, Ireland, February 1806. Giotto di Bondone - A Florentine painter, and founder of the Italian school of painting, b. most probably, in the village of Vespignano near Florence; d. at Milan, 8 Jan., 1337. Gyor - A Hungarian see, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Gran. Gilbert Islands - Vicariate apostolic; comprises the group of that name, besides the islands of Ellice and Panapa. Gottfried von Strasburg - Middle High German epic poet. Ghibellines and Guelphs - Names adopted by the two factions that kept Italy divided and devastated by civil war during the greater part of the later Middle Ages. Gresset, Jean Baptiste - Born 29 August, 1709; died 16 June, 1777, at Amiens. Gonnelieu, Jérôme de - Theologian, ascetical writer, and preacher; born at Soissons, 8 Sept., 1640; died at Paris, 28 Feb., 1715. Guarini, Battista - An Italian poet, b. at Ferrara, 1538, d. at Venice, 7 Oct., 1612. Giocondo, Fra Giovanni - An Italian architect, antiquary, archaeologist, and classical scholar, b. in Verona, c. 1445; d. in Venice (?), c. 1525. Glendalough, School of - Founded by St. Kevin. Girard, Jean-Baptiste - Known as Père Girard, a Swiss pedagogue, b. at Fribourg, 17 December, 1765; d. there, 6 March, 1850. Granada, University of - The origin of this university is to be traced to the Arab school at Cordova, which, when the city was captured by St. Ferdinand in 1236, was removed to Granada and there continued. Grace, William Russell - Philanthropist and merchant, born at Cork, Ireland, 10 May, 1832; died at New York, 21 March, 1904. Giraud de Borneil - A Provençal troubadour, b. about the middle of the twelfth century, at Excideuil in the Viscounty of Limoges. Gindarus - A titular see of Syria Prima, in the Patriarchate of Antioch. Gethsemane - The place in which Jesus Christ suffered the Agony and was taken prisoner by the Jews. Gap - Diocese; suffragan of Aix, includes the department of the Hautes-Alpes. Gorkum, The Martyrs of - Their beatification took place on 14 Nov., 1675, and their canonization on 29 June, 1865. Godet des Marais, Paul - Bishop of Chartres, France; b. at Talcy, near Blois, 1647; d. at Chartres, 1709. Gillis, James - Scottish bishop; b. at Montreal, Canada, 7 April, 1802; d. at Edinburgh, 24 February 1864. Goar, Jacques - Dominican and hellenist. (1601-1653) Gloves, Episcopal - Liturgical gloves are a liturgical adornment reserved for bishops and cardinals. Giordano, Luca - Neapolitan painter; b. at Naples, 1632; d. in the same place, 12 Jan., 1705. Gloria in Excelsis Deo - The great doxology (hymnus angelicus) in the Mass is a version of a very old Greek form". It begins with the words sung by the angels at Christ's birth (Luke, ii, 14). To this verse others were added very early, forming a doxology. Gobelinus, Person - Westphalian known as an historian and an ardent reformer of monastic life in his native land. (1358-1421) Greuze, Jean-Baptiste - French painter, b. at Tournus in Ardeche, 21 August, 1725; d. at Paris, 21 March, 1805. Garneau, François-Xavier - French Canadian historian. (1809-1866) Gregory VI, Pope - Reigned 1045-46. Gloria, Laus et Honor - A hymn composed by St. Theodulph of Orléans in 810. Gospel in the Liturgy - From the very earliest times the public reading of parts of the Bible was an important element in the Liturgy inherited from the service of the Synagogue. Guadalupe, Shrine of - Guadalupe is strictly the name of a picture, but was extended to the church containing the picture and to the town that grew up around. Gezireh - Seat of two Catholic residential sees, one Chaldean, the other Syrian. Gobat, George - Moral theologian; born at Charmoilles, in the Diocese of Basil, now in the Department of the Doubs, France, 1 July, 1600; died 23 March, 1679. Ghost Dance - The principal ceremonial rite of an Indian religion which originated about 1887 with Wovoka, alias jack Wilson, an Indian of the Piute tribe in Nevada. Golden Calf - An object of worship among the Hebrews, mention of which occurs principally in Ex., xxxii, where the story of the molten calf of Aaron is narrated, and in III Kings, xii (cf. II Par., xi), in connection with the policy of Jeroboam after the schism of the ten tribes. Gluttony - The excessive indulgence in food and drink. Gottschalk of Orbais - A medieval theologian; b. about 800, d. after 866, probable 30 October, 868. Geoffrey of Monmouth - Abbot of St. Alban's, d. at St. Alban's, 26 Feb., 1146. Gonet, Jean Baptiste - Theologian, b. about 1616 at Beziers, in the province of Languedoc; d. there 24 Jan., 1681. Gotti, Vincent Louis - Cardinal and theologian. (1664-1742) Giuseppe Giusti - A poet and patriot; b. 1809, at Monsumano near Pescia, Italy; d. 31 March, 1850. Grosseteste, Robert - Bishop of Lincoln and one of the most learned men of the Middle Ages; b. about 1175; d. 9 October, 1253. God, Existence of - The arguments for God's existence are variously classified and entitled by different writers, but all agree in recognizing the distinction between a priori, or deductive, and a posteriori, or inductive reasoning in this connection. Gorz - Capital of the Austrian crown-land Görz and Gradiska. Girardon, François - A noted sculptor of the reign of Louis XIV, b. at Troyes, France, 1630; d. at Paris, 1715. Gonzaga, Scipione - Cardinal; b. at Mantua, 11 November, 1542; d. at San Martino, 11 January, 1593. Goa - Archdiocese in India. Gondulphus - The name of three saints, of whom one was Bishop of Tongres (Maestricht), the second Bishop of Metz, while the third is known as Gondulphus of Berry. Golden Rose - A precious and sacred ornament made of pure gold by skilled artificers, which the popes have been accustomed for centuries to bless each year, and occasionally confer upon illustrious churches and sanctuaries as a token of special reverence and devotion, upon Catholic kings or queens, princes or princesses, renowned generals or other distinguished personages, upon governments or cities conspicuous for their Catholic spirit and loyalty to the Holy See, as a mark of esteem and paternal affection. Greith, Karl Johann - Bishop and church historian, b. at Rapperswyl, Switzerland, 25 May, 1897; d. at St. Gall, 17 May, 1882. González, Zeferino - Dominican, cardinal, theologian, and philosopher. (1831-1894) Gregory of Valencia - Professor of the University of Ingolstadt, b. at Medina, Spain); d. at Naples, 25 April, 1603. Grace, Supernatural - Treatise on this fundamental building block of Christianity. Gothic Architecture - History of the style. George of Trebizond - A Greek scholar of the early Italian Renaissance; b. in Crete (a Venetian possession from 1206-1669), 1395; d. in Rome, 1486. Godden, Thomas - True name Tylden. Born at Addington, Kent, 1624; died in London, 1 Dec., 1688. Gerard, John - Jesuit; born 4 October, 1564; died 27 July, 1637. Gregory XIII, Pope - Reigned 1572-1585. Gregory VIII, Pope - Reigned 1187. Guardi, Francesco - Venetian painter. (1712-1793) Goodman, Ven. John - Priest and martyr; born in the Diocese of Bangor, Wales, 1590; died 1642. Gospel and Gospels - The word Gospel usually designates a written record of Christ's words and deeds. Gordon, Andrew - Monk and physicist. (1712-1751) Gonzaga, Ercole - Cardinal; b. at Mantua, 23 November, 1505; d. 2 March, 1563. Griffiths, Thomas - Born in London, 2 June, 1791; died 19 August, 1847; the first and only Vicar Apostolic of the London District educated wholly in England. Gregory XVI, Pope - Reigned 1831-1846. Gregory XIV, Pope - Reigned 1590-1591. Gratian, Johannes - The little that is known concerning the author of the "Concordantia discordantium canonum", more generally called the "Decretum Gratiani", is furnished by that work itself, its earliest copies, and its twelfth-century "Summae" or abridgments. Goyaz, Diocese of - Co-extensive with the state of the same name, one of the twenty states which, with the Federal District, comprise the Republic of Brazil. Gonzalo de Berceo - Spanish poet, active between 1220 and 1242. Goscelin - Benedictine biographical writer. (d. 1099) Gregory IV, Pope - Reigned 827-44. Gratz, Peter Aloys - Schoolmaster and exegete, b. 17 Aug., 1769, at Mittelberg, Allgäu, Bavaria; d. at Darmstadt, 1 Nov., 1849. Gozo, Diocese of - Comprises the island of Gozo in the Mediterranean Sea and the islet of Comino. Good Friday - The Friday on which the Church keeps the anniversary of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Guérard, Robert - Writer, born at Rouen, 1641; died at the monastery of Saint-Ouen, 2 January, 1715. Guardian Angels - The lowest orders of angels are sent to men. Guaraní Indians - A tribal group of South America, having the former home territory chiefly between the Uruguay and lower Paraguay Rivers, in what is now Paraguay and the Provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios of Argentina. Grueber, Johann - German Jesuit missionary in China and noted explorer of the seventeenth century. Gordon Riots - This agitation, so called from the head and spirit of the movement, Lord George Gordon, convulsed the metropolis of England from 2 June till 9 June, 1780. Griffin, Gerald - A novelist, dramatist, lyricist; b. 12 December, 1803, at Limerick, Ireland; d. at Cork, 12 June, 1840. Girba - A titular see in the province of African Tripoli. Greslon, Adrien - French Jesuit missionary. (1618-1697) Gregory V, Pope - Reigned 996-999. Gozzoli - Painter; b. at Florence, 1420; d. at Pisa 1497. Grace at Meals - One of the most ancient formulae of prayer at meals is found in a treatise of the fourth century, attributed without foundation to Saint Athanasius. Goulburn - One of the six suffragan sees of the ecclesiastical province of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Goss, Alexander - Bishop of Liverpool. (1814-1872) Gratian, Jerome - Spiritual director of St. Teresa and first Provincial of the Discalced Carmelites; born at Valladolid, 6 June, 1545; died at Brussels, 21 September, 1614. Grail, The Holy - The name of a legendary sacred vessel, variously identified with the chalice of the Eucharist or the dish of the Pascal lamb, and the theme of a famous medieval cycle of romance. Grancolas, Jean - Doctor of the Sorbonne, theologian, liturgist; b. near Chateaudun, about 1660; d. at Paris, 1 August, 1732. Gretser, Jacob - A celebrated Jesuit writer; b. at Markdorf in the Diocese of Constance in 1562; d. at Ingolstadt in 1625. Gradual Psalms - Fifteen psalms, namely Psalms 119-133. Gradual - In English often called Grail, is the oldest and most important of the four chants that make up the choir's part of the Proper of the Mass. Gropper, John - An eminent jurist and theologian, b. 24 Feb., 1503, at Soest, Westphalia; d. at Rome, 13 March, 1559. Gog and Magog - Names, respectively, of a king and of his supposed kingdom, mentioned several times in chapters 38 and 39 of the Book of Ezechiel, and once in the Apocalypse (20:7). Greek Church - Details the history and various divisions of the church. Gower, John - Poet; born between 1327-1330, probably in Kent; died October, 1408. Gregory IX - Reigned 1227-1241. Gregory VI - Eleventh-century antipope. Good Faith - A phrase employed to designate the mental and moral state of honest, even if objectively unfounded, conviction as to the truth or falsehood of a proposition or body of opinion, or as to the rectitude or depravity of a line of conduct. Gaudiosus - Bishop of Tarazona (Turiasso), Spain; died about 540. Gremiale - A square or oblong cloth which the bishop should wear over his lap, when seated on the throne during the singing of the Kyrie, Gloria, and Credo by the choir, during the distribution of blessed candles, palms or ashes, and also during the anointments in connection with Holy orders. Graffiti - The term in common usage among archaeologists to designate a class of rude inscriptions scratched on the walls of ancient monuments, generally sepulchral, as distinguished from the formal inscriptions engraved on the tombs of the deceased. Gerasa - A titular see in the province of Arabia and the Patriarchate of Antioch. Good - The moral good (bonum honestum) consists in the due ordering of free action or conduct according to the norm of reason, the highest faculty, to which it is to conform. Grün, Anastasius - Pseudonym for Anton Alexander (Maria), Count von Auersperg, a nineteenth-century Austrian poet. Galla - Vicariate Apostolic embracing the territory of the Galla or Oromo tribes in Abyssinia. George Hamartolus - A monk at Constantinople under Michael III (842-867) and the author of a chronicle of some importance. Germany - History divided by time periods, beginning with before 1556. German Literature - History starting with the pre-Christian period to 800 A.D. Gil de Albornoz, Alvarez Carillo - A renowned cardinal, general, and statesman; b. about 1310 at Cuenca in New Castile; d. 23 Aug., 1367. Gnesen-Posen - Archdiocese in the Kingdom of Prussia. Gran - Located in Hungary. Grandmont, Abbey and Order of - Abbey and Order in the department of Hte-Vienne, France. Gravier, Jacques - Jesuit missionary; born 1651 at Moulins, where he studied classics and philosophy under the Jesuits; died in Louisiana in 1708. Greek Catholics in America - Includes the history and statistics. Genuflexion - To genuflect, to bend the knee. Galland, Antoine - French Orientalist and numismatist, b. at Rollot, near Montdidier, in Picardy, 1646, d. at Paris, 1715. Gerona - The Diocese of Geronia in Catalonia, Spain, suffragan of Tarragona, is bounded on the north by the Pyrenees, on the south and east by the Mediterranean, and on the west by the dioceses of Barcelona and Vich. Gertrude of Hackeborn - Cistercian Abbess of Helfta, near Eisleben; born near Halberstadt in 1232; died towards the end of 1292. Gervaise, Dom François Armand - Discalced Carmelite, b. at Paris, 1660; d. at Reclus, France, 1761. Gesellenvereine - German Catholic societies for the religious, moral, and professional improvement of young men. Gfrörer, August Friedrich - German historian; b. at Calw, Würtemberg, 5 March, 1803; d. at Karlsbad, 6 July, 1861. Ghardaia - Prefecture Apostolic in the French Sahara, separated in 1901 from the Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara and the Soudan. Glaber, Raoul - Benedictine chronicler; b. in Burgundy before 1000; d. at Cluny about 1050. Godeau, Antoine - Bishop, poet and exegete; b. at Dreux in the diocese of Chartres, 1605; d. at Vence, 21 April, 1672. Godfrey of Bouillon - Duke of Lower Lorraine and first King of Jerusalem, son of Eustache II, Count of Boulogne, and of Ida, daughter of Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine; b. probably at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1060; d. at Jerusalem, 18 July, 1100. Gradwell, Robert - Bishop; b. at Clifton-in-the-Fylde, Lancashire, 26 Jan., 1777; d. in London, 15 March, 1833. Grassis, Paris de - Master of ceremonies to Julius II and Leo X; b. at Bologna, about 1470; d. at Rome, 10 June, 1528. Gregory of Heimburg - Humanist and Statesman, b. at Würzburg in the beginning of the fifteenth century; d. at Tharandt near Dresden, August, 1472. Grosseto - Suffragan diocese of Siena. Guadalajara - Archdiocese in Mexico, separated from the Diocese of Michoacan by Paul III, 31 July, 1548. Godric - The name of two Abbots of Croyland. Gabala - A titular see of Syria Prima. Gaboon - Formerly called the Vicariate Apostolic of the Two Guineas. Gadara - A titular see of Palaestina Prima; there were two sees of this name, one in Palaestina Prima, the other in Palaestina Secunda. Gaddi, Agnolo, Giovanni, and Taddeo - Florentine artists, Taddeo being the father of Agnolo and Giovanni. Gaeta - Archdiocese in the province of Caserta in Campania (Southern Italy). Gahan, William - A priest and author; born 5 June, 1732, in the parish of St. Nicholas, Dublin; died there, 6 December, 1804. Gaillard, Claude Ferdinand - French engraver and painter; b. at Paris, 7 Jan., 1834; d. there, 27 Jan., 1887. Galle - Diocese in Ceylon, created by Leo XIII 25 Aug., 1893. Galletti, Pietro Luigi - Benedictine, historian and archaeologist; b. at Rome in 1724; d. there, 13 December, 1790. Gallican Rite, The - The rite which prevailed in Gaul until about the middle or end of the eighth century. Gallipoli - Diocese in the province of Lecce (Southern Italy). Gallitzin, Adele Amalie - Princess; b. at Berlin, 28 Aug., 1748; d. at Angelmodde, near Münster, Westphalia, 17 April, 1806. Galveston - The Diocese of Galveston was established in 1847 and comprises that part of the State of Texas, U.S.A., between the Sabine River on the east, the Colorado River on the west, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the northern line of the counties of Lampasas, Coryell, McLennan, Limestone, Freestone, Anderson, Cherokee, Nacogdoches, and Shelby on the north. Galway and Kilmacduagh - Diocese in Ireland; an amalgamation of two distinct ancient sees. Gamans, Jean - Priest and missionary. (1606-1684) Gambling - The staking of money or other thing of value on the issue of a game of chance. Gangra - A titular see in the province of Paphlagonia. Garcilasso de la Vega - Historian of Peru. (1539-1617) Gardellini, Aloisio - Born at Rome, 4 Aug., 1759; died there, 8 Oct., 1829, famous chiefly for his collection of the decrees of the Congregation of Rites. Garesché, Julius Peter - Soldier; born 26 April, 1821, near Havana, Cuba; killed at the battle of Stone River, Tennessee, U.S.A., 31 December, 1862. Gaul, Christian - The Church of Gaul first appeared in history in connexion with the persecution at Lyons under Marcus Aurelius (177). Gaultier, Aloisius-Edouard-Camille - Priest and schoolmaster; b. at Asti, Piedmont, about 1745; d. at Paris, 18 Sept., 1818. Gaume, Jean-Joseph - French theologian and author, b. at Fuans (Franche-Comté) in 1802; d. in 1879. Geissel, Johannes von - Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne, b. 5 February, 1796, at Gimmeldingen, in the Palatinate; d. 8 September, 1864, at Cologne. Gelasius of Cyzicus - Ecclesiastical writer, son of a priest of Cyzicus, and wrote in Bithynia, about 475, to prove against the Eutychians, that the Nicene Fathers did not teach Monophysitism. Gemblours - A suppressed Benedictine monastery on the river Orneau in Belgium, founded c. 945 by St. Guibert (Wibert) and dedicated to St. Peter the Apostle and the holy martyr Exuperius. Gennadius II - His original name was George Scholarius. Born about 1400, was first a teacher of philosophy and then judge in the civil courts under the Emperor John VIII. Gennadius of Marseilles - A priest whose chief title to fame is his continuation of St. Jerome's catalogue "De Viris illustribus". Genoa - Archdiocese in Liguria, Northern Italy. Gentile da Fabriano - Italian painter; b. probably about 1378 in the District of the Marches; d. probably 1427. Geography, Biblical - With the exception of the didactic literature, there is no book in the Bible which, to a greater or less extent, does not contain mention of, or allusions to, the geography and topography of the Holy Land. Geography and the Church - Explains the nature of this science and the course of its evolution. Georgia - The largest of the original thirteen United States; bounded on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina, on the east by the Savannah River and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Florida, and on the west by Florida and Alabama. Georgius Syncellus - The author of one of the more important medieval Byzantine chronicles, died after 810. Gerace - Diocese in the province of Reggio in Calabria (Southern Italy). Geraldton - Diocese in Australia, established in 1898, suffragan of Adelaide. Geramb, Baron Ferdinand de - In religion, Brother Mary Joseph; Abbot and procurator-general of La Trappe, came of a noble and ancient family in Hungary; b. in Lyons, 14 Jan., 1772; d. at Rome, 15 March, 1848. Gerberon, Gabriel - A Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation. (1628-1711) Gerdil, Hyacinthe Sigismond - Cardinal and theologian; b. at Samoëns in Savoy, 20 June, 1718; d. at Rome, 12 August 1802. Gerhard of Zütphen - Born at Zütphen, 1367; died at Windesheim, 1398; a mystical writer and one of the first of the Brothers of the Common Life, founded by Gerhard Groote and Florentius Radewyn at Deventer, in the Netherlands. Germanicia - A titular see in the province of Euphratensis and the patriarchate of Antioch; incorrectly called Germaniciana and located in Byzacene, Africa. Germanicopolis - A titular see in the province of Isauria, suffragan of Seleucia. Germans in the United States - Includes all German-speaking people, whether originally from Germany proper, Austria, Switzerland, or Luxembourg. Germany, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - Its jurisdiction covers the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Meeklenburg-Strelitz, the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, the free Hanse towns, Hamburg, Lübeck, and Bremen, the Principality of Lübeck (capital Eutin), belonging to the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, and the Island of Helgoland. Germia - A titular see of Galatia Secunda, a suffragan of Pessinus; mentioned by Hierocles in the sixth century. Gerrha - A titular see in the province of Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium in the Patriarchate of Alexandria. Gerson, Jean de Charlier de - Biographical article. Examines his view of conciliarism, and considers his mystical theology. Gervase of Canterbury - English chronicler, b. about 1141; d. in, or soon after, 1210. Gervase of Tilbury - Medieval writer, b. probably at Tilbury, in the County of Essex, England, about 1150; d. at Arlington, about 1220. Gesta Dei per Francos - Title adopted by Guibert de Nogent (died about 1124) for his history of the First Crusade. Gesta Romanorum - A medieval collection of anecdotes, to which moral reflections are attached. Ghent - Comprises the whole territory of East Flanders, one of the nine provinces of Belgium. Ghirlandajo - Florentine painter; b. 1449; d. 11 Jan., 1494. Giannone, Pietro - Italian historian, born 7 May, 1676, at Ischitella in the province of Capinata, Naples; died at Turin, 27 March, 1748. Gibail and Batrun - A Maronite residential see. Gibault, Pierre - Missionary, b. at Montreal, Canada, 1737; d. at New Madrid, about 1804. Giberti, Jean-Pierre - Canonist; b. at Aix, Provence, in 1660; d. at Paris in 1736. Giberti, Gian Matteo - Cardinal, and Bishop of Verona, the natural son of Francesco Giberti, a Genoese naval captain, b. at Palermo in 1495; d. at Verona, 30 Dec., 1543. Gibraltar - A rugged promontory in the province of Andalusia, Spain, about 6 miles in circumference. Its almost perpendicular walls rise to a height of 1396 feet. Giffard, Bonaventure - Bishop, born at Wolverhampton, England, 1642; died at Hammersmith, Middlesex, 12 March, 1734 Giffard, Godfrey - Bishop of Worcester, b. about 1235; d. 26 Jan., 1301. Giffard, William - Second Norman Bishop of Winchester from 1100 to 1129. Gifford, William - Archbishop of Reims; b. in Hampshire, 1554; d. at Reims, 11 April, 1629. Gilbert, Nicolas-Joseph-Laurent - Poet, b. at Fontenoy-le-Château, 1751; d. at Paris, 12 November, 1780. Gilbert, Sir John Thomas - Irish archivist and historian, b. in Dublin, 23 January, 1829; d. there, 23 May, 1898. Gilbert de la Porrée - Bishop of Poitiers, philosopher, theologian and general scholar; b. at Poitiers in 1076; d. in 1154. Giovanelli, Ruggiero - Composer, b. at Velletri, near Rome, in 1560; d. at Rome, 7 January, 1625. Giraldi, Giovanni Battista - Italian dramatist and novelist; b. at Ferrara, Italy, 1504; d. there, 1573. Giraldi, Ubaldo - An Italian canonist; b. in 1692; d. in 1775. Girgenti - The capital of a province in Sicily. Giulio Romano - A famous architect and painter, the best-known of Raphael's pupils, and the unique representative of the so-called "Roman School"; b. at Rome in 1492; d. at Mantua in 1546. Glabrio, Manius Acilius - Consul at Rome during A.D. 91, with Trajan. Glagolitic - An ancient alphabet of the Slavic languages, also called in Russian bukvitsa. Glaire, Jean-Baptiste - Priest, hebraist, and Biblical scholar; b. at Bordeaux, 1 April, 1798; d. at Issy, near Paris, 25 Feb., 1879. Glanville, Ranulf de - Chief Justiciar of England; b. at Stratford, Suffolk, England, date unknown; d. before Acre, Palestine, 1190. Glarean, Henry - Swiss humanist, poet, philosopher, geographer, mathematician, and musician, born at Mollis, near Glarus, Switzerland, in June, 1488, and died at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 27 March, 1563. Glasgow - Archdiocese in the south-west of Scotland. Glastonbury Abbey - Benedictine monastery, Somersetshire, England, pre-eminently the centre of early Christian tradition in England. Glebe - Originally signified, in common law, any farm, estate, or parcel of land, and the word is so used in the Theodosian Code. But in ecclesiastical law it has become the technical term for land permanently assigned for the maintenance of the incumbent of a parish, and is the oldest form of parochial endowment. Glory - In the English version of the Bible the word Glory, one of the commonest in the Scripture, is used to translate several Hebrew terms in the Old Testament, and the Greek doxa in the New Testament. Sometimes the Catholic versions employ brightness, where others use glory. Glosses, Scriptural - The word gloss designates not only marginal notes, but also words or remarks inserted for various reasons in the very text of the Scriptures. Glosses, Glossaries, Glossarists - To gloss is to interpret or explain a text by taking up its words one after another. A glossary is therefore a collection of words about which observations and notes have been gathered, and a glossarist is one who thus explains or illustrates given texts. "God", Etymology of the Word - Anglo-Saxon God; German Gott; akin to Persian khoda; Hindu khooda. Godfrey Goodman - Anglican Bishop of Gloucester. (1582-3-1656) Godfrey of Viterbo - German writer of the twelfth century. Goetz, Marie Josephine - Second superior-general of the Society of the Sacred Heart, daughter of Joseph Goetz of Strasburg and Marie Anne Wagner; b. 7 March, 1817; d. 4 January, 1874. Goffe, Stephen - Oratorian; b. 1605; d. at Paris, Christmas Day, 1681. Goffine, Leonard - Priest and writer. Born at Cologne, or according to some, at Broich, 6 December, 1648; died 11 August, 1719. Goldwell, Thomas - Bishop of St. Asaph, the last survivor of the ancient hierarchy of England; b. between 1501 and 1515; d. in Rome, 3 April, 1585. Good, Highest, The - (1)Utilitarianism, when the highest good is identified with happiness; (2)Rational Deontologism, when the highest good is identified with virtue or duty; (3)Rational Eudæmonism, or tempered Deontologism, when both virtue and happiness are combined in the highest good. Good Hope, Eastern Vicariate of the Cape of - Established in 1847, when the Vicariate of the Cape of Good Hope was divided into Eastern and Western. Good Hope, Cape of (Western) - The Western vicariate and the Central prefecture, although different in name, are virtually one. Gordos - A titular see in the province of Lydia, suffragan of Sardis. Gorres, Guido - Historian, publicist, and poet; b. at Coblenz on 28 May, 1805; d. at Munich on 14 July, 1852. Gorres, Johann Joseph - Writer and professor of physics. (1776-1848) Gortyna - A titular see, and in the Greek Church metropolitan see, of the Island of Crete. Gossaert, Jan - Flemish painter; b. about 1472; d. at Middelburg about 1533. Gosselin, Jean-Edmé-Auguste - Ecclesiastical author; b. at Rouen, France, 28 Sept., 1787; d. at Paris, 27 Nov., 1858. Gother, John - Priest and controversialist; b. at Southampton, date unknown; d. at sea on a voyage to Lisbon, 2 October, 1704. Gottweig, Abbey of - A Benedictine abbey situated on a hill of the same name, south of Krems, in Lower Austria. Graham, Patrick - First Archbishop of St. Andrews and Metropolitan of Scotland, date of birth uncertain; d. 1478. Gramont, Eugénie de - Religious of the Society of the Sacred Heart; b. at Versailles, 17 September, 1788; d. at Paris, 19 November, 1846. Granada - Archdiocese in Spain, founded by St. Cecilius about the year 64, was made an archiepiscopal see by Alexander VI, 23 Jan., 1493. Granderath, Theodor - Known for his monumental labours on the Vatican Council. Grandidier, Philippe-André - Priest and historian, b. at Strasburg, Alsace, 9 Nov., 1752; d. at the Abbey of Luntzel (Lucelles), Sundgau, 11 Oct., 1787. Grand Rapids - Diocese created 12 May, 1882 out of the diocese of Detroit. Grant, Thomas - First Bishop of Southwark; b. at Ligny-les-Aires, Arras, France, 25 Nov., 1816; d. at Rome, 1 June, 1870. Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de - Named Archbishop of Mechlin in 1559 and cardinal in 1561. Grasse, François-Joseph-Paul - Count and Marquess de Grasse-Tilly, lieutenant-general of the naval forces; b. near Toulon, 1723; d. at Paris, 11 January, 1788. Grassel, Lorenz - Coadjutor-elect of Baltimore; born at Ruemannsfelden, Bavaria, 18 August, 1753; died at Philadelphia, U.S.A., October, 1793. Gratianopolis - A titular see in Caesarea Mauretania, Africa. Gratius, Ortwin - Humanist; b. 1475 at Holtwick, near Coesfeld, Westphalia; d. at Cologne, 22 May, 1542. Gratry, Auguste-Joseph-Alphonse - French priest and writer; b. at Lille, 30 March, 1805; d. at Montreux, Switzerland, 7 February, 1872. Gravina, Dominic - Theologian; b. in Sicily, about 1573; d. in the Minerva, at Rome, 26 Aug., 1643. Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo - Italian jurist and littérateur of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; b. at Rogliano, Calabria, 21 January, 1664; d. at Rome, 6 January, 1718. Gravina and Montepeloso - Gravina is a town in the Province of Bari (Southern Italy), since the ninth century an episcopal see, suffragan of Acerenza and Matera. In 1818 it was united aeque principaliter with Montepeloso, which dates back to the twelfth century (some say the fifteenth) and was suffragan of Potenza. Graz, University of - Located in the capital of the Province of Steiermark, owes its establishment to the Counter-Reformation and the efforts of Archduke Karl von Steiermark, who, in 1584, requested Pope Gregory XIII to grant autonomous university privileges to the Jesuit college of Graz. Great Falls - Created by Pope Pius X, 18 May, 1904; comprises the following counties in the State of Montana: Carbon, Cascade, Chouteau, Custer, Dawson, Fergus, Park, Rosebud, Sweet Grass, Valley, and Yellowstone. Greece - History of the country and church. Greek Orthodox Church in America - The name Orthodox Church is generally used to distinguish those of the Greek Rite who are not in communion with the Holy See. Greek Rites - People who speak of the Greek Rite generally mean that of Constantinople. Green, Thomas Louis - Priest and controversialist; b. at Stourbridge, Worcestershire, 1799; d. at Newport, Shropshire, 27 Feb., 1883. Green Bay - Diocese established 3 March, 1868, from the territory of the Diocese of Milwaukee. Gregory Bæticus - Bishop of Elvira, in the province of Baetica, Spain, from which he derived his surname; d. about 392. Grenoble - Comprises the Department of Isère and the Canton of Villeurbanne (Rhône). Gröne, Valentin - Catholic theologian. (1817-1882) Guadeloupe - Diocese in the West Indies, comprises the islands of Guadeloupe, Les Saintes, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the French portions of St. Martin and St Bartholomew. Guarantees, Law of - A law passed by the senate and chamber of the Italian parliament, 13 May, 1871, concerning the prerogatives of the Holy See, and the relations between State and Church in the Kingdom of Italy. Guardianship, in Civil Jurisprudence - A person intrusted by law with the interests of another whose youth, inexperience, mental weakness or feebleness of will, disqualifies him from acting for himself in the ordinary affairs of life, and who is known as the ward. Guatemala, Santiago de - Archdiocese conterminous with the Republic of Guatemala, in Central America. Guayaquil - The capital of the Ecuadorian province of Guayas. Gubbio - Diocese of Eugubinensis, in the province of Perugia in Umbria (Central Italy). Gudenus, Moritz - German convert to the Catholic faith from the Protestant ministry; b. 11 April, 1596, at Cassel; d. February, 1680. Guérin - Eugénie de Guérin, a French writer; b. at the château of La Cayla, in Languedoc, 15 January, 1805; d. there 5 June, 1848. Georges-Maurice de Guérin, a French poet, brother of Eugénie; b. at the château of La Cayla, in Languedoc, 5 August, 1810; d. there, 19 July, 1839. Gugler, Joseph Heinrich Aloysius - Born at Udligerschwyl, near Lucerne, Switzerland, 25 August, 1782; died at Lucerne, 28 February, 1827. Guibert of Ravenna - An antipope, known as Clement III, 1080 (1084) to 1100; born at Parma about 1025; died at Cività Castellana, 8 Sept., 1100. Guilds - Voluntary associations for religious, social, and commercial purposes. Guiney, Patrick Robert - Soldier, born at Parkstown, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, on 15 Jan., 1835; died at Boston, 21 March, 1877. Guiscard, Robert - Duke of Apulia and Calabria, founder of the Norman state of the Two Sicilies; born about 1016; died 17 July, 1085. Guitmund - A Bishop of Aversa, a Benedictine monk, theologian, and opponent of Berengarius; born at an unknown place in Normandy during the first quarter of the eleventh century; died between 1090-95, at Aversa, near Naples. Gunther of Cologne - An archbishop of that city, died 8 July, 873. Gurk - A prince-bishopric of Carinthia, suffragan to Salzburg. Gury, Jean-Pierre - Moral theologian; b. at Mailleroncourt, Haute-Saône, 23 January, 1801; d. at Merc ur, Haute Loire, 18 April, 1866.