Bembo, Pietro - Italian scholar and Cardinal, b. of a noble family at Venice, 20 May, 1470; d. at Rome, 18 January, 1547. Beardsley, Aubrey - Biography of the daring English illustrator. Bestiaries - Medieval books on animals, in which the real or fabulous characteristics of actually existent or imaginary animals (such as the griffin, dragon, siren, unicorn, etc.) were figuratively treated as religious symbols of Christ, the devil, the virtues and vices. Bologna, Giovanni da - Flemish Renaissance sculptor, b. at Douai, in Flanders, about 1524; d. at Florence in 1608. Byrd, William - Article examining life, sacred and secular music, and related composers. Boccaccio, Giovanni - Biography and overview of the author's major works. Baconian System of Philosophy, The - Essay takes a look at this system and its relation to theology and the beliefs of the Catholic church. Brentano, Klemens Maria - German poet. (1778-1842) Brant, Sebastian - Short biography of the German humanist and poet. Baptistery - The separate building in which the Sacrament of Baptism was once solemnly administered, or that portion of the church-edifice later set apart for the same purpose. Bethlehem - Birthplace of Jesus. Brendan, Saint - Article on St. Brendan of Ardfert and Clonfert, also known as Brendan the Voyager. Monastic founder, d. 577. About half of the article is devoted to St. Brendan's famous voyage. Byzantine Literature - The four cultural elements included are the Greek, the Christian, the Roman, and the Oriental. Byzantine Empire, The - Term employed to designate the Eastern survival of the ancient Roman Empire. Bodin, Jean - Article by Georges Goyau. Notes the philosopher's relation to the political and religious order of his time. Burleigh, Walter - Friar Minor and medieval philosopher, b. in 1275 and d. in 1337. Buridan, Jean - French scholastic philosopher of the fourteenth century, b. at Béthune, in the district of Atois towards the end of the thirteenth century; date of death unknown. Bruni, Leonardo - Article by Edmund Burke, summarizing the humanist's life and career. Benthamism - Article on Jeremy Bentham, English jurist and reformer. Features biographical information and a short bibliography. Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe - Detailed article by Adolf Muller on the Jesuit mathematician and philosopher. Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus - Article with a focus on Boethius as a theologian. Bolzano, Bernhard - Austrian mathematician and philosopher, b. at Prague, 5 October, 1781; d. 18 December, 1848. Budé, Guillaume - Article by M. de Moreira, reviewing the key points of this thinker's career. Bessarion, Johannes - Article on this 15th-century Byzantine scholar, by U. Benigni. Bañez, Domingo - Detailed article on the Spanish Dominican theologian. Balaam - The derivation of the name is uncertain. Dr. Neubauer would connect it with the god Ammo or Ammi, as though Balaam belonged to a people whose god or lord was Ammo or Ammi. Beseleel - Describes two people known by this name. Benjamin - The youngest son of Jacob born of Rachel. Baruch - The disciple of Jeremiah, and the traditional author of the deuto-canonical book, which bears his name. Bruno, Giordano - Italian philosopher. (1548-1600) Buddhism - The religious, monastic system, founded c. 500 B.C. on the basis of pantheistic Brahminism. Bruno, Saint - Biographical article on the founder of the Carthusians. Bede, The Venerable - Benedictine monk, priest, historian, Doctor of the Church, d. 735. Boisil, Saint - Abbot of Melrose, renowned for prophetic gifts, taught St. Cuthbert. St. Boisil died in 664. Boniface, Saint - Born Winfrid, a native of England, Benedictine monk, the Apostle of Germany, martyred in 755. Blane, Saint - Nephew of St. Cathan. Blane studied in Ireland under SS. Comgall and Kenneth, became a monk, went to Scotland, became a bishop of the Picts, died 590. Bibiana, Saint - Female Roman martyr, d. 483 at the latest. Also called Vibiana. Blathmac, Saint - Irish monk, martyred at Iona in about 835. In Latinized form, he is sometimes called Florentius. His life was written in Latin hexameter by Strabo. Bartholomew, Saint - Mentioned in the lists of apostles in the Synoptic Gospels and in Acts, thought to be identical with Nathaniel (mentioned only in the Gospel of John). Basil the Great, Saint - Biographical article on the Bishop of Caesarea, who is one of the Cappadocian Fathers, Doctor of the Church, and brother of St. Gregory of Nyssa. Boniface I, Pope Saint - Consecrated the same day as the antipope Eulalius. Both were ordered to leave Rome. Eulalius took over St. John Lateran on Holy Saturday, after which the emperor refused to consider his claim. Boniface died in 422. Brieuc, Saint - Celtic monk and priest, companion of St. Iltud. Brieuc died in about 502. Bercharius, Saint - Abbot of Hautvillers, founder, stabbed to death by one of his monks in 696. Basil of Amasea - Bishop and Martyr. Boniface IV, Pope Saint - Transformed the Pantheon into a Christian church, died in 615. Benedict of Aniane, Saint - St. Benedict was a Goth, served in the Frankish court, then became a Benedictine monk. His monastery of Aniane was the model for monastic reform in France and the Empire. He died in 821. Benignus of Dijon, Saint - Third-century martyr. Barlaam and Josaphat - Main characters of a seventh-century Christian legend. Barlaam, a hermit, converted the prince Josaphat to Christianity, despite the efforts of Josaphat's father Abenner to prevent such a thing. Although Barlaam and Josaphat are included in the Roman Martyrology and in the Greek calendar, the story is actually a Christianized version of a legend about Buddha. Benedict, Rule of Saint - Lengthy article on the text of the Rule and its composition, some analysis, and practical application. Benedict of Nursia, Saint - Long article on the founder of Western monasticism, and on his Rule. Blaise, Saint - Bishop of Sebaste, martyr, d. about 316. Benignus, Saint - Known as "Patrick's psalm-singer," Irish missionary, musician, bishop, legislator, d. 467. Burchard of Würzurg, Saint - First bishop of Würzburg, d. about 754. Brenach, Saint - Fifth-century Irish missionary to Wales and a contemporary of St. Patrick. Bridget of Sweden, Saint - Biography of the mother of 8, widow, visionary, founder of the Brigittines. Botulph, Saint - Or Botolph. Founder and abbot of Icanhoe, d. about 680. Babylas, Saint - Bishop of Antioch, martyr in the Decian persecution, died in prison. Berach, Saint - A disciple of St. Kevin. Abbot of Cluain Coirpthe, now called Kilbarry or Termonbarry in the saint's honor. St. Berach died in 595. Benedict II, Pope Saint - A Roman, he was pope for a little less than eleven months, and died in 685. Account of his pontificate. Beuno, Saint - Welsh, said to have been educated at Bangor and, after ordination, to have become a missionary. Abbot of Clynnog, and uncle of St. Winifred. Died perhaps in 660. Bathilde, Saint - A runaway slave who became the wife of King Clovis II. Upon widowhood, she founded monasteries and proved herself a capable regent. She died in 680. Bonaventure, Saint - Biobibliographical essay on the Franciscan theologian and Doctor of the Church, d. 1274. Bruno of Querfurt, Saint - Courtier, monk, missionary archbishop, hagiographer, martyr. Called the Second Apostle of the Prussians. Barnabas, Saint - Originally Joseph, styled an Apostle in Holy Scripture, and, like St. Paul, ranked by the Church with the Twelve, though not one of them. Birinus (Berin), Saint - Confessor, first Bishop of Dorchester, Apostle of Wessex, d. 650. Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint - Article on the life and works of this twelfth-century Cistercian and Doctor of the Church. Benedict Biscop, Saint - Anglo-Saxon, monastic founder, d. 690. Balbina, Saint - There are at least two saints of this name venerated at Rome. Baldred, Saint - Two saints of this name have the same feast day. One was a Celt; the other, and Englishman. Basilides - Martyrs bearing this name are mentioned in the old martyrologies on three different days, namely, on 10, 12, and 28 June. Basilissa - Several saints of this name appear in martyrologies. Next to nothing is known about any of them except place of martyrdom, and sometimes the names of their spouses or companions in martyrdom. Bertha - Brief biographies of five holy women of this name: two saints; two beatae; and one Bertha who is commonly called a saint but there is no evidence of a cultus surrounding her. Brogan, Saint - Article discusses several saints of this name. Bertin, Saint - Monk living under the Rule of St. Columban, missionary to the Morini, monastic founder, abbot of St. Omer, d. about 709. Braulio, Saint - Bishop of Saragossa, hagiographer, friend of St. Isidore of Seville. St. Braulio died in about 651. Bertulf, Saint - Converted to Christianity from paganism, entered the monastery of Luxeuil under the Rule of St. Columban, became abbot of Bobbio, was staunchly anti-Arian, d. 639 or 640. Blandina, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. at Lyons in 177. Baithen of Iona, Saint - Irish monk, immediate successor of St. Columba as abbot of Iona. Baithen died sometime between 598 and 600. Barbara, Saint - Legendary virgin and martyr, first mentioned in the early seventh century. Alleged to have died in the third or fourth century, but date is uncertain and place of martyrdom varies. Brigid of Ireland, Saint - Biography. Monastic founder, abbess of a double monastery, friend of St. Patrick. St. Brigid died in 525. Bohemian Brethren - "Bohemian Brethren" and "Moravian Brethren" are the current popular designation of the Unitas Fratrum founded in Bohemia in 1457, renewed by Count Zinzendorf in 1722. Beguines & Beghards - As early as the commencement of the twelfth century there were women in the Netherlands who lived alone, and without taking vows devoted themselves to prayer and good works. Benedict of San Philadelphio, Saint - Also known as Benedict the Moor. Born in Italy to Christian slaves from Ethiopia, St. Benedict joined an association of hermits, and when that was dissolved, became a Franciscan Recollect. Baptista Varani, Blessed - Poor Clare and ascetical writer. She died in 1527. Baptista Mantuanus, Blessed - Carmelite, Renaissance poet, d. 1516. Bruno, Saint - Bishop of Segni, reformer, Benedictine abbot, author of commentaries on Scripture, d. 1123. Benedict Joseph Labre, Saint - Frenchman, longed to be a monk but spent the last thirteen years of his life as a pilgrim. He died in 1783. Berard of Carbio, Saint - Franciscan martyr, d. 1220. Bernard Tolomeo, Saint - Italian hermit, monastic founder, d. 1348. Berchtold, Blessed - Abbot of the Benedictine Monastery of Engelberg in Switzerland, died 1197. Benedict XI, Pope Blessed - Elected unanimously, author of Scriptural commentaries, d. 1304. Bernward, Saint - Bishop of Hildesheim, d. 1022. Bernard of Menthon, Saint - Archdeacon of Aosta, preacher, founder of two hospices for travelers in dangerous Alpine passes (now named the Great St. Bernard and Little St. Bernard, after him), d. 1008. Bernard, Saint - Soldier, monk, abbot, Archbishop of Vienne, d. 842. Bernardine of Feltre, Blessed - Italian Franciscan missionary, died 1494. Of little note as an author. Best remembered for his monti di pietà, a type of charitable lender similar to pawnbrokers. Beatrix - Brief biographies of seven saints or beatae named Beatrix or Beatrice. One of them, Beatrix da Silva, has since been canonized. Bernardine of Fossa, Blessed - Italian Franciscan, missionary, historian, biographer, d. 1503. Bernardine of Siena, Saint - Biography of the Franciscan missionary, reformer, popular preacher, peacemaker, called "the Apostle of Italy," who died in 1380. Baker, Charles - Real name David Henry Lewis. Biography of the convert to Catholicism, who was martyred in 1679. Bible, The - A collection of writings recognized as inspired. Bibles, Picture - In the Middle Ages the Church made use of pictures as a means of instruction, to supplement the knowledge acquired by reading or oral teaching. Benedict XIV, Pope - Reigned 1740-58. Beads, Use of, at Prayers - Essay on chaplets, rosaries, prayer ropes, prayer cords. Brief treatment of the use of beads in prayer by non-Christians. Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament - Description of the basics of this popular devotion. Benediction is unusual in that it is a devotional practice partly governed by liturgical law. Bakócz, Thomas - Cardinal and statesman, b. about 1442, in the village of Erdoed, county Szatmar, Northeastern Hungary; d. 15 June, 1521. Barry, John - Second Bishop of Savannah. (1799-1859) Backx, Peter Hubert Evermode - Ordained priest 17 March, 1832, considered the second founder of the Norbertine Abbey of Tongerloo. Bacon, David William - First Bishop of Portland, Maine. (1813-1874) Bacon, John - An English Carmelite and theologian, born towards the end of the thirteenth century. Baalbek - Town in Syria; also called Heliopolis. Babel - The word is derived from the Babylonian bab-ilu, meaning "gate of God". Babenstuber, Ludwig - German philosopher and theologian; vice-chancellor of the University of Salzburg; born 1660 at Teining in Bavaria; died 5 April, 1726, at the Benedictine monastery of Ettal. Babinet, Jacques - French physicist. (1794-1872) Babylon (Title) - The curial title of a Latin archbishopric, also of a Chaldean patriarchate, and of a Syrian archbishopric. Babylonia - Includes geography, history, and biblical references. Baccanceld - This meeting was rather a witenagemot, or Parliament, than an ecclesiastical synod, presided over by Wihtred, King of Kent. Bacchylus - Bishop of Corinth. Bachiarius - An early fifth-century writer, known only through two treatises which warrant the conjecture that he was a monk, possibly an abbot, and a Spaniard. Bachmann, Paul - Catholic theological controversialist, born at Chemnitz, Saxony, about 1466. Backer, Augustin de - Bibliographer, born at Antwerp, Belgium, 18 July, 1809; died at Liège, 1 December, 1873. Bacon, Nathaniel - Better know under the assumed name of Southwell, a Jesuit priest and bibliographer, b. in the county of Norfolk, England, in 1598; d. at Rome, 2 Dec., 1676. Ballerini, Antonio - Jesuit theologian. (1805-1881) Badajoz - The Latin name Pax, or Civitas Pacensis, was given to this district because it was thought to be the Pax Julia or Pax Augusta of the Romans. Baden - The Grand Duchy of Baden is situated in the southwestern part of the German Empire. Badia, Tommaso - Cardinal, author, papal legate, born at Modena, 1483; died at Rome, 6 September, 1547. Badin, Stephen Theodore - Pioneer missionary priest of Kentucky. (1768-1853) Badius, Raphael - A Florentine Dominican of the seventeenth century. Baegert, John Jacob - Missionary and ethnographer. (1717-1777) Baert, François - Bollandist, born at Ypres, 25 August, 1651; died at Antwerp, 27 October, 1719. Bagamoyo - Vicariate apostolic in German East Africa, separated by a pontifical Decree of 11 May, 1906, from the Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Zanzibar. Bagdad - Founded on the Tigris by the second Abbaside Caliph Abou Giafar al Mansur (762 or 764) and named by him Medinet es-Selam, or City of Salvation. Basilinopolis - A titular see of Asia Minor. Bageis - A titular see of Lydia in Asia Minor. Baglioni, Giovanni, Cavaliere - Known as the "Deaf Man of the Barozzo", a painter of distinction, b. in Rome, 1571; d. there 1644. Bagnorea - A diocese situated in the district of Viterbo, Italy, and immediately subject to the Holy See. Bagot, Jean - Theologian, born at Rennes, in France, 9 July, 1591, died at Paris, 23 August, 1664. Bagshaw, Christopher - Convert, priest, prisoner for the Faith, and a prominent figure in the controversies between Catholic priests and the reign of Elizabeth. Bahama Islands, The - The most northerly group of the West Indies. Baal, Baalim - A word which belongs to the oldest stock of the Semite vocabulary and primarily means "lord", "owner". Bailey, Thomas - Controversialist, died c. 1657. Baillargeon, Charles François - A French-Canadian bishop. (1798-1870) Baillet, Adrien - French author. (1649-1706) Bailloquet, Pierre - French missionary to Canadian Indians. (1612-1692) Baily, Thomas - A Catholic clergyman, b. in Yorkshire, England; d. at Douai, France, 7 October, 1591. Bainbridge, Christopher - Archbishop of York, and Cardinal. (1464-1514) Baines, Peter Augustine - Titular Bishop of Siga. (1787-1843) Baines, Ralph - Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, England, b. at Knowsthorp, Yorks, date of birth uncertain; d. 18 November, 1559. Baini, Abbate Giuseppe - Composer, born in Rome, 21 October, 1775; died there 21 May, 1844. Baius, Michel - Theologian and author of a system known as Baianism. (1513-1589) Baker, David Augustine - Benedictine mystic and ascetic writer. (1575-1641) Baker, Francis Asbury - American priest and convert. (1820-1865) Beaton, David - Cardinal, Archbishop of St. Andrews, b. 1494; d. 29 May, 1546. Balbinus, Boleslaus - A Jesuit historian of Bohemia. (1621-1688) Bell, Arthur, Venerable - Friar Minor and English martyr. (1590-1643) Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de - Explorer, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of Central America. (1475-1517) Balbuena, Bernardo de - A Spanish poet, born in Val de Peñas, 1568; died in Porto Rico, 1627. Burgos - Since the tenth century an episcopal see of Spain, to which in the eleventh century the ancient Sees of Oca and Valpuesta were transferred. Baldachium of the Altar - A dome-like canopy in wood, stone, or metal, erected over the high altar of larger churches, generally supported on four columns, though sometimes suspended by chains from the roof. Baker City, Diocese of - Comprises Wasco, Klamath, Lake, Sherman, Gilliam, Wheeler, Morrow, Grant, Union, Crook, Umatilla, Wallowa, Baker, Harney, and Malheur counties in the State of Oregon, U.S.A. Baldwin - Archbishop of Trier and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, born 1285; died 1354. Baldwin of Canterbury - Thirty-ninth Archbishop, a native of Exeter, date of birth unknown; d. 19 Nov., 1190. Balsam - Balsam is an oily, resinous, and odorous substance, which flows spontaneously or by incision from certain plants, and which the Church mixes with olive oil for use as chrism. Balsamon, Theodore - A canonist of the Greek Church, born in the second half of the twelfth century at Constantinople; died there, after 1195. Baltasar - The Greek and Latin name for Belshazzar, which is the Hebrew equivalent for Bel­sarra­usur, i.e., "May Bel protect the king". Baltimore, Archdiocese of - History includes colonial and American periods. Barron, Edward - Irish missionary. (1801-1854) Baltimore, Plenary Councils of - Provides details of three councils held in 1852, 1866, and 1884. Baltus, Jean François - Theologian, born at Metz, 8 June, 1667; died at Reims, 9 March, 1743. Banjaluka - The Diocese of Banjaluka in Western Bosnia. Bankruptcy, Civil Aspect of - Earlier English terms, bankruptship, bankrupture. Bankruptcy, Moral Aspect of - Bankruptcy must be considered not only from the legal but also from the moral point of view; for sound morality prescribes that debts must be paid. Banns of Marriage - In general the ecclesiastical announcement of the names of persons contemplating marriage. Baptism - One of the Seven Sacraments of the Christian Church; frequently called the "first sacrament", the "door of the sacraments", and the "door of the Church". Baptismal Font - A basin or vase, serving as a receptacle for baptismal water in which the candidate for baptism is immersed, or over which he is washed, in the ceremony of Christian initiation. Baptismal Vows - The name popularly given to the renunciations required of an adult candidate for baptism just before the sacrament is conferred. Baptists - A Protestant denomination which exists chiefly in English speaking countries and owes its name to its characteristic doctrine and practice regarding baptism. Barbarigo, Giovanni Francesco - Italian Cardinal, nephew of Blessed Gregorio Barbarigo (1625-97), born in 1658 at Venice; died in 1730. Barcena, Alonzo de - A Jesuit, native of Bacza in Andalusia, Spain. (1528-1598) Barjesus - False prophet mentioned in the New Testament. Bar-Kepha, Moses - Jacobite bishop and writer. (813-903) Barlings, Abbey of - Founded in 1154 in honour of Our Lady by Ralph de Haye who had given some lands to the Abbot of Newhouse. Bernard, Claude - French physiologist. (1813-1878) Barlow, William Rudesind - Third son of Sir Alexander Barlow of Barlow Hall, date of birth uncertain; d. at Douai, 19 Sept., 1656. Baroccio, Federigo - Italian painter and engraver. (1528-1612) Barocco Style - A debased application to architecture of Renaissance features. Barral, Louis-Mathias, Count de - Archbishop of Tours, France, born 26 April, 1746, at Grenoble; died 7 June, 1816, at Paris. Barrande, Joachim - French palæontologist. (1799-1883) Barrasa, Jacinto - Born at Lima, Peru, early in the seventeenth century; died there, 22 Nov., 1704. Barreira, Balthasar - A Portuguese Jesuit missionary, born at Lisbon, 1531; died 1612. Barruel, Augustin - Controversialist and publicist, born at Villeneuve de Berg (Ardeche); 2 October, 1741; died at Paris, 5 October, 1820. Barry, Paul de - A member of the Society of Jesus, born at Leucate in 1587; died at Avignon, 28 July, 1661. Bartholomaeus Anglicus - Thirteenth-century Franciscan encyclopedist. Bartholomew - Also called Bartholomaeus Parvus (the Little), born at Bologna, year not known; died 15 August, 1333. Bartoli, Daniello - Historian and littérateur, born at Ferrara, 12 February, 1608; died in Rome, 12 January, 1685. Barzynski, Vincent - Polish-American priest (1838-1899) Bartolommeo, Fra - Italian Dominican painter (1475-1517) Barton, Elizabeth - Born probably in 1506; executed at Tyburn, 20 April, 1534; called the "Nun of Kent". Basil, Liturgy of Saint - Several Oriental liturgies, or at least several anaphoras, have been attributed to the great St. Basil, Bishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia from 370 to 379. Basil, Rule of Saint - St. Basil drew up his Rule for the members of the monastery he founded about 356 on the banks of the Iris in Cappadocia. Basilica - The term can indicate either the architectural style of a church, or its canonical status. Basins, Ecclesiastical Use of - Extensively used in the Jewish Ritual and were in early use in Christian churches for ablutions and to receive lamp-drippings. Basle, Council of - Convoked by Pope Martin V in 1431, closed at Lausanne in 1449. Bas-relief - A sculpture executed upon and attached to a flat surface. Baumgartner, Alexander - Swiss poet and writer. (1841-1910) Bassi, Matthew of - Founder of the Capuchins. (1495-1552) Bath Abbey - The first religious house in Bath was a monastery of nuns founded by King Osric, A.D. 676. Bath and Wells - Ancient diocese coextensive with the county of Somerset, England. Bathe, William - Irishman, Jesuit, wrote educational books on music and language. He died in 1614. Baudouin, Michel - Italian missionary born 1692. Entered the Society of Jesus in France at the age of twenty-one, arrived in Louisiana in 1728. Bawden, William - An English Jesuit, born at Cornwall, 1563; died at St.-Omer, 28 September, 1632. Bayma, Joseph - Jesuit mathematician and scientist. (1816-1892) Beards - Among the Jews, as among most Oriental peoples, the beard was especially cherished as a symbol of virility; to cut off another man's beard was an outrage. Beatific Vision - The immediate knowledge of God which the angelic spirits and the souls of the just enjoy in Heaven. Beatification and Canonization - According to some writers the origin in the Catholic Church is to be traced back to the ancient pagan apotheosis. Beatitudes, Mount of - Name given to the place where the "Sermon on the Mount", was delivered. Beccaria, Giovanni Battista - Physicist. (1716-1781) Beatitudes, The Eight - The solemn blessings which mark the opening of the Sermon on the Mount. Beauregard, Jean-Nicolas - French pulpit orator. (1733-1794) Beauvais, Gilles-François-de - Jesuit writer and preacher, born at Mans, France, 7 July, 1693; died probably at Paris about 1773. Bec, Abbey of - The Benedictine Abbey of Bec, or Le Bec, in Normandy, was founded in the earlier part of the eleventh century by Herluin, a Norman knight who about 1031 left the court of Count Gilbert of Brionne to devote himself to a life of religion. Becan, Martin - Controversialist, born at Hilvarenbeck, Brabant, Holland, 6 January, 1563; died at Vienna, 24 January, 1624. Beccus, John - Patriarch of Constantinople in the second half of the thirteenth century, one of the few Greek ecclesiastics who were sincerely in favour of reunion with the Church of Rome. Beckedorff, George Philipp Ludolf von - Studied theology at Jena, then medicine at Göttingen, obtained the degree of doctor in 1799. Becker, Thomas Andrew - Sixth Bishop of Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. Beckx, Pierre-Jean - Twenty-second General of the Society of Jesus, born at Sichem, Belgium, 8 February, 1795; died at Rome, 4 March, 1887. Becquerel, Antoine-César - French physicist, b. at Chatillon-sur-Loing (Loiret), 7 March, 1788; d. at Paris, 18 January, 1878. Bedard, Pierre - French-Canadian lawyer and member of the Assembly of Lower Canada, b. at Charlesbourg near Quebec, 13 November, 1762; d. at Three Rivers, 26 April 1829. Bedini, Cajetan - Italian Cardinal and diplomat. (1806-1864) Bedlam - A London hospital originally intended for the poor suffering from any ailment and for such as might have no other lodging, hence its name, Bethlehem, in Hebrew, the "house of bread." Bergen, Ancient See of - The diocese included the Provinces of Nordre and Sondre Bergenhus, and the district of Sondmor in the Province of Romsdal. Beelen, Ian Theodor - Exegete and Orientalist. (1807-1884) Beelphegor - The Moabite divinity who ruled over Phogor. Beelzebub - Provides an Old and a New Testament definition. Begnudelli-Basso, Francesco Antonio - A canonist who lived at the end of the seventeenth century. Belem do Pará, Archdiocese of - In South America, formerly (after 4 March, 1719) a suffragan diocese of Bahia (San Salvador), but raised to metropolitan rank 3 May, 1906. Belfry - The upper part of the tower or steeple of a church, for the reception of the bells; or a detached tower containing bells, as the campanile of the Italians. Belgrado, Giacopo - Italian Jesuit and natural philosopher. (1704-1789) Belial - Found frequently as a personal name in the Vulgate and various English translations of the Bible, is commonly used as a synonym of Satan, or the personification of evil. Belief - That state of the mind by which it assents to propositions, not by reason of their intrinsic evidence, but because of authority. Belin, Albert (Jean) - French prelate and writer, b. in Besançon early in the seventeenth century; d. 29 April, 1677. Bachelot, Alexis John Augustine - Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands. (1796-1837) Bellecius, Aloysius - Jesuit ascetic author, born at Freiburg im Breisgau, 15 February, 1704; died at Augsburg, 27 April, 1757. Belmont, François Vachon de - Fifth superior of the Sulpicians at Montreal, b. at Grenoble, France, 1645; d. 1732. Boece, Hector - Chronicler and one of the founders of the University of Aberdeen, b. at Dundee c. 1465; d. 1536. Benavides, Fray Alonzo - Archbishop of Goa in the Portuguese Indies. Benedict I, Pope - A Roman and the son of Boniface, and was called Bonosus by the Greeks. Benedict III, Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. 17 April, 858. Benedict IV, Pope - A Roman and the son of Mammalus, became pope in the first half of 900. Benedict V, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died 4 July, 965. Benedict VI, Pope - Benedict, Cardinal-Deacon of St. Theodore, a Roman and the son of Hildebrand, was elected as the successor of John XIII. Benedict VII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. c. October, 983. Burke, Edmund - First Vicar Apostolic of Nova Scotia. (1753-1820) Benedict VIII, Pope - The first of the Tusculan popes. Date of birth unknown; d. 9 April, 1024. Benedict X - The bearer of this name was an antipope in the days of Nicholas II, 1056-61. Burke, Thomas - Bishop of Ossory, b. at Dublin, Ireland, about 1709; d. at Kilkenny, 25 September, 1776. Benedict XIII, Pope - Reigned 1724-1730. Benedicti, Jean - A Franciscan theologian of the sixteenth century belonging to the Observantine Province of Tours and Poitiers. Benedictional - A book containing a collection of benedictions or blessings in use in the Church. Benedictus Polonus - A medieval Friar Minor missionary and traveller. (c. 1245) Benefice - Popularly the term is often understood to denote either certain property destined for the support of ministers of religion, or a spiritual office or function, such as the care of souls. Benefit of Clergy - The exemption from the jurisdiction of the secular courts, which in England, in the Middle Ages, was accorded to clergymen. Benettis, Jeremiah - Friar Minor Capuchin and historical writer, d. in 1774. Benevento, Archdiocese of - The principal city of the province of the same name in Campania. Bengtsson, Jöns Oxenstjerna - Archbishop of Upsala, Sweden, b. 1417; d. in 1467. Bengy, Anatole de - A martyr of the French Commune. (1824-1871) Burke, Thomas Nicholas - Dominican orator. (1830-1882) Benin - Vicariate Apostolic on the coast of Benin. Benoît, Michel - Born at Autun (or Dijon), France, 8 October, 1715; died at Peking, 23 October, 1774, a Jesuit scientist, for thirty years in the service of Kien Lung, Emperor of China. Bentney, William - An English Jesuit priest born in Cheshire, 1609; died 30 October, 1692. Benziger, Joseph Charles - Founder of the Catholic publishing house that bears his name. (1762-1841) Benzoni, Girolamo - Writer, born at Milan about 1519. Berardi, Carbo Sebastiano - Canonist. (1719-1768) Berault-Bercastel, Antoine Henri de - A writer of church history, b. 22 November, 1720, at Briey, Lorraine; d. about 1794 at Noyon, France. Bercheure, Pierre - French Benedictine. (1290-1362) Berengarius of Tours - Born at Tours about 999; died on the island of St. Cosme, near that city, in 1088. Bosio, Antonio - Known as "The Columbus of the Catacombs", b. in the island of Malta about the year 1576; d. 1629. Berlioz, Hector - French composer. (1803-1869) Bernal, Agostino - Spanish theologian. (1587-1642) Bernard Guidonis - Bishop and Inquisitor. (1261-1331) Bernard of Bologna - Friar Minor Capuchin and Scotist theologian, born at Bologna, 17 December, 1701; died 19 February, 1768. Bernard of Cluny - A Benedictine monk of the first half of the twelfth century, poet, satirist, and hymn-writer, author of "On the Contempt of the World". Bernard of Luxemburg - Dominican theologian, controversialist, and Inquisitor. (d. 1535) Bernard of Pavia - Canonist and bishop. (d. 1213) Barry, John - U.S. Navy Captain. (1745-1803) Bernardines, The - Title of certain sisters of the order of Cîteaux who at the end of the sixteenth and in the seventeenth century, made energetic efforts to restore the primitive observance of their rule. Bernini, Domenico - Son of Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini. Brazil - Information includes history, religion, climate, education, and economy. Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo - Italian architect and sculptor. (1598-1680) Berruyer, Isaac-Joseph - Entered the Society of Jesus in 1697. Wrote "A History of the People of God," published in three parts. Burns, James - Publisher and author. (1808-1871) Berthier, Guillaume-François - A Jesuit professor and writer, born at Issoudun, 1704; died at Bourges, 1782. Bickell, Gustav - Orientalist. (1838-1906) Benedict IX, Pope - The nephew of his two immediate predecessors. Berti, Giovanni Lorenzo - Italian theologian, b. 28 May, 1696, at Sarravezza, Tuscany; d. 26 March, 1766, at Pisa. Bertonio, Ludovico - Italian missionary. (1552-1625) Besange, Jerome Lamy, O.S.B - Born at Linz, 1726; died 1781. Beschefer, Theodore - Jesuit missionary in Canada. (1630-1711) Beschi, Costanzo Giuseppe - Though primarily a missionary, better know as one of the classical writers of Tamil literature. (1680-1746) Bethany - A village of Palestine. Bethany Beyond the Jordan - In the text of St. John's Gospel, i, 28, the author locates the event of Our Lord's baptism by St. John the Baptist at Bethany across the Jordan and there is herein a celebrated variant. Betharan - A city of the Amorrhites in the valley-plain east of the Jordan. Bethdagon - Name of two cities in Palestine. Bethel - An ancient Cansanitish town. Bethlehem - Titular see of Palestine. Breviary, Reform of the Roman - Article on the 1911-1913 revamping of the breviary so as to allow recitation of all of the Psalter each week. Feasts were also ranked according to liturgical importance, and some offices were no longer obligatory or were even suppressed. Bethlehem - An architectural term used in the Ethiopic Church for the oven or bakehouse for baking the Korban or Eucharistic bread. Breviary - Evolution of the book, or set of books, containing the texts and rubrics of the canonical hours. Bethlehemites - Military and hospitaller orders. Bethsaida - Details the city, pool, and titular see of this name. Bethsan - A city within Issachar, but assigned to Manasses, later Scythopolis, now the village Beisan. Bethulia - The city whose deliverance by Judith, when besieged by Holofernes, forms the subject of the Book of Judith. Betting - Defined as the backing of an affirmation or forecast by offering to forfeit, in case of an adverse issue, a sum of money or article of value to one who, by accepting, maintains the opposite and backs his opinion by a corresponding stipulation. Bar Hebræus - A Jacobite Syrian bishop, philosopher, poet, grammarian, physician, Biblical commentator, historian, and theologian. (1226-1286) Biard, Pierre - Jesuit missionary, born at Grenoble, France, 1576; died at Avignon, 17 November, 1622. Biblia Pauperum - A collection of pictures representing scenes from Jesus' life with the corresponding prophetic types. Biblical Antiquities - Details domestic, political, and sacred antiquities. Bidermann, James - Poet and theologian. (1578-1639) Bigamy (in Canon Law) - Canonically viewed, bigamy denotes (a) the condition of a man married to two real or interpretative wives in succession, and as a consequence (b) his unfitness to receive, or exercise after reception, tonsure, minor and sacred orders. Billick, Eberhard - German theologian, opponent of the Reformation, born 1499 or 1500 at Cologne; died there 12 January, 1557. Bilocation - Latin bis, twice, and locatio, place. Binet, Etienne - Jesuit author, born at Dijon, France, 1569; died at Paris, 1639. Binet, Jacques-Philippe-Marie - French mathematician and astronomer. (1786-1856) Biogenesis and Abiogenesis - According to their Greek derivation these two terms refer to the origin of life. Biology - The science on life and living organisms. Biot, Jean-Baptiste - Physicist and mathematician. (1774-1862) Birds (in Symbolism) - The dove, eagle, pelican, phoenix, and peacock are included. Biretta - A square cap with three ridges or peaks on its upper surface, worn by clerics of all grades from cardinals downwards. Bisarchio, Diocese of - Situated in Sardinia, in the province of Sassari, district of Nuoro, and suffragan to the Archdiocese of Sassari. Benedictus, The (Canticle of Zachary) - One of the three great canticles in the opening chapters of this Gospel, the other two being the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. Baeumer, Suitbert - Historian of the Breviary and one of the most scholarly patrologists of the nineteenth century. Bishop - The title of an ecclesiastical dignitary who possesses the fullness of the priesthood to rule a diocese as its chief pastor, in due submission to the primacy of the pope. Bisomus - A tomb large enough to contain two bodies. Baader, Franz Xaver von - German philosopher, born at Munich, 1765; died 23 May, 1841. Blackburne, Robert - An English Catholic who suffered imprisonment in the closing years of the seventeenth, and during the earlier half of the eighteenth, centuries; died in 1748. Bismarck, Diocese of - In North Dakota, this diocese was erected on 31 December, 1909, and is suffragan to the Archdiocese of St. Paul, Minnesota. Black Fast, The - This form of fasting, the most rigorous in the history of church legislation, was marked by austerity regarding the quantity and quality of food permitted on fasting days as well as the time wherein such food might be legitimately taken. Blackfoot Indians - An important tribe of the Northern Plains, constituting the westernmost extension of the great Algonquian stock. Blanchard, Jean-Baptiste - French Jesuit and educator. (1731-1797) Blanchet, Franç Norbert - Missionary and first Archbishop of Oregon City, U.S.A. (1795-1883) Blanchet, Augustin Magloire - Brother of François Norbert Blanchet, first Bishop of Walla Walla-Nesqually, State of Washington, U.S.A. (1797-1887) Blasphemy - Signifies etymologically gross irreverence towards any person or thing worthy of exalted esteem. Blessed, The - Beatification is a permission for public worship restricted to certain places and to certain acts. Blessing - Aspects discussed are, I. Antiquity; II. Minister; III. Objects; IV. Efficacy; and V. Rite employed in administering. Blessing, Apostolic - The popes very often delegated to others the power to give this blessing in answer to petitions from princes, at the close of missions, and on such occasions. Blood Indians - A group of North American aborigines forming part of the Blackfeet Tribe, which, with the Apapahoes and Cheyennes, constitute the Western division of the Algonquin family. Blosius, François-Louis - A Benedictine abbot and spiritual writer, born at Donstienne, near Liège, Flanders, 1506; died at Liessies, 1566. Blyssen, Heinrich - Principal work, "De uno geminoque sacrae eucharistiae synaxeos salubriter percipiendae ritu ac usu" was published (Ingolstadt, 1585) when he was provincial of Austria. Bobadilla, Nicolaus - The last survivor of the seven first companions of Ignatius of Loyola. (1511-1590) Bobbio, Abbey and Diocese of - Suffragan to the Archiepiscopal See of Genoa. Bocking, Edward - English Benedictine, b. of East Anglian parentage, end of fifteenth century; d. 20 April, 1534. Boré, Eugène - French Orientalist. (1809-1878) Bodone - A titular see of Albania. Bohemia - Crown province of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which until 1526 was an independent kingdom. Bohemians of the United States - Religious dissensions at the beginning of the seventeenth century induced many to leave their native country and cross the ocean. Boisgelin, Jean de Dieu-Raymond de Cucé de - French prelate and cardinal. (1732-1804) Bolgeni, Giovanni Vincenzo - Theologian and controversialist. (1733-1811) Bollandists, The - An association of ecclesiastical scholars engaged in editing the Acta Sanctorum. Bollig, Johann - Orientalist, born near Düren in Rhenish Prusia 23 August, 1821; died at Rome in 1895. Bona Mors Confraternity, The - Founded 1648, in the Church of the Gesu, by Father Vincent Carrafa, seventh General of the Society of Jesus, and approved by the Sovereign Pontiffs Innocent X and Alexander VII. Bonaparte, Charles-Lucien-Jules-Laurent - Prince of Canino and Musignano, and ornithologist. (1803-1857) Boncompagni, Balthasar - Italian mathematician. (1821-1894) Bonfrère, Jacques - Biblical scholar, born at Dinant, Belgium, 12 April, 1573; died at Tournai, 9 May, 1642. Boniface II, Pope - Elected 17 September, 530; died October, 532. Bonnechose, Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand de - Cardinal and senator, b. at Paris, 1800; d. 1883. Bonner, Edmund - Bishop of London, b. about 1500; d. 1569. Bonnetty, Augustin - French writer, b. at Entrevaux 9 May, 1798, d. at Paris, 26 March, 1879. Bonosus - Bishop of Sardica, a heretic in the latter part of the fourth century. Bon Secours, Institutes of - Congregations of nursing sisters whose object is to take care of both rich and poor patients in their own homes. Bonvicino, Alessandro - Italian painter of the sixteenth century, born at Brescia about 1498; died at the same place, 1555. Book of Common Prayer - Includes history and contents. Book of Martyrs, Foxe's - Protestant martyrology, from Wyclif to Cranmer, illustrated with woodcuts. The author was a controversialist sympathetic to John Knox. Bordeaux - Archdiocese; comprises the entire department of the Gironde and was established conformably to the Concordat of 1802. Bordone, Cavaliere Paris - Painter of the Venetian school. (1500-1570) Borgess, Caspar Henry - Third Bishop of Detroit, Michigan. (1824-1890) Borgia, Stefano - Italian cardinal, theologian, antiquarian, and historian. (1731-1804) Borgognone, Ambrogio - Italian painter and architect, b. Milan, c. 1455, d. at Milan, 1523. Baronius, Venerable Cesare - Cardinal and ecclesiastical historian. (1538-1607) Borgo San-Donnino - Diocese in the province of Parma, Italy. Borgo San-Sepolcro - Diocese situated in the province of Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy. Borneo - Includes history of Dutch and British rule. Borras, Francisco Nicolás - Spanish painter, born at Cocentaina, 1530; died at Gandia, 1610. Borromeo, Andrea - An Italian missionary, born on the first half of the seventeenth century, at or near Milan; died in 1683. Borromeo, Federico - Cardinal and Archbishop of Milan, cousin and successor of St. Charles Borromeo. (1564-1631) Borromeo, Society of Saint Charles - A German Catholic association for the encouragement and diffusion of edifying, instructive, and entertaining literature. Borromini, Francesco - Architect and sculptor; born 25 September, 1599, at Bissone; died by his own hand 1 August, 1667, at Rome. Borrus, Christopher - Missionary, mathematician, and astronomer. (1583-1632) Bosa, Diocese of - In the province of Cagliari. Bosch, Peter van der - Bollandist, born at Brussels, 19 October, 1686; died 14 November, 1736. Bosnia and Herzegovina - Together, form the north-western corner of the Balkan Peninsula. Boso - First Bishop of Merseburg, in the present Prussian Province of Saxony, and Apostle of the Wends, d. November, 970. Boso (Breakspear) - Third English Cardinal, date of birth uncertain, d. at Rome, about 1181. Bossu, Jacques le - French theologian and Doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Paris 1546; died at Rome 1626. Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne - French bishop and orator. (1627-1704) Boston - Archdiocese; comprises Essex, Middlesex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Plymouth counties in the State of Massachusetts, U.S.A. Bostra - Titular see of Syria. Bothrys - A titular see situated in Phoenicia. Botticelli, Sandro - Florentine painter. (1447-1510) Boturini Benaducci, Lorenzo - Native of Milan who went to Mexico in 1736 by permission of the Spanish government and remained there eight years, familiarizing himself with the Nahuatl or Mexican language. Boucher, Pierre - Born at Lagny, a village near Mortagne in the Perche, France, 1622, died at Boucherville, 1717. Bougaud, Louis-Victor-Emile - Bishop of Laval in France. (1823-1888) Bougeant, Guillaume-Hyacinthe - French Jesuit. (1690-1743) Bouhours, Dominique - French Jesuit author. (1632-1702) Bouillart, Jacques - Benedictine monk of the Congregation of St. Maur. (1669-1726) Bourdaloue, Louis - French Jesuit preacher. (1632-1704) Bourdon, Jean - First engineer-in-chief and land-surveyor in the colony of New France, and the first attorney-general of the Conseil Superieur. (1612-1668) Bouvet, Joachim - Jesuit missionary. (d. 1732) Bowyer, Sir George - Baronet, English writer on jurisprudence, as well as a prominent defender of the Holy See and of Catholic interests in general. (1811-1883) Boy-Bishop - The custom of electing a boy-bishop on the feast of St. Nicholas dates from very early times, and was in vogue in most Catholic countries, but chiefly in England. Boyce, John - Novelist, lecturer, and priest, well known under the assumed name of "Paul Peppergrass". (1810-1864) Boyle Abbey - Irish Cistercian house. Bourke, Ulick Joseph - Irish scholar and writer. (1829-1887) Braga, Archdiocese of - Situated between the rivers Este and Cavado, in the province of Minho, in the Kingdom of Portugal. Braga, Councils of - Offers details of several councils held here. Bragança-Miranda, Diocese of - Situated in the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Portugal, in the civil province of Tras-os-Montes. Brahminism - Religion and social system which grew out of the polytheistic nature-worship of the ancient Aryan conquerors of northern India. Braille, Louis - French educator and inventorof the system of writing in raised or relief points for the blind. (1809-1852) Bralion, Nicolas de - French Oratorian and ecclesiastical writer, born at Chars-en-Vexin, France, c. 1600; died at Paris, 11 May 1672. Brancati, Francesco - Jesuit missionary to China. (1607-1671) Branch Sunday - One of the medieval English names for Palm Sunday. Branly, Edouard - Nineteenth century French physicist. Barnabas, The Epistle of - Contains no clue to its author nor to those for whom it was intended. Brantôme, Seigneur de Bourdeille, Pierre de - French writer of memoirs, b. in 1539, or a little later; d. 15 July, 1614. Brasses, Memorial - Earliest existing dated examples are of the thirteenth century. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etienne, Abbé - Born at Bourbourg, France, 1814; died at Nice in January, 1874. Brassicanus, Johann Alexander - German humanist, born probably at Cannstatt, 1500; died at Vienna, 25 November, 1539. Braun, Placidus - Bavarian historian. (1756-1829) Bravo, Francisco - As far as known, author of the first book on medicine printed in America. Bread, Liturgical Use of - In the Christian liturgy bread is used principally as one of the elements of the Eucharistic sacrifice. Breast, Striking of the - A liturgical act prescribed in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. Breda - Diocese situated in the Dutch province of Brabant and suffragan of Utrecht. Bréhal, Jean - French Dominican theologian of the convent of Evreux; died c. 1479. Brehon Laws, The - Term for Irish native law, as administered in Ireland down to almost the middle of the seventeenth century. Barrow, William, Venerable - An English Jesuit martyr, born in Lancashire, in 1609, died 30 June, 1679. Bremen - Formerly the seat of an archdiocese situated in the north-western part of the present German Empire. Brenan, Michael John - Irish Church historian. (1780-1847) Breslau - Prince-Bishopric seated at Breslau, on the River Oder in the Prussian Province of Silesia. Bressani, Francesco Giuseppe - Italian missionary to the Indians. (1612-1672) Brethren of the Lord, The - A group of persons closely connected with the Saviour appears repeatedly in the New Testament under the designation "his brethren" or "the brethren of the Lord". Brewer, Heinrich - German historian, born at Puffendorf in Germany, 6 September, 1640; died at the same place about 1713. Briand, Joseph Olivier - Seventh Bishop of Quebec, b. in 1715 at Plérin, Brittany; d. 25 June, 1794. Bribery - The payment or the promise of money or other lucrative consideration to induce another, while under the obligation of acting without any view to private emolument, to act as the briber shall prescribe. Bridaine, Jacques - Preacher, b. at Chusclan, France, 21 March, 1701; d. at Roquemaure, 22 December, 1767. Bridge-Building Brotherhood, The - During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, various religious associations were founded for the purpose of building bridges. Bridgett, Thomas Edward - Priest and author. (1829-1899) Bridgewater, John - Known also as Aquapontanus, historian of the Catholic confessors under Queen Elizabeth, born in Yorkshire about 1532; died probably at Trier, about 1596. Bridgewater Treatises - These publications derive their origin and their title from the Rev. Francis Henry Egerton, eighth and last Earl of Bridgewater. Brigittines - Founded in 1346 by St. Brigit, or Bridget, of Sweden at Vadstena in the Diocese of Linköping. Brignon, John - Member of the Society of Jesus. Born at St. Malo in 1629; died at Paris, 12 June, 1712. Bril, Paulus - Flemish painter and engraver, born at Antwerp, 1556; died in Rome, 7 October, 1626. Brillmacher, Peter Michael - Born at Cologne in 1542, died at Mainz, 25 August, 1595. Brindisi - Called by the Romans Brundusium or Brundisium, by the Greeks Brentesion, a city of in the province of Lecce, in Apulia, on a rocky peninsula which extends into the Adriatic. Boycotting - Practice named after Captain Boycott, against whom this form of ostracism had great effect. Brinkley, Stephen - Confessor of the Faith, imprisoned and tortured as manager of a secret press for the publication of devotional and controversial works in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Barros, João de - Historian, b. in Portugal, 1496; d. 20 October, 1570. Brisacier, Jacques-Charles de - Orator and ecclesiastical writer, b. at Bourges in 1641, d. at Paris, 23 March, 1736. Brisacier, Jean de - Controversialist, b. at Blois, France, 9 June, 1592; entered the Society of Jesus in 1619, d. at Blois, 10 September, 1668. Brisbane - Provides history and religious statistics. Brigidines, Institute of the - Established by Most Rev. Dr. Delaney, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin, at Tullow, Co. Carlow, Ireland, in 1807. Brischar, Johann Nepomucene - Church historian, born at Horb in Würtemberg in 1819, studied theology at the University of Tubingen, was appointed parish priest of Buhl near Rottenburg in 1853, where he died in 1897. Bristol, Ancient Diocese of - This English diocese, which takes its very origin from measures directed against the Church, has a very brief Catholic history, for it only had one bishop acknowledged by the Holy See. Bristow, Richard - Born at Worcester, 1538, died at Harrow-on the-Hill, 1581. British Columbia - The westernmost province of the Dominion of Canada. Britius, Francis - An orientalist, and a monk of Rennes in Brittany; date of birth and death unknown. Brittain, Thomas Lewis - Born near Chester, England, 1744; died at Hartpury Court, 1827. Brixen - Includes history and statistics. Broglie, Auguste-Théodore-Paul de - Abbé, professor of apologetics at the Institut Catholique at Paris, and writer on apologetic subjects. (1834-1895) Broglie, Jacques-Victor-Albert, Duc de - French statesman and historian. (1821-1901) Broglie, Maurice-Jean de - Born in Paris, 5 September, 1766; d. there, 20 June, 1821. Brogny, Jean-Allarmet de - French Cardinal. (1342-1426) Brondel, John Baptist - First Bishop of Helena, Montana, U.S.A. (1842-1903) Brookby, Anthony - Friar Minor and English martyr, died 19 July 1537. Brookes, James - Last Catholic Bishop of Gloucester, England. (1512-1560) Brooklyn - Comprises the counties of Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk, or all of Long Island, in the State of New York, U.S.A. Brosse, Jean-Baptiste de la - A Jesuit missionary, born 1724 at Magnac, Angoumois, France; died 1782. Bartholi, Francesco della Rossa - Friar Minor and chronicler, died c. 1372. Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God - The founder of this religious institution, was born 8 March, 1495, at Montemor Novo, in Portugal. Brouwer, Christoph - Historian. (1559-1617) Brus, Anton - Archbishop of Prague. (1518-1580) Brown, William - A naval officer of the Republic of Argentina. (1777-1857) Browne, Charles Farrar - Humorist, b. at Waterford, Oxford County, Maine, U.S.A., 26 April, 1834; d. in Southampton, England, 6 March, 1867. Brownson, Orestes Augustus - Philosopher, essayist, reviewer, b. at Stockbridge, Vermont, U.S.A., 16 September, 1803; d. at Detroit, Michigan, 17 April, 1876. Brownson, Sarah - Writer, daughter of Orestes A. Brownson, b. at Chelsea, Massachusetts, 7 June, 1839; married William J. Tenney, 26 November, 1873; died at Elizabeth, 30 October, 1876. Brownsville - Vicariate Apostolic, erected 1874. Bruel, Joachim - A theologian and historian, born early in the seventeenth century at Vorst, a village of the province of Brabant, Belgium, died 29 June, 1653. Brueys, David-Augustin de - French theologian and dramatic author, born at Aix in 1640; died 25 November, 1723, at Montpellier. Brugère, Louis-Frédéric - Professor of apologetics and church history, born at Orléans. (1823-1888) Bruges - The chief town of the Province of West Flanders in the Kingdom of Belgium. Brugière, Pierre - A French priest, Jansenist, and juror. (1730-1803) Brugman, John - A renowned Franciscan preacher of the fifteenth century. Brumidi, Constantino - An Italian-American historical painter, celebrated for his fresco work in the Capitol at Washington. (1805-1880) Brumoy, Pierre - French Jesuit humanist. (1704-1742) Brunellesco, Filippo - An architect and sculptor, born at Florence, 1377; died there 16 April, 1446. Brunetière, Ferdinand - French critic and professor, born at Toulon, 19 July, 1849; died at Paris, 9 December, 1906. Brunforte, Ugolino - Friar Minor and chronicler, born c. 1262; died c. 1348. Brunner, Francis de Sales - Founder of the Swiss-American congregation of the Benedictines. (1795-1859) Brunner, Sebastian - A versatile and voluminous writer. (1814-1893) Bruno the Saxon - German chronicler of the eleventh century and author of the "Historia de Bello Saxonico". Braunschweig - A duchy situated in the mountainous central part of Northern Germany, comprising the region of the Harz mountains. Brusa - A titular see of Bithynia in Asia Minor. Brussels - Capital of the Kingdom of Belgium. Bruté de Rémur, Simon William Gabriel - First Bishop of Vincennes, Indiana, (now Indianapolis). (1779-1839) Bruyas, Jacques - French missionary to the Iroquois. (1635-1712) Bryant, John Delavau - Physician, poet, author, and editor. (1811-1877) Bubastis - A titular see of Lower Egypt. Bucelin, Gabriel - Benedictine historical writer. (1599-1681) Bucer, Martin - One of the leaders in the South German Reformation movement. (1491-1551) Buck, Victor De - Bollandist. (1817-1876) Buckfast Abbey - Foundation date unknown, but long before the Norman Conquest. Bulstrode, Sir Richard - A soldier, diplomatist, and author, born 1610; died 1711. Buckley, Sir Patrick Alphonsus - Irish soldier, lawyer, statesman, and judge. (1841-1896) Butler, Sir William Francis - Irish general and writer. (1838-1910) Budweis - A diocese situated in Southern Bohemia, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Prague. Buffier, Claude - Philosopher and author. (1661-1737) Buglio, Louis - Jesuit missionary to China. (1606-1682) Buil, Bernardo - Spanish Franciscan. Buildings, Ecclesiastical - This term comprehends all constructions erected for the celebration of liturgical acts, whatever be the name given to them, church, chapel, oratory, and basilica. Bulgaria - A European kingdom in the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. Bulla Aurea - A fundamental law of the Holy Roman Empire; probably the best known of all the many ordinances of the imperial diet. Bullarium - A term commonly applied to a collection of bulls and other analogous papal documents. Bullion, Angélique - Born in Paris, at commencement of the seventeenth century. An unknown benefactress of several charities. Briefs and Bulls - A bulla was originally a circular plate or boss of metal, so called from its resemblance in form to a bubble floating upon water. Bunderius, Joannes - Flemish theologian and controversialist. (1482-1557) Buonarroti, Michelangelo - Italian sculptor, painter, and architect. (1475-1564) Burchard of Basle - Belonged to the family of the counts of Neuenburg, or Neuchatel, was born towards the middle of the eleventh century, and died 12 April, 1107. Burchard of Worms - Bishop of that see, born of noble parents in Hesse, Germany, after the middle of the tenth century; died 20 August, 1025. Burckmair, Hans - Painter of the Swabian school. (1473-1531) Burgis, Edward Ambrose - Dominican historian and theologian. (1673-1747) Burgoa, Francisco - Historical and geographical writer. Born at Oaxaca about 1600; d. at Teopozotlan in 1681. Burgundy - In medieval times respectively a kingdom and a duchy, later a province of France. Burial, Christian - The interment of a deceased person with ecclesiastical rites in consecrated ground. Burigny, Jean Lévesque de - Historian, b. at Reims, 1692; d. at Paris, 1785. Burkard, Franz - The name of two celebrated German jurists. Burlington - Diocese established 14 July, 1853; comprises the whole State of Vermont, U.S.A. Burma - Before its annexation by the British, Burma consisted of the kingdoms of Ava and Pegu. Burnett, Peter Hardeman - First American Governor of California. (1807-1895) Burse - A receptacle in which, for reasons of convenience xnd reverence, the folded corporal is carried to and from the altar. Bursfeld, The Abbey of - One of the most celebrated Benedictine monasteries in Germany in the Middle Ages. Founded in 1093 by Duke Henry of Nordheim and his wife Gertrude. Bury St. Edmund's, The Abbey of - The first religious foundation there was established by Sigebert, King of the East Angles, who resigned his crown to found a monastery about 537. Busée, Pierre - Jesuit theologian. (1540-1587) Busembaum, Hermann - Jesuit moral theologian. (1600-1668) Busiris - A titular see taking its title from one of the many Egyptian cities of the same name. Buskins - Ceremonial stockings of silk, sometimes interwoven with gold threads, and even heavily embroidered, worn by the celebrant of a pontifical Mass. Buss, Franz Joseph, Ritter von - Jurist, b. 23 March, 1803 at Zell in Baden; d. 31 January, 1878, at Freiburg im Breisgau. Bustamante, Carlos María - Mexican statesman and historian. (1774-1848) Buston, Thomas Stephen - Jesuit missionary and author. (1549-1619) Bute, John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, Third Marquess of - Born at Mountstuart, Bute, 12 September, 1847; d. at Dumfries House, Ayrshire, 9 October, 1900. Buteux, Jacques - French Jesuit missionary in Canada. (1600-1652) Butler, Alban - Seventeenth-century English Catholic. Butler, Charles - English lawyer. (1750-1832) Butler, Mary Joseph - Irish Abbess. (1641-1723) Buttress - A pilaster, pier, or body of masonry projecting beyond the main face of the wall and intended to strengthen the wall at particular points. Byblos - Titular see of Phoenicia. Bye-Altar - An altar that is subordinate to the central or high altar. Byllis - Titular see of Albania. Byrne, Andrew - Bishop of Little Rock, Arkansas. (1802-1862) Byrne, Richard - U.S. Civil War hero. (1832-1864) Byrne, William - Missionary and educator. (1780-1833) Byzantine Architecture - A mixed style, i.e. a style composed of Graeco-Roman and Oriental elements which, in earlier centuries, cannot be clearly separated. Byzantine Art - The art of the Eastern Roman Empire and of its capital Byzantium, or Constantinople. Belchiam, Venerable Thomas - A Franciscan martyr in the reign of Henry VIII, date of birth uncertain; d. 3 August 1537. Baradæus, Jacob - A Syrian Monophysite bishop, born in Tella, towards the end of the fifth or the beginning of the sixth century, died in 578. Barnabas of Terni - Friar Minor and missionary, d. 1474 or 1477. Barradas, Sebastião - A Portuguese exegete and preacher, born at Lisbon in 1543; died at Coimbra in 1615. Briçonnet - Includes three people with this name. Brück, Heinrich - Ecclesiastical historian and bishop, born at Bingen, 25 October, 1831; died 4 November, 1903. Brindholm, Ven. Edmund - Martyr and parish priest of Our Lady's Church at Calais, accused of being concerned in a plot to betray Calais to the French. Bromyard, John - Theologian, d. about 1390. Brunn - Suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Olmutz, embracing the south-western part of Moravia. Bucharest - Comprises the Kingdom of Rumania. Buenos Aires - The federal capital of the Argentine Republic. Bull-Fight, The Spanish - Includes details of three kinds of bull-fights: (1) caballerescas, (2) populares, and (3) gladiatorias. Balanaea - A titular see of Syria. Balbus, Hieronymus - Humanist, poet, diplomatist, and Bishop of Gurk in Carinthia, b. about 1450 at Venice; d. there, probably 1535. Balde, Jacob - A German poet. (1604-1668) Balderic (Baudry) - A monk of Liège, a writer and teacher of the twelfth century, b. date unknown, at Florennes in Belgium; d. about 1157. Balderic - Bishop of Dol, in France, chronicler, b. about 1050; d. 7 January, 1130. Baldi, Bernardino - An Italian poet and savant, b. at Urbino, 5 June, 1553; d. at the same place, 10 October, 1617. Baldovinetti, Alesso - A notable Florentine painter, b. in Florence, 14 October, 1427; d. there, 29 August, 1499. Baldung, Hans - Known as Grien or Grun, from his fondness for brilliant green, both in his own costume and in his pictures, a vigorous and distinguished painter, engraver, and draughtsman on wood, b. at Gmund, Swabia, about 1476; d. at Strasburg, 1545. Baldwin, Francis - Jurist. (1520-1573) Balearic Isles - A group in the western part of the Mediterranean belonging to Spain and consisting of four larger islands, Majorca, Minorca, Iviza, and Formentera, and eleven smaller islands of rocky formation. Ball, Mother Frances Mary Teresa - Born in Dublin 9 January, 1794; died 19 May, 1861; foundress of the Irish Branch of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Ballarat - One of the three suffragan dioceses of the ecclesiastical province of Melbourne, Australia. Ballerini, Girolamo and Pietro - Celebrated theologians and canonists, the sons of a distinguished surgeon of Verona. Balme, Henry - A Franciscan theologian, born at Genera, date uncertain; d. 23 February, 1439. Balmes, Jaime Luciano - Philosopher and publicist, b. at Vich, Spain, 28 August, 1810; d. there, 9 July, 1848. Baltimore, Provincial Councils of - These councils have a unique importance for the Church in the United States, inasmuch as the earlier ones legislated for practically the whole territory of the Republic, and furnished moreover a norm for all the later provincial councils of the country. Balue, Jean - A French cardinal, b. probably c. 1421, in Poitou; d. 5 October, 1491, at Ripatransone. Baluze, Etienne - French scholar and historian. (1630-1718) Bamberg - Includes history and statistics for the Archdiocese of Bamberg, in the kingdom of Bavaria. Banaias - The name of several men mentioned in the Bible. Bancel, Louis - Born at Valence, 1628; died at Avignon, 1685. Bandello, Matteo - Writer, born at Castelnuovo di Scrivia in Piedmont, Italy, in 1480; died Bishop of Agen, France, in 1565. Banduri, Anselmo - Archaeologist and numismatologist. (1671-1743) Bangor, Antiphonary of - The codex, found by Muratori in the Ambrosian Library at Milan. Bangor - Diocese; anciently known as Bangor Vawr, situated in Carnarvonshire on the Menai Straits. Bangor Abbey - The name of two famous monastic establishments in Ireland and England. Banim, John and Michael - Brothers and writers from Kilkenny, Ireland. Bapst, John - Jesuit missionary and educator. (1815-1887) Baptistines - I. Hermits of St. John the Baptist. II. Missionaries of St. John the Baptist. III. Sisterhood of St. John the Baptist. Barac - The deliverer of the Israelites from the power of the Chanaanites under the judgeship of Debbora. Baraga, Frederic - First Bishop of Marquette, Michigan, U.S.A. (1797-1868) Barat, Nicolas - A French Orientalist, born at Bourges during the first quarter of the seventeenth century; died in 1706 at Paris. Barba, Alvaro Alonzo - A secular priest and writer. Barbalissos - A titular see of Mesopotamia. Barbastro - Suffragan diocese of the Spanish province of Huesca. Barbelin, Felix-Joseph - Styled the "apostle of Philadelphia", b. at Luneville, Province of Alsace, France, 30 May, 1808; d. in Philadelphia, 8 June, 1869. Barber Family, The - Daniel Barber, soldier of the Revolution, Episcopalian minister and convert. (1756-1834) Virgil Horace Barber, son of Daniel. (1782-1847) Barbieri, Giovanni - A famous painter of religious subjects. (1591-1666) Barbosa, Agostino - A noted canonist, b. at Guimaraens, Portugal, in 1589; consecrated in Rome, 22 March, 1649, Bishop of Ugento in Otranto, Italy, died seven months later. Barbosa-Machado, Ignacio - A Portuguese historian, born at Lisbon in 1686; died in 1734. Barbour, John - Scottish ecclesiastic and author of "The Bruce", a historical poem in the early Scottish or Northern English dialect, b. about 1320; d. 1395. Barbus, Paulus - Italian philosopher and theologian, died at Cremona, 4 August, 1494. Barca - A titular see of Cyrenaica in Northern Africa. Barcelona - One of the suffragan dioceses of the Archdiocese of Tarragona. Barcelona, University of - An outgrowth of the ecclesiastical schools founded in the eleventh century. Barclay, John - Author of the political novel "Argenis" and other Latin works in prose and verse. (1582-1621) Barclay, William - Scottish jurist, b. 1546; d. at Angers, France, 3 July, 1608. Barco Centenera, Martin del - A secular priest, in 1572 accompanied as chaplain, the expedition of Juan Ortiz de Zárate to the Rio de La Plata. Barcos, Martin de - French theologian of the Jansenist School. (1600-1678) Bard, Henry - An English soldier and diplomat, b. 1604; d. 1660. Bardesanes and Bardesanites - Syrian Gnostic or, more correctly, a Syrian poet, astrologist, and philosopher, d. 222, at Edessa. Bari - An archdiocese situated in the province of the same name, in Apulia, Southern Italy. Barletta, Gabriel - Sometimes called Barlete, De Barolo, or Barolus. Barnabites - The popular name of a religious order which is canonically known by the title, given to it by Pope Paul III in 1535, of Regular Clerics of St. Paul. Baron, Bonaventura - Irish Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and writer of Latin prose and verse. (1610-1696) Baron, Vincent - Dominican theologian and preacher. (1604-1674) Barquisimeto - Diocese in Venezuela, South America. Barre, Antoine-Lefebvre, Sieur de la - Tenth French Governor-General of Canada, b. at Paris in 1622; d. in 1690. Barrientos, Lopez de - Spanish Dominican bishop, patriot, and diplomat. (1382-1469) Barrow, John - Priest, descended from a family of stanch Catholic yeomen. (1735-1811) Barry, Patrick - Horticulturist. (1816-1890) Barthel, Johann Caspar - A German canonist. (1697-1771) Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques - French numismatologist and writer, b. at Cassis (Provence), 1716; d. in Paris, 1795. Bartholomew of Braga, Venerable - Born at Verdela, near Lisbon, May, 1514; died at Viana, 16 July, 1590. Bartholomew of Braganca - Born about 1200; died 1 July, 1271. Bartholomew of Brescia - Italian canonist, b. probably in the second half of the twelfth century at Brescia; d. 1258. Bartholomew of Edessa - Syrian apologist and polemical writer. Bartholomew of Lucca - Historian, b. about 1227 at Lucca; d. about 1327. Bartholomew of Pisa - Friar Minor and chronicler. Bartholomew of San Concordio - Canonist, and man of letters, b. at San Concordia, near Pisa about 1260; d. at Pisa, 11 June, 1347. Bartholomites - The name given to Armenian monks who sought refuge in Italy after the invasion of their country by the Sultan of Egypt in 1296. Bartolocci, Giulio - A Cistercian monk and learned Hebrew scholar, b. at Celleno in the old kingdom of Naples, 1 April, 1613; d. at Rome, 19 October, 1687. Bartolozzi, Francesco - An engraver, etcher, and painter, b. at Florence, 1727; d. at Lisbon, 1815. Basilians - Priests of the Community of St. Basil. Basilides - The earliest of the Alexandrian Gnostics, a native of Alexandria and flourished under the Emperors Adrian and Antoninus Pius, about 120-140. Basil of Seleucia - Bishop and ecclesiastical writer, date of birth uncertain; d., probably, between 458 and 460. Basle-Lugano - Composed of the two Dioceses of Basle and Lugano which are united only by having a bishop in common. Bassein - The birthplace of St. Gonsalo Garcia, the only Indian saint, who was a companion of St. Philip de las Casas, the first native of America to be canonized. Bassett, Joshua - Convert and controversialist, Master of Sidney Sussex College, born about 1641, at Lynn Regis, where his father was a merchant; died in London, in 1720. Bassianus - Bishop of Ephesus (444-448). Bastiat, Claude-Frédéric - A French economist, b. at Mugron, a small city in the Department of Landes, 29 June, 1801; d. at Rome, 24 December, 1850. Baston, Guillaume-André-Réné - A French theologian, b. at Rouen, 29 November, 1741; d. at Saint-Laurent, 26 September, 1825. Basutoland - A mountainous district of South Africa, bounded on the north and west by the Orange River Colony, on the easy by Natal, and on the south by Cape Colony. Batavia - Vicariate Apostolic of Batavia. Bathurst - Diocese situated in New South Wales, Australia, in the ecclesiastical Province of Sydney. Battaglini, Marco - A historian of the councils, b. at Rimini, Italy, 25 March, 1645; d. at Cesena, 19 September, 1717. Batteux, Charles - Abbé and writer on philosophy and aesthetics, b. near Vouziers, France, 6 May, 1713; d. at Paris, 14 July, 1780. Battista, Giovanni Giuda Giona - Original name, Jehuda Jona Ben-Isaac. Battle Abbey - Founded by William the Conqueror on the site of the Battle of Senlae or Hastings (1066). Bauberger, Wilhelm - German physician, novelist, and poet, b. at Thannhausen in Swabian Bavaria, 3 March, 1809; d. at the same place, 8 February, 1883. Baudeau, Nicolas - Regular Canon and economist, b. at Amboise, France, 25 April, 1730; d. in 1792. Baumgartner, Gallus Jacob - A Swiss statesman, b. 18 October, 1797, at Altstätten, Switzerland; d. 12 July, 1869, at St. Gallen. Baunard, Louis - Educator, b. at Bellgarde (Loiret), France, in 1828. Bauny, Etienne - Theologian, b. in 1564 at Mouzon, Ardennes, France; d. 3 December, 1649, at Saint Pol de Léon. Bausset, Louis-François de - A French cardinal, writers, and statesman. (1748-1824) Bautain, Louis-Eugène-Marie - Philosopher and theologian. (1796-1867) Bautista, Fray Juan - Franciscan, who taught theology and metaphysics at the convent of St. Francis of Mexico. Bavaria, The Kingdom of - Named after the German tribe called Boiarii. Bayer, Adèle - Eldest daughter of Andrew Parmentier, b. in Belgium, 4 July, 1814, and d. in Brooklyn, New York, 22 January, 1892. Bayeu y Subias, Francisco - Born at Saragossa, 9 March, 1734; died Madrid, 4 August, 1795, a distinguished religious and historical painter. Bayeux - Coextensive with the Department of Calvados, is suffragan to the Archbishopric of Rouen. Bayley, James Roosevelt - First Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.; eighth Archbishop of Baltimore, Maryland. (1814-1877) Bayonne - Diocese comprising the Department of Basses-Pyrenees. Baysio, Guido de - An Italian canonist, b. about the middle of the thirteenth century of a noble Ghibelline family; d. at Avignon, 10 August, 1313. Bazin, John Stephen - Third Bishop of Vincennes (now the Diocese of Indianapolis). (1796-1848) Beaton, James - Scottish Archbishop. (1473-1539) Beaton, James - Archbishop of Glasgow. (1517-1603) Beaufort, Lady Margaret - Countess of Richmond and Derby, b. 1441; d. 1509, daughter and heiress of John Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset. Beaulieu Abbey - A Cistercian house in Hampshire, one of the three monasteries founded by King John (c. 1204) and peopled by thirty monks from Cîteaux. Beaune, Renaud de - A French Bishop, b. in 1527, at Tours; d. 1606 in Paris. Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant - Soldier, b. near New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., 28 May, 1818; d. there 20 February, 1893. Beauvais - A suffragan diocese of the archiepiscopal See of Reims. Beauvais, Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Marie de - A French bishop, b. at Cherbourg, 17 October, 1731; d. at Paris, 4 April, 1790. Bebian, Roch-Amboise-Auguste - Sent to France, committed to the care of his godfather, the Abbé Sicard, the well-known educator of the deaf and dumb. Bede - The old English word bede (Anglo-Saxon bed) means a prayer, though the derivative form, gebed, was more common in this sense in Anglo-Saxon literature. Bedford, Gunning S. - Medical writer and teacher. (1806-1870) Bedford, Henry - Writer and educator. (1816-1903) Bedingfeld, Frances - Superioress of the English Institute of Mary. (1616-1704) Bedingfeld, Henry, Sir - Knight; b. 1509; d. 1583. Behaim, Albert von - Known also as Albertus Bohemus. Behaim, Martin - A German cartographer and navigator. (1459-1507) Beirut - In Phoenicia, a titular Latin see, and the residential see of several prelates of Oriental rites. Beja - Diocese in Portugal, suffragan of Evora. Belasyse, John - Born about 1614; died 1689, a loyal Catholic English nobleman, second son of Thomas first Lord Fauconberg. His mother was Barbara, daughter of Sir Henry Cholmondeley of Roxby, Yorkshire. Belgium - Information on the history, education, and cemeteries of the country. Belgrade and Smederevo - Titular (united) sees of Servia. Bells - Article covers origin, benediction, uses, archaeology and inscriptions, and points of law. Bellamy, Jerome - A sympathizer with Mary Queen of Scots. Bellarini, John - Barnabite theologian, b. at Castelnuovo, Italy, in 1552; d. at Milan, 27 August, 1630. Bellasius, Edward - Serjeant-at-Law, b. 14 October, 1800; d. 24 January, 1873. Bellenden, John - A Scotch poet, b. at Haddington or Berwick in the latter part of the fifteenth century; d. at Rome, c. 1587. Belleville - Diocese comprising part of southern Illinois. Belley - Coextensive with the civil department of Ain and a suffragan of the Archbishopric of Besançon. Bellings, Sir Richard - Irish historian, b. near Dublin early in the seventeenth century; d. in 1677. Bellini - Giacomo (Jacopo) Bellini, father of Gentile and Giovanni Bellini. Teacher of his sons who were the chief founders of the Venetian school of painting. Belloy, Jean-Baptiste de - Cardinal-Archbishop of Paris. (1709-1808) Belluno-Feltre - Anciently called Bellunum, the metropolis of the province of that name in Venetia, Italy, is situated on a hill between the torrent of Ardo and the River Piave. Belsunce de Castelmoron, Henri François Xavier de - Bishop of Marseilles. (1671-1755) Belzoni, Giambattista - An Egyptian explorer, b. at Padua, Italy, in 1778. d. Gato, Africa, 3 Dec., 1823. Benadir - Prefecture Apostolic in Africa. Benard, Laurent - Chief founder of the Maurist Congregation of the Benedictine Order, b. at Nevers, 1573; d. at Paris, 1620. Benda - A titular see of Albania. Benedict XII, Pope - Third of the Avignon popes. (1334-1342) Benedict Levita - Benedict Levita (of Mainz), or Benedict the Deacon, is the name given to himself by the author of a forged collection of capitularies which appeared in the ninth century. Benedictbeurn, Abbey of - Tradition, as well as manuscripts dating as far back as the tenth century, ascribe its foundation in the year 740, to three brothers of noble birth, named Lanfrid, Wulfram, and Eliland, acting under the influence of St. Boniface, who was then preaching the Faith in Bavaria. Benedictine Order - Comprises monks living under the Rule of St. Benedict, and commonly known as "black monks". Benedict of Peterborough - Abbot and writer, place and date of birth unknown; d. 1193. Benkert, Franz Georg - German theologian and historical writer. (1790-1859) Benno II - Bishop of Osnabrück. Bentivoglio, Family of - Originally from the castle of that name in the neighbourhood of Bologna, Italy. They claimed descent from Enzio (c. 1224-72), King of Sardinia, a natural son of Frederick II. Bentley, John Francis - English architect. (1839-1902) Berenger, Pierre - A French writer who flourished about the middle of the twelfth century. Berenice - A titular see of Egypt which was situated at the end of Major Syrtis where Bengazi stands today. Bergamo - The city, called by the ancients Bergonum, is capital of the province of that name in Lombardy. Bergier, Nicolas-Sylvestre - French theologian. (1715-1790) Berington, Charles - Titular Bishop of Hiero-Caesarea, b. at Stock, Essex, England, 1748; d. 8 June, 1798. Berington, Joseph - Catholic writer. (1743-1827) Berisford, Humphrey - Confessor c. 1588. Berissa - A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus, in Asia Minor. Beristain y Martin de Souza, José Mariano - Mexican bibliographer, b. in Puebla, Mexico, 22 May, 1756; d. at Mexico, 23 March, 1817. Berlage, Anton - Dogmatic theologian. (1805-1881) Berland, Pierre - Archbishop of Bordeaux. (1375-1457) Berlanga, Fray Tomás de - Bishop of Panama, b. at Berlanga in Spain, date uncertain; d. there 8 August, 1551. Berlin - Capital of the German Empire and of the Kingdom of Prussia. Bernard, Alexis-Xyste - Bishop of St. Hyacinth. Bernard, Claude - French ecclesiastic. (1588-1641) Bernard of Besse - Friar Minor and chronicler, a native of Aquitaine, date of birth uncertain. Bernard of Botone - Generally called Parmensis from his birthplace, Parma in Italy, a noted canonist of the thirteenth century. Bernard of Compostella - A canonist of the early thirteenth century. Berne - Article provides religious and historic information. Berni, Francesco - An Italian comic poet, b. at Lamporecchio (Florence) 1497 or 1498; d. at Florence, 26 May, 1535. Bernier, Etienne-Alexandre - French Bishop. (1762-1806) Bernini, Giuseppe Maria - A Capuchin missionary and Orientalist, b. near Carignan in Piedmont; d. in Hindustan in 1753. Bernis, François-Joachim-Pierre de - A French cardinal and statesman, b. 1715 at Saint-Marcel-d'Ardèche; d. at Rome, 1794. Berno (Abbot of Reichenau) - Famous as orator, poet, philosopher, and musician, born (date unknown) at Prum near Trier; d. 7 June, 1048. Berno - Apostle of the Obotrites, in the latter half of the twelfth century. Bernold of Constance - Historian and theologian, b. in Swabia about 1054; d. at Schaffhausen, 16 September, 1100. Beroea - A titular see of Macedonia, at the foot of Mount Bermios. Berosus - The name of a native historian of Babylonia and a priest of the great god Bel (Bel-Marduk). Beroth - A city in Chanaan, one of the confederation of cities under the headship of Gabaon. Berrettini, Pietro - Italian painter, architect, and writer, b. at Cortona, in Tuscany, 1 November, 1596; d. at Rome, 16 May, 1669. Berruguete, Alonso - For his mastery of the arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture, sometimes called the Spanish Michelangelo, b. at Paredes de Nava, in Castile, about 1480; d. at Toledo, 1561. Berryer, Pierre-Antoine - French advocate, orator, and statesman. (1790-1868) Bersabee - A town on the southern extremity of Palestine. Berthold - Bishop, Apostle of the Livonians, killed 24 July, 1198, in a crusade against the pagan Livonians who threatened destruction to all Christians that lived in their territory. Berthold of Chiemsee - German bishop and theological writer. (1465-1543) Berthold of Henneberg - Archbishop and Elector of Mainz, b. 1441; d. 21 December, 1504. Berthold of Ratisbon - Franciscan of the monastery of that city and the most powerful preacher of repentance in the thirteenth century, b. about 1210; d. at Ratisbon, 14 December, 1272. Berthold of Reichenau - Benedictine monk and chronicler of the Abbey of Reichenau on the Lake of Constance; d. probably in 1088. Bertinoro - Anciently called Forum Truentinorum, and, at the time of the Gothic war, Petra Honorii, whence the present name, is a small city in Romagna, province of Forli, Italy. Bertrand, Pierre - Article covers a French Cardinal, theologian, and canonist, b. 1280 at Annonay in Vivarais, and a French cardinal, nephew of the foregoing, whose name he adopted, b. in 1279, at Colombier in Vivarais. Berulle, Pierre de - Cardinal, and founder of the French congregation of the Oratory. (1575-1629) Bervanger, Martin de - A French priest, founder of charitable institutions. (1795-1865) Besançon - Archdiocese coextensive with the departments of Doubs, Haute-Saône, and the district of Belfort. Besoigne, Jérôme - A Jansenist writer, b. at Paris, 1686; d. 1763. Besoldus, Christopher - A German jurist and publicist. (1577-1638) Bessel, Johann Franz - Benedictine, abbot, and historian. (1672-1749) Beste, Henry Digby - Miscellaneous author. (1768-1836) Betanzos, Fray Domingo - A Dominican missionary, d. at Valladolid, Sept., 1549. Betanzos, Fray Pedro de - A Franciscan missionary, b. at Betanzos in Galicia; d. at Chomez, Nicaragua, 1570. Betanzos, Juan de - Composed the first catechism known in the Quichua language. Betrothal - In the Catholic Church, a deliberate and free, mutual, true promise, externally expressed, of future marriage between determinate and fit persons. Bettiah - Prefecture Apostolic in northern India. Beugnot, Auguste-Arthur, Count - French historian and statesman. (1797-1865) Beverley Minster - A collegiate church at Beverley, capital of the East Riding of Yorkshire, served by a chapter of secular canons until the Reformation. Beyerlinck, Lawrence - Belgian theologian and ecclesiastical writer. (1578-1627) Bianchi, Giovanni Antonio - Friar Minor and theologian. (1686-1768) Bianchini, Francesco - A student of the natural sciences, and historian. (1662-1729) Bianchini, Giuseppe - Italian Oratorian, Biblical, historical, and liturgical scholar. (1704-1764) Bianconi, Charles - Merchant and philanthropist. (1785-1875) Bibbiena - Bernardo Dovizi, an Italian Cardinal and comedy-writer, known best by the name of the town Bibbiena, where he was born 4 Aug., 1470; d. at Rome, 9 Nov., 1520. Bible Societies - Established for the purpose of publishing and propagating the Bible in all parts of the world. Biblical Commission, The - A committee of cardinals at Rome who, with the assistance of consultors, have to secure the observance of the prescriptions contained in the Encyclical "Providentissimus Deus" for the proper interpretation and defence of Sacred Scripture. Bicknor, Alexander - Archbishop of Dublin, date of birth unknown; d. 1349. Biel, Gabriel - Lengthy article on the last of the Scholastics. Biel, the first professor of theology at Tübingen, was a nominalist. He died in 1495. Biella - The city of Biella, the see of the diocese of that name, is an important industrial centre (anciently called Bugelia) of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Novara. Bielski, Marcin - Polish chronicler. (1495-1575) Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de - French Governor of Louisiana and founder of New Orleans. (1680-1767) Bigamy (in Civil Law) - In civil jurisprudence, and especially in criminal law, is a "formal entering into of a marriage while a former one remains un-dissolved". Bigne, Marguerin de la - French theologian and patrologist, b. about 1546 at Bernières-le-Patry, Normandy; d. about 1595. Billy, Jacques de - French patristic scholar, theologian, jurist, linguist, and a Benedictine abbot. (1535-1581) Bination - The offering up of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass twice on the same day by the same celebrant. Biner, Joseph - Canonist, historian, and theologian. (1697-1766) Binius, Severin - Historian and critic. (1573-1641) Binterim, Anton Joseph - A theologian of repute and for fifty years parish priest of Bilk. (1779-1855) Biondo, Flavio - Italian archæologist and historian. (1388-1463) Birkowski, Fabian - Polish preacher, b. at Lemberg, 1566; d. at Cracow, 1636. Birmingham - One of the thirteen dioceses erected by the Apostolic Letter of Pius IX, 27 September, 1850, which restored a hierarchy to the Catholic church in England. Birnbaum, Heinrich - Carthusian monk, b. in 1403; d. 19 February, 1473. Birth, The Defect of - Illegitimacy, a canonical impediment to ordination. Birtha - A titular see of Osrhaene. Bishop, William - The first superior in England in episcopal orders since the old hierarchy died out in the reign of Elizabeth, born c. 1553 at Brailes in Warwickshire, where his family continued to reside until recent times; d. 16 April, 1624. Blackwood, Adam - Author, b. at Dunfermline, Scotland, 1539; d. 1613. Blanc, Anthony - Fifth Bishop, and first Archbishop, of New Orleans, La., U.S.A. (1792-1860) Blastares, Matthew - A monk of the Order of St. Basil, living in the fourteenth century, who applied himself to the study of theology and canon law. Blemmida, Nicephorus - A learned monk and writer of the Green Church, b. about 1198, at Constantinople; d. 1272. Blenkinsop - Details of four people with this name. Blessed Sacrament, Sisters of the - Founded in 1889 by Katharine Drexel. Blois - Coextensive with the civil department of Loir-et-Cher and a suffragan of Paris. Blomevenna, Peter - Carthusian, b. at Leyden, in Holland in 1466; d. 30 September, 1536. Blyth, Francis - English Carmelite, reviser of the Douay Bible, born c. 1705; d. in London, 11 December 1772. Boccaccino - Italian painter, b. at Cremona, 1460, and d. probably in 1525 rather than in 1518, the date usually given. Boecken, Placidus - A German Benedictine, canonist, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Salzburg. (1690-1752) Boeri, Petrus - A french benedictine canonist and bishop, b. during the first quarter of the fourteenth century at Laredorte. Bogotá - Capital of the republic of Colombia. Boiano - Diocese in the province of Benevento, Italy, suffragan to the Archbishopric of Benevento. Boiardo, Matteo Maria - An Italian poet, b. about 1434, at, or near, Scandiano (Reggio-Emilia); d. at Reggio, 20 December, 1494. Boileau-Despréaux, Nicholas - French poet. (1636-1711) Boise - Diocese created by Leo XIII, 25 August, 1893. Bois-le-Duc - Diocese lies within the Dutch province of Brabant, and is suffragan to Utrecht. Bokenham, Osbern - English Augustinian friar and poet, b. 1393, d. probably in 1447. Bolanden, Conrad von - A German novelist, son of a rich merchant, b. 9 August, 1828, at Niedergeilbach, a village of the Palatinate. Bolivia - Includes history, geography, education, church, and government information. Bologna - The principal city in the province of the same name, Italy. Bologna, University of - A tradition of the thirteenth century attributed the foundation of this university to Theodosius II (433); but this legend is now generally rejected. Bolsec, Jérôme-Hermès - A theologian and physician, b. probably at Paris, date unknown; d. at Lyons c. 1584. Bolton, Edmund - Historian, antiquary, and poet, born c. 1575; died c. 1633. Bombay - The Archdiocese of Bombay comprises the Island of Bombay with several outlying churches in the neighbouring Island of Salsette. Bommel, Cornelius Richard Anton van - Bishop of Liège, born at Leyden, in Holland on 5 April, 1790; died 7 April 1852. Bona, Giovanni - Cardinal and author. (1609-1674) Bonagratia of Bergamo - Friar Minor, theologian, and canonist, date of birth unknown; d. at Munich, 1343. Bonal, François de - Bishop of Clermont, b. 1734 at the castle of Bonal, near Agen; d. at Munich, 1800. Bonal, Raymond - French theologian and founder of the Congregation of the Priests of St. Mary. Bonald, Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, Vicompte de - French statesman, writer, and philosopher. (1754-1840) Bonald, Louis-Jacques-Maurice de - Cardinal, b. at Millau, in Rouergue, 30 October, 1787, d. at Lyons, 25 Feb., 1870. Bonet, Juan Pablo - Spanish priest and one of the first to give attention to the education of the deaf and dumb, b. towards the end of the sixteenth century. Bonet, Nicholas - Friar Minor, theologian, and missionary, date of birth uncertain; d. 1360. Boniface III, Pope - Roman elected to succeed Sabinian after an interregnum of nearly a year; he was consecrated 19 February, 607; d. 12 November of the same year. Boniface V, Pope - A Neapolitan who succeeded Deusdedit after a vacancy of more than a year; consecrated 23 December, 619. Boniface VI, Pope - A Roman, elected in 896 by the Roman faction in a popular tumult, to succeed Formosus. Boniface VII, Antipope - Roman and son of Ferrucius; was intruded into the Chair of St. Peter in 974; reinstalled 984; died July, 985. Boniface VIII, Pope - Born at Anagni about 1235; died at Rome, 11 October, 1303. Boniface IX, Pope - Elected at Rome, 2 November, 1389, as successor of the Roman Pope, Urban VI; d. there, 1 October, 1404. Boniface Association - The object of the association is to maintain what the Catholic church possesses in those regions where Catholics are few in number, to found and support missions and schools, and to erect churches, parish-houses, and schools for Catholics in the Protestant parts of Germany. Boniface of Savoy - Forty-sixth Archbishop of Canterbury and son of Thomas, Count of Savoy, date of birth uncertain; d. in Savoy, 14 July, 1270. Boni Homines - This name was popularly given to at least three religious orders in the Church. Bonizo of Sutri - Bishop of Sutri in Central Italy, in the eleventh century. Bonn, University of - An academy founded at Bonn in 1777 by Max Friedrich, Prince-Archbishop of Cologne. Bonne-Espérance, The Abbey of - Situated near Binche, province of Hainault, Diocese of Tournai, Belgium. Bordeaux, University of - Founded during the English domination, under King Henry VI, in 1441. Boerglum, Ancient See of - In Denmark, included the ancient districts of Vendsyssel and Thy. Bouillon, Cardinal de - French prelate and diplomat. (1643-1715) Bouix, Marie Dominique - French canonists. (1808-1870) Boulainvilliers, Henri, Count of - One of the first French historians to write the history of the institutions or fundamental laws of the nation. (1658-1722) Boulanger, André de - French monk and preacher, b. at Paris in 1578; d. 27 September, 1657. Boulay, César-Egasse du - French historian, b. in the beginning of the seventeenth century at Saint-Ellier; d. 16 October, 1678. Boulogne, Etienne-Antoine - French bishop, b. at Avignon, 26 December 1747; d. at Troyes, 13 March, 1825. Bouquet, Martin - Benedictine of the Congregation of St.-Maur. (1685-1754) Bouquillon, Thomas - Belgian theologian and professor of moral theology in the Catholic University of America. (1840-1902) Bourassé, Jean-Jacques - Archæologist and historian. (1813-1872) Bourchier, Thomas - Cardinal, born 1406; died 1486. Bourdeilles, Hélie de - Archbishop of Tours and Cardinal, b., probably, towards 1323; d. 5 July, 1484. Bourgade, François - French missionary and philosopher. (1806-1866) Bourges - Coextensive with the departments of Cher and Indre. Bourget, Ignace - First Bishop of Montreal and titular Archbishop of Martianopolis. (1799-1885) Bourgoing, François - Third Superior general of the Congregation of the Oratory in France and one of the en early companions of Cardinal de BÈrulle, the founder of the French Oratorians. (1585-1662) Bourne, Gilbert - Last Catholic Bishop of Bath and Wells, England, son of Philip Bourne of Worcestershire, date of birth unknown; d. 10 Sept., 1569. Bouvens, Charles de - French pulpit orator, b. at Bourg in 1750; d. in 1830. Bouvier, Jean-Baptiste - Bishop of Le Mans, theologian. (1783-1854) Bova - Situated in the civil province of Reggio,in Calabria, Italy, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Reggio. Bovino - Diocese in the province of Foggia, Italy, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Benevento. Bracken, Thomas - Poet, journalist, politician. (1843-1898) Bracton, Henry de - English juridical writer, born probably in King John's reign and died about four years before the close of that of Henry III. Bradley, Denis Mary - First Bishop of Manchester, New Hampshire, U.S.A. (1846-1903) Bradshaigh, Edward - An English Carmelite friar known in religion as Elias à Jesu; b. in Lancashire, England, early in the seventeenth century; d. at Benfold, 25 September, 1652. Bradshaw, Henry - English Benedictine and poet, b. in the City of Chester, England, date unknown; d. 1513. Brady, William Maziere - Ecclesiastical writer, b. in Dublin, 8 January, 1825; d. in Rome, 19 March, 1894. Bramante, Donato - Italian architect and painter, b. about 1444 at Monte Asdrualdo; d. in Rome, 11 March, 1514. Brancaccio - An ancient and illustrious Neapolitan family, from which the "Brancas" of France were descended. Brancati di Lauria, Francesco Lorenzo - Cardinal, Minor conventual, and theologian. (1612-1693) Brandenburg - Formerly an electoral principality, and a diocese in the heart of the present Kingdom of Prussia. Brassicanus, Johann Ludwig - Younger brother of Johann Alexander, went to Vienna with his brother in 1524 and likewise won distinction both as a philologist and jurist. Brescia - The Diocese takes its name from the principal city in the province of the same name in Lombardy, between the Mella and the Naviglio. Breton, Raymond - French missionary among the Caribbean Indians. (1609-1679) Breviary, Aberdeen - Described as the Sarum Office in a Scottish form. Broughton, Richard - Catholic priest and antiquary, claiming descent from the Broughtons of Lancashire. Buffalo - Diocese established 23 April, 1847 in the state of New York.