Allegri, Gregorio - Composer from the same family which produced the painter Correggio. Arcadelt, Jacob - A distinguished musician, born in Holland at the close of the fifteenth, or at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Article with details of secular and religious compositions, especially madrigals and masses. Arne, Thomas Augustine - Brief biography of the eighteenth-century English composer. Agricola, Alexander - Biography of the composer, mentioning the possibility of unpublished manuscripts still in Spanish libraries. Anglo-Saxon Church, The - History of the occupation, conversion, and development. Aelfric, Abbot of Eynsham - The author of the homilies in Anglo-Saxon, a translator of Holy Scripture, and a writer upon many miscellaneous subjects. Alfred the Great - King of the West Saxons. (849-899) Abbey - A monastery canonically erected and autonomous, with a community of not fewer than twelve religious; monks under the government of an abbot; nuns under that of an abbess. Abbreviations, Ecclesiastical - Latin abbreviations commonly seen in documents of the Catholic Church, the full Latin words or phrases, and their English meaning. Athos, Mount - The mountain that the architect Dinocrates offered to turn into a statue of Alexander the Great with a city in one hand and in the other a perennially flowing spring. Abingdon, The Abbey of - Located in the County of Berkshire, England, founded A.D. 675. Anthony, Saint - Article on the founder of Christian monasticism. Ammon, Saint - One of the desert fathers. Lived with his wife for 18 years as brother and sister, after which he became a hermit in Nitria and she also became a monk. Fourth-century Egypt. Albert, Blessed - Canon regular, papal legate, and Patriarch of Jerusalem. He was assassinated in 1215. Anne-Marie Javouhey, Blessed - Founder of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny, missionary to Africa and South America, d. 1851. Aurelian - Roman Emperor, 270-275, born near Sirmium in Pannonia, 9 September, 214; died 275. Antoninus Pius - Roman Emperor. (138-161) Attila the Hun - Life and times of the legendary king. Averroes - Arabian philosopher, astronomer, and writer on jurisprudence; born at Cordova, 1126; died at Morocco, 1198. Adelard of Bath - Twelfth-century scholastic philosopher. Abelard, Peter - Dialectician, philosopher, and theologian. (1079-1142) Aureoli, Petrus - Brief article by E.A. Pace notes the highlights of Aureol's intellectual career. Abrabanel, Don Isaac - Jewish statesman, apologist and exegete. (1437-1508) Arnauld - Celebrated French family, the history of which is connected with that of Jansenism and of Port­Royal. Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus - Second-century Roman emperor and philosopher. Anna - Details of four women by this name in Sacred Scripture. Aser - Details four uses of this name. Adam - First man and father of the human race. Abdias - A minor prophet. Aaron - Brother of Moses, and High Priest of the Old Law. Aggeus (Haggai) - The tenth among the minor prophets of the Old Testament. Abraham - Outline of his life, with New and Old Testament views. Abel - Commentary on the first murder victim. Absalom - Article covers Absalom, son of David; Absalom, father of Mathathias; and Absalom, father of Jonathan. Agrippa of Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius - Described as a "knight, doctor, and by common reputation, a magician". All Saints' Day - Celebrated on the first of November. Instituted to honour all the saints, known and unknown, and, according to Urban IV, to supply any deficiencies in the faithful's celebration of saints' feasts during the year. Anatolia, Saint - Virgin and martyr, was denounced as a Christian and put to death by the sword in the Decian persecution. Attracta, Saint - Contemporary of St. Patrick, founder of a hospice and several churches. Adalbert, Saint - Apostle of Prussia. Bishop of Prague, forced to flee his see. Missionary to the Hungarians and Poles. He was murdered in 997. Aileran, Saint - Irishman, rector of the School of Clonard, distinguished scholar and author, d. 664. Augustine of Canterbury, Saint - Biographical article on the monk who was the first Archbishop of Canterbury, called "Apostle of the English." Alexander I, Pope Saint - Article on this pope, who died in 115 or 116. According to a tradition dating to the fifth century, Alexander was martyred, but it is possible that he has been confused with another St. Alexander who was indeed a martyr. Acca, Saint - Bishop of Hexham, companion of St. Wilfrid. Acca died in about 742. Alcmund, Saint - Bishop of Hexham, died 781. Apollinaris, Saint - Born in Vienne, became bishop of Valence, was exiled to Sardinia, d. 520. Arsenius, Saint - A Roman, was tutor to the emperor's children before fleeing to the monastery of St. John the Dwarf. Arsenius died in 450. Apollonia, Saint - A virgin, possibly ordained, martyr at Alexandria in late 248 or early 249. Angilbert, Saint - Abbot of Centula, fathered two children by Charlemagne's unmarried daughter Bertha. He died in 814. Anatolius, Saint - Third-century bishop of Laodicea, mathematician, scientist, philosopher. Asaph, Saint - First bishop of the Welsh town named after him. Second half of sixth century. Auxentius of Mopsuestia (360) - Although he is identified in the Roman Martyrology, at least one scholar thinks that this bishop was an Arian. Assicus, Saint - St. Patrick's coppersmith, also a renowned bellfounder, Bishop of Elphin. Augustine of Hippo, Teaching of Saint - Article on Augustine as a Doctor of the Church, and his influence in the history of philosophy and theology. Particular interest in his teaching on grace. Augustine of Hippo, Works of Saint - Annotated bibliography of Augustine's principal writings. Augustine, Rule of Saint - Names the five documents sometimes identified as the Rule of Augustine, quickly narrows the field to two contenders, settles on Letter 211. Also deals with Augustine's relation to monasticism. Augustine of Hippo, Life of Saint - Biography, with extensive hyperlinks to related articles. Adalard, Saint - Grandson of Charles Martel. Adalard was abbot of Corbie, and Pepin's prime minister. He died in 827. Aphian, Saint - Martyred in about 306 at the age of 18. Ailbe, Saint - A disciple of St. Patrick and bishop of Emly, died in the first half of the sixth century. Agatho, Pope Saint - Short article on St. Agatho the Wonderworker, a Sicilian believed to have been over 100 years old at the time of his election. He died in 681. Anastasius, Saint - Bishop of Antioch, exiled by the emperor, restored to his see in 593 by St. Gregory the Great. Anastasius died in 598. Austremonius, Saint - Apostle of Auverne, said to have been the first bishop of Clermont. Probably early fourth century. Avitus, Saint - Anti-Arian Bishop of Vienne, converted King Sigismund, was a renowned poet, d. about 518. Aidan of Lindisfarne, Saint - Irish monk, first bishop of Lindisfarne, d. 651. Anastasius I, Pope Saint - Article on the pope remembered chiefly for condemning Origenism, d. 401. Adeodatus, Pope Saint - Brief article on this Roman monk, opponent of Monothelitism, d. 676. Called Adeodatus II to distinguish him from his predecessor St. Deusdedit, who is also called Adeodatus. Ambrose, Saint - Article on the life and teachings of this Bishop of Milan, and Doctor of the Church, who died in 397. Attala, Saint - Burgundian monk, companion of St. Columban in exile, co-founder and abbot of Bobbio, d. 627. Abban of New Ross, Saint - Contemporary of St. Abban of Magheranoidhe, and often confused with St. Evin of Rosglass. Aelred, Saint - Cistercian abbot, homilist, spiritual writer, d. 1166 or 1167. Albert Berdini of Sarteano, Blessed - Short biography of the Franciscan famed as a preacher. Aunarius, Saint - Bishop of Auxerre, d. 603. Altmann, Blessed - Short biography of the eleventh-century bishop of Passau, driven from his see for enforcing Pope Gregory VII's call for clerical celibacy. Abban the Hermit, Saint - An Irishman who lived at Abingdon, England, before St. Patrick's lifetime. Aldegundis, Saint - Daughter of SS. Walbert and Bertilia. Flemish nun, founder of monastery at Maubeuge, d. about 684. Agnes of Rome, Saint - Virgin, martyred at the age of 12 or 13, revered since at least the mid-fourth century. Agapetus I, Pope Saint - Anti-Arian, instrumental in deposing a Monophysite bishop who had moreover abandoned his see, d. 536. Andrew of Crete, Saint - Also known as Andreas, monk, bishop of Gortyna, best known for his hymnody, d. 740 or 720. Alypius, Saint - Close friend of St. Augustine of Hippo. Like Augustine, Alypius was baptized by Ambrose. St. Alypius became bishop of Tagaste. Athanasius, Saint - Long article on the Bishop of Alexandria, confessor and Doctor of the Church. Agricius, Saint - Fourth-century bishop of Trier. Apollinaris Claudius, Saint - Second-century bishop of Hierapolis, apologist. Ado of Vienne, Saint - Benedictine monk, pilgrim, scholar, pastor, Archbishop of Vienne, d. 875. Andrew, Saint - The Apostle in Scripture and tradition. Aldhelm, Saint - Abbot of Malmesbury, bishop of Sherborne, poet, d. about 709. Adamnan, Saint - Irish-born abbot of Iona, and St. Columba's biographer. Arnulf of Metz, Saint - Frankish civil servant at the court of Austrasia, bishop of Metz, hermit, d. about 640. Anne, Saint - According to apocryphal literature, the mother of Mary. Agatha, Saint - Virgin and martyr, died at Catania in Sicily, probably in the Decian persecution (250-253). Aengus, Saint (the Culdee) - Irish hermit, hagiographer, poet, late eighth century. Anschar, Saint - Benedictine monk, missionary to Scandinavia, bishop of Hamburg, d. 865. Alto, Saint - Irish-born hermit and missionary in Bavaria, monastic founder, eighth century. Abdon and Sennen, Saints - Persian martyrs in the Decian persecution. Died in about 250. Anastasia, Saint - Article on this martyr, whose feast day is 25 December. Attracted a cultus at Rome in the late fifth century, and a sixth-century legend makes her a Roman matron, though martyred elsewhere. Anselm, Saint - Long biographical article on St. Anselm, monk, abbot, philosopher, theologian, Archbishop of Canterbury, Doctor of the Church. Anthony of Padua, Saint - Long article on the Augustinian canon turned Franciscan, priest, preacher, miracle worker, d. 1231. Known as "the Hammer of the Heretics." Alexander of Jerusalem, Saint - Alexander, Bishop of Cappadocia, imprisoned for his faith, served as coadjutor to the Bishop of Jerusalem. Exiled and again imprisoned, Alexander was tortured and died in prison in 251. Alexander (Early Bishops) - Profiles of six bishops of this name in the early Church. Alexander, Saint - Patriarch of Alexandria. Elected instead of the heresiarch Arius, who had been scheming to be made bishop. A man of great holiness, St. Alexander died in 326. Apollinaris, Saint - A first-century martyr, the bishop of Ravenna. Amandus, Saint - Hermit, missionary, bishop of Maastricht, monastic founder, d. about 690. Alban, Saint - First martyr of Britain, d. about 304. Biographical article. Alexander, Saint - Called "The Charcoal Burner." Made bishop of Comana at the recommendation of St. Gregory Thaumaturgus. St. Alexander was martyred in the Decian persecution. Aedan of Ferns, Saint - Bishop and patron of Ferns, Ireland. (550-632) Afra, Saint - Martyred at Augsburg in the Diocletian persecution (c. 304) for refusing to participate in pagan rites. Andrew, Saint - Was stoned to death at Lampsacus, during the Decian persecution, along with his companion Paul. Alfrida, Saint - Daughter of King Offa of Mercia. Hermit at Crowland, fl. 795. Arbogast, Saint - Irish, traveled to the Continent and became a hermit, bishop of Strasburg, famous for miracles. He died in 678. Anastasius, Saint - A former magician and soldier, converted to Christianity, became a monk. He was martyred in 628. Anatolius, Saint - Patriarch of Constantinople, anti-Nestorian, anti-Eutychian. Some say he was killed by heretics in 458. Anterus, Pope Saint - Also known as Anteros, pope for less than 2 months, d. in 236. Short biographical article. Abban of Magheranoidhe, Saint - Irish monastic founder, d. 620. Adrian of Canterbury, Saint - African-born Benedictine abbot, d. 710. Alexius, Saint - Tries to untangle the story of the Man of God. According to tradition, a fifth-century Roman who became a beggar in Edessa. He is honored as a confessor of the Faith. Alcuin, Blessed - Lengthy article on the educator, scholar, theologian, liturgist, who died in 804. Anicetus, Pope Saint - Biography of this martyr, a contemporary of St. Polycarp and of the heretic Marcion. Anastasius Sinaita, Saint - Profile of the seventh-century abbot of the monastery of Mt. Sinai, vociferous opponent of the Monophysites and Monothelites, writer. Andrew the Scot, Saint - Brother of St. Bridget the Younger and archdeacon of Fiesole, d. about 877. Aldric, Saint - Bishop of Le Mans, d. 856. Assumption of Mary, Feast of the - The principal feast of the Blessed Virgin. Annunciation, The - In the sixth month after the conception of St. John the Baptist by Elizabeth, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to the Virgin Mary. Anacletus, Pope Saint - Third pope, a martyr, d. about 91. May be the same person as Pope St. Cletus. Albigenses - A neo-Manichæan sect that flourished in southern France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Adoptionism - The theory that the man Jesus at some point in time became the Son of God only by adoption. Strictly speaking, refers to an eighth-century Spanish heresy, but the term is also used to cover similar beliefs. Arianism - Founded by Arius, belief asserting that Christ was not God like the Father, but a creature made in time. Rejected by the Council of Constantinople (381). Apollinarianism - Fourth-century Christological heresy propounded by Apollinaris of Laodicea. The theory that Jesus had a human body and soul, but that the Logos took the place of the human spirit or mind in Jesus. Solemnly condemned at the Council of Constantinople in 381. Act of Settlement (Irish) - 1662 act passed by the Irish Parliament to bring in Protestant settlers in Munster, Leinster, and Ulster. Australia - Includes history, education, and religious statistics. Aegidius of Assisi, Blessed - Better known in English as Brother Giles. One of the first followers of St. Francis of Assisi, he died in 1262. Andrea Dotti, Blessed - Servite priest, miracle worker, d. 1315. Arnold Janssen, Saint - Short biography of the founder of the Society of the Divine Word. Andrew Avellino, Saint - Canon lawyer, priest, reformer, Theatine, d. 1608. Anthony Page, Blessed - Biographical sketch of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1593. Anselm of Lucca, the Younger, Saint - Appointed bishop of Lucca by his uncle Anselm of Lucca the Elder (Pope Alexander II), then became a Benedictine monk, served as papal legate, and died in 1086. Agnes of Montepulciano, Saint - Entered the convent at the age of 9, commissioned by the pope to found a monastery at the age of 13 (and 2 years later she was made its superior), also founded a Dominican convent, d. 1317. Albertus Magnus, Saint - Called "the Universal Doctor." Dominican scientist, philosopher, theologian, instructor of St. Thomas Aquinas. Antonio María Claret y Clará, Saint - Spanish priest and missionary, founder of the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (better known as the Claretians), d. 1870. Alphonsus Liguori, Saint - Long biographical article on the founder of the Redemptorists and devotional writer. Alfwold, Saint - Monk of Winchester, became the last bishop of Sherborne, d. 1058. Ansegisus, Saint - Benedictine monk, abbot, reformer, d. 833 or 834. Antoninus, Saint - Archbishop of Florence, Dominican reformer, moral theologian, d. 1459. Agnes of Assisi, Saint - Brief biography of the younger sister of St. Clare, and prioress of the Poor Clares at Monticelli. Adalbert, Saint - Apostle of the Slavs. Monk, missionary to Russia, abbot, and bishop of Magdeburg, d. 981. Anthony Baldinucci, Blessed - Jesuit priest and missionary, preached penitence and devotion to the Virgin Mary, d. 1717. Agnes of Bohemia, Saint - Also called Agnes of Prague. Poor Clare, prioress. Agilulfus, Saint - Biography of the abbot of Stavelot, bishop of Cologne, martyred in 750. Arialdo, Saint - A canon of Milan, reformer, martyr, murdered by agents of the bishop of Milan in 1065. Alexis Falconieri, Saint - Visionary, co-founder of the Servites, uncle of St. Juliana Falconieri. St. Alexis died in 1310, at the age of 110 years. Adelaide, Saint - Or Adelheid. The widow of Otho, she died in 999. Ambrose of Camaldoli, Saint - Born Ambrose Traversari, theologian, translator of many of the Fathers, author, d. 1439. Ambrose of Sienna, Blessed - Dominican teacher and missionary, diplomat, d. 1286. Anne García, Blessed - Better known as Anne of St. Bartholomew. Biography of one of the first Discalced Carmelites. She died in 1626. Andrew Corsini, Saint - Article on this Carmelite, called "the Apostle of Florence," regarded as a prophet and thaumaturgus, who became bishop of Fiesoli, and died in 1373. Alnoth, Saint - English hermit and martyr, d. about 700. Anselm, Saint - Duke of Forum Julii, Benedictine monk, monastic founder, Abbot of Nonantula, d. 805. Aloysius Gonzaga, Saint - Short biography of this Jesuit student, who died in 1591 at the age of 23. Adrian Fortescue, Blessed - Knight of St. John, martyred in 1539. Alexander Sauli, Saint - Apostle of Corsica, Barnabite, bishop of Aleria, d. 1592. Anne Line, Saint - A convert to Catholicism, hanged in 1601 for the (unproven) crime of harboring a priest. She is one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Amalberga, Saint - Sister or niece of Pepin of Landen. Amalberga was married to Witger; they both entered monastic life. Also called St. Amelia. Adelaide, Saint - Abbess, renowned for having the gift of miracles, d. 1015. Angela Merici, Saint - Biography of the founder of the Ursulines, who died in 1540. Amalberga, Saint - Virgin who rejected Charlemagne's advances. Angela of Foligno, Blessed - Short biography of the penitent, mystic, writer, Third Order Franciscan, who died in 1309. Agnellus of Pisa, Blessed - Deacon, founder of the English Franciscan Province, d. 1236. Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, Blessed - Fifteenth-century Franciscan, a moral theologian. Albert, Saint - Cardinal, bishop of Liège, martyred in 1192 or 1193. Anno, Saint - Former soldier, Archbishop of Cologne, d. 1075. Andrew Bobola, Saint - Polish Jesuit priest and missionary, martyred in 1657. Alanus de Rupe, Blessed - Dominican promoter of the Rosary. (1428-1475) Adrian III, Pope Saint - Short article on this pope, a Roman, who died in 885. Anna Maria Gesualda Antonia Taigi, Blessed - Happily married for 48 years, became a Third Order Trinitarian, d. 1837. Abbon, Saint - Biographical article on this Benedictine monk, who died in 1004. Agostino Novello, Blessed - Counselor to the King of Sicily, joined the Augustinians, renowned for his knowledge of civil and ecclesiastical law, served as the pope's confessor, was General of his Order. Alphonsus Rodriguez, Saint - Spanish-born widower, Jesuit lay brother, served as porter at Majorca for 46 years, d. 1617. Also known as Alonso. Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Saint - A Doctor of Medicine, founder of the Barnabites, d. 1539. Anthony Daniel, Saint - Huron missionary, born at Dieppe, in Normandy, 27 May 1601, slain by the Iroquois. Angelico, Fra, Blessed - Biography of this Dominican, a famous painter, who died in 1455. Alexander Briant, Saint - English Jesuit priest and martyr. He was scarcely over 25 when martyred in 1581. Authenticity of the Bible - The authority of Holy Writ is twofold on account of its twofold authorship: human authors and divine inspiration. Alexander VII, Pope - Biographical article on this seventeenth-century pontiff. Ad Sanctam Beati Petri Sedem - Summarizes this intervention in the Jansenist controversy by Pope Alexander VII. Abbo Cernuus - French Benedictine monk of St-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, sometimes called Abbo Parisiensis. Abbot - A title given to the superior of a community of twelve or more monks. Acacius, Saint - Bishop of Melitene in the third century. Abaddon - A Hebrew word signifying: ruin, destruction (Job 31:12); place of destruction; the Abyss, realm of the dead (Job 26:6; Proverbs 15:11). Abandonment - A term used by writers of ascetical and mystical books to signify the first stage of the union of the soul with God by conforming to His Will. Abarca, Pedro - Theologian. (1619-1693) Abarim - A mountain range across Jordan. Abba - Aramaic word for father. Abbadie, Antoine d' - Astronomer, geodetist, genographer, physician, numismatist, philologian. (1810-1897) Abbe - A French word meaning primarily and strictly an abbot or superior of a monastery of men. Abbeloos, Jean Baptiste - Orientalist. (1836-1906) Abbess - The female superior in spirituals and temporals of a community of twelve or more nuns. Abbreviation, Methods of - Discusses forms used to get the most use from scarce and costly materials. Abbreviators - Those who make an abridgment or abstract of a long writing or discourse. Abdera - A titular see in the province of Rhodope on the southern coast of Thrace, now called Bouloustra. Abdias of Babylon - Apocryphal writer. Abdication - Ecclesiastically considered, is the resignation of a benefice or clerical dignity. Abduction - May be considered as a public crime and a matrimonial diriment impediment. Abecedaria - Complete or partial lists of letters of the alphabet, chiefly Greek and Latin, inscribed on ancient monuments, Pagan and Christian. Abecedarians - A sect of Anabaptists who disdained human knowledge, contending that God would enlighten His elect interiorly and give them knowledge of necessary truths by visions and ecstasies. Abel - Biblical place-name. Abelly, Louis - Associate of St. Vincent de Paul. (1603-1691) Abenakis - A confederation of Algonquin tribes, comprising the Penobscots, Passamaquoddies, Norridgewocks, and others, formerly occupying what is now Maine, and southern New Brunswick. Acathistus - The title of a certain hymn or, an Office in the Greek Liturgy in honour of the Mother of God. Aben-Ezra, Abraham-ben-Meir - Spanish rabbi. (1092-1167) Abercius, Inscription of - A Greek hagiographical text. Abercromby, John - Named as having lost his life from Catholic clergy violence. Abercromby, Robert - Jesuit missionary in Scotland. (1532-1613) Aberdeen, The Diocese of - A see founded in 1063 at Mortlach by Bl. Beyn. Aberdeen, The University of - Founder William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen from 1483 to 1514. Aberle, Moritz von - Catholic theologian. (1819-1875) Abgar, The Legend of - Concerns a correspondence that took place between God and the local potentate at Edessa. Abiathar - Hebrew ebhyathar, Father of plenty, or, the great one is father. Abila - A titular see of Phoenicia. Abington, Thomas - English antiquarian. (1560-1647) Abipones - Indian tribe, linguistically of Guaycuru stock. Abisai - Nephew of King David. Abjuration - A denial, disavowal, or renunciation under oath. Abner - A son of Ner, a cousin of Saul, and commander-in-chief of Saul's army. Abomination of Desolation, The - Spoken of in St. Matthew, xxiv, 15, and St. Mark, xiii, 14. Abortion - Briefly defined as "the loss of a fetal life." Abortion, Physical Effects of - Covers definition, causes, and physical effects. Abra de Raconis, Charles Francois d' - French bishop, born at the Château de Raconis in 1580 of a Calvinistic family; died 1646. Abraham (in Liturgy) - Of all the names used, a special prominence accrues to those of Abel, Melchisedech, and Abraham. Abraham, The Bosom of - Found only in two verses of St. Luke's Gospel (xvi, 22, 23). Abraham a Sancta Clara - A Discalced Augustinian friar, preacher, and author of popular books of devotion. (1644-1709) Abraham Ecchelensis - A learned Maronite, born in Hekel, or Ecchel (hence his surname), a village on Mount Lebanon, in 1600; died 1664 in Rome. Abrahamites - Syrian heretics of the ninth century. Abram, Nicholas - Jesuit theologian. (1589-1655) Abrasax - A class of ancient stone articles, of small dimensions, inscribed with outlandish figures and formulas. Absalon of Lund - A Danish prelate, also known as Axel. (1128-1201) Absinthe - Wormwood, known for its repulsive bitterness. Absolute, The - Philosophical term referring to God. Absolution - The remission of sin, or of the punishment due to sin, granted by the Church. Abstemii - One who cannot take wine without risk of vomiting. Abstinence - Includes information about old and new testament fasting as well as church laws. Abstinence, Physical Effects of - Article deals with effects due to partial or periodic abstinence, such as practiced by the Catholic Church. Abstraction - A process (or a faculty) by which the mind selects for consideration some one of the attributes of a thing to the exclusion of the rest. Abthain - An English or Lowland Scotch form of the middle-Latin word abthania (Gaelic, abdhaine), meaning abbacy. Abucara, Theodore - A bishop of Caria in Syria; d., probably, in 770. Abundius - An Italian bishop, b. at Thessalonica early in the fifth century; d. 469. Abydus - A titular see of Troas in Asia Minor, suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespontic province. Abyss - Primarily and classically an adjective, very deep. Abyssinia - Provides details on the geography, ethnology, political revolutions, as well as church information. Acacia - The Biblical Acacia belongs to the genus Mimosa. Acacians, The - Fourth-century Arian sect. Acacius - Bishop of Beroea. (322-432) Acacius - Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, disciple and biographer of Eusebius, the historian, whose successor in the See of Caesarea he became in 340. Acacius - Patriarch of Constantinople. (d. 489) Academies, Roman - Historical and bibliographical notes concerning the more important of these associations of learned men. Academy, The French - Founded by Cardinal de Richelieu in 1635. Acadia - Usually regarded as the small district on the south shore of the Bay of Fundy from Annapolis to the Basin of Minas. Acanthus - A titular see of Macedonia, on the Strymonic Gulf, now known as Erisso. Acanthus - An ornamental plant indigenous to middle Europe. Accaron - The most northern of the five principal Philistine cities. Accentus Ecclesiasticus - Parts of the liturgy the priest, or the deacon, or subdeacon, or the acolyte sang alone. Acceptance - In canon law, the act by which one receives a thing with approbation or satisfaction. Acceptants - Those Jansenists who accepted the Bull Unigenitus, issued in 1713 against the Jansenist doctrines. Accession - Method of acquiring ownership of a thing arising from the fact that it is in some way added to, or is the fruit of something already belonging to oneself. Accessus - A term applied to the voting in conclave for the election of a pope, by which a cardinal changes his vote and accedes to some other candidate. Alabama - The twenty-second state admitted into the union. Acciajuoli - Three cardinals belonging to an illustrious Florentine family, Angelo, Niccolo, and Filippo. Accident - The obvious division of things into the stable and the unstable. Acclamation - Used in the classical Latin of Republican Rome as a general term for any manifestation of popular feeling expressed by a shout. Acclamation (in Papal Elections) - One of the forms of papal election. Consists of all the cardinals present unanimously proclaiming one of the candidates Supreme Pontiff, without the formality of casting votes. Accommodation, Biblical - Covers what is meant by biblical accommodation, its use in Sacred Scripture, and the rules which ought to regulate its use. Accomplice - A term generally employed to designate a partner in some form of evildoing. Accursius, Francesco - Covers an Italian jurisconsult of the Middle Ages, (1182-1260) and his son, also a lawyer, (1225-1293). Acephali - A term applied to the Eutychians who withdrew from Peter Mongus, the Monophysite Patriarch of Alexandria, in 482. Acerenza - Italian archdiocese. Achab - Son of Amri and King of Israel. Achaia - The name, before the Roman conquest in 146 B.C., of a strip of land between the gulf of Corinth and Elis and Arcadia, embracing twelve cities leagued together. Achaicus - A Christian mentioned in St. Paul's epistles. Achaz - King of Judah. Achery, Lucas d' - French Benedictine. (1609-1685) Achiacharus - Nephew of Tobias. Achimaas - Son of Sadoc, the priest. Achimelech - Four people with this name are detailed. Achitopel - Counsellor of David, who joined the rebellion of Absalom. Achonry - Diocese in Ireland, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Tuam. Achor Valley - The scene of the death of the "troubler" Achan. Achrida - A titular see in Upper Albania. Achterfeldt, Johann Heinrich - Theologian. (1788-1877) Acta Sanctae Sedis - A publication containing the principal public documents issued by the Pope, directly or through the Roman Congregations. Achtermann, Theodore William - German sculptor. (1799-1889) Acidalius, Valens - Philologist, Latin poet, and convert to the Catholic Church. (1567-1595) Aci-Reale, The Diocese of - Located in Sicily; includes fourteen communes in the civil province of Catania, immediately subject to Rome. Ackermann, Leopold - Catholic professor of exegesis. (1771-1831) Acmonia - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, in Asia Minor, now known as Ahat-Keui. Acoemetae - Either, an appellation common to all Eastern ascetics known by the rigour of their vigils; or, a special order of Greek or Basilian monks devoting themselves to prayer and praise without intermission. Acolouthia - In ecclesiastical terminology signifies the order or arrangement of the divine office and also, in a wide sense, the office itself. Acolyte - A cleric promoted to the fourth and highest minor order in the Latin Church, ranking next to a subdeacon. Acosta, Joaquin - Served in the Colombian army and in 1834 attempted a scientific survey of the country between Socorro and the Magdalena River. Acosta, Jose de - Founded a number of colleges, among them those of Arequipa, Potose, Chuquisaca, Panama, and La Paz. Acquapendente - A diocese in Italy under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See, comprising seven towns of the Province of Rome. Acquaviva - Name of several Italian cardinals. Acquaviva, Claudius - Fifth General of the Society of Jesus. (1543-1615) Acqui - A diocese suffragan of Turin, Italy. Acre - Syrian seaport on the Mediterranean. Acrostic - A poem the initial or final letters of whose verses form certain words or sentences. Acta Pilati - The Gospel of Nicodemus. Acton, Charles Januarius - English cardinal. (1803-1847) Acton, John - English canonist, born 1350. Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Baron Acton - Biography of the historian best-known for his view of the corruption power causes. Acts, Canonical - Derive their name from connection with ecclesiastical procedure. Acts, Human - St. Thomas and the scholastics in general regard only the free and deliberate acts of the will as human. Acts, Indifferent - An act that is neither good nor bad. Acts of the Apostles - The fifth book of the New Testament. Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae - Abbreviated title of a celebrated work on the Irish saints by the Franciscan, John Colgan. Acta Triadis Thaumaturgae - The lives of St. Patrick, St. Brigid, and St. Columba; published at Louvain, in 1647, by John Colgan. Acts of Roman Congregations - A term used to designate the documents issued by the Roman Congregations. Actus et Potentia - A technical expression in scholastic phraseology used to translate Aristotle's energeia or entelecheia, and dynamis. Actus primus - A technical expression used in scholastic philosophy. Actus Purus - A term employed in scholastic philosophy to express the absolute perfection of God. Acuas - One of the first to spread Manicheism in the Christian Orient. Adalbert - Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen; born about 1000; died 1072. Adalbert I - Archbishop of Mainz (Mayence) 1111 to 1137. Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem - Apostolic letter issued against Emperor Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV. Ad Limina Apostolorum - A pilgrimage to the sepulchres of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome. Ad Universalis Ecclesiae - A papal constitution dealing with admission to religious orders. Adam in Early Christian Liturgy and Literature - Discusses his importance to the Fathers and to the authors of the many apocryphal writings of the first five centuries of the Christian Era. Adam, The Books of - A romance made up of Oriental fables. Adam of Bremen - A German historian and geographer of the eleventh century. Adam of Fulda - A monk of Franconia and one of the most learned musicians of his age. Adam of Murimuth - An English chronicler of about the middle of the fourteenth century. Adam of Perseigne - French Cistercian, Abbot of the monastery of Perseigne in the Diocese of Mans, born about the middle of the twelfth century. Adam of St. Victor - A prolific writer of Latin Hymns, born in the latter part of the twelfth century. Aarhus, Ancient See of - Located in Denmark. Adam of Usk - An English priest, canonist, and chronicler. Adam, John - Preacher and opponent of Calvinists and Jansenists. Adam, Nicholas - French linguist and writer. (1716-1792) Adam Scotus - A theologian and Church historian of the latter part of the twelfth century. Adami da Bolsena, Andrea - Italian musician. (1663-1742) Adamites - An obscure sect, dating perhaps from the second century, which professed to have regained Adam's primeval innocence. Adams, James - Jesuit professor of humanities. (1737-1802) Adana - A diocese of Armenian rite in Asia Minor. Adar - Four meanings detailed. Adda, Ferdinando d' - Cardinal and Papal Legate. (1649-1719) Addas - One of the three original disciples of Manes. Addeus and Maris, Liturgy of - Oriental liturgy, sometimes assigned to the Syrian group; sometimes to the Persian group. Addresses, Ecclesiastical - Rules as to what is fitting and customary in the matter of ecclesiastical correspondence. Adelaide, Archdiocese of - Centered in Adelaide, capital of South Australia. Adelham, John Placid - Convert from Protestantism. (d. 1681) Adelmann - Eleventh-century Bishop of Brescia. Adelophagi - Fourth-century sect mentioned by the anonymous author known as Praedestinatus. Aden - It comprises all Arabia, and is known as the Vicariate Apostolic of Arabia and Aden. Adeodatus - Son of St. Augustine. (372-388) Adeste Fidelis - A hymn used at Benediction at Christmastide in France and England since the close of the eighteenth century. Adjuration - An urgent demand made upon another to do something, or to desist from doing something, which is rendered more solemn by coupling with it the name of God. Administrator - Includes details on administrators of dioceses, parishes, and ecclesiastical institutions. Administrator (of Ecclesiastical Property) - One charged with the care of church property. Admonitions, Canonical - A preliminary means used by the Church towards a suspected person, as a preventive of harm or a remedy of evil. Admont - A Benedictine abbey in Styria, Austro-Hungary. Adonai - Hebrew meaning "lord, ruler", a name bestowed upon God in the Old Testament. Alarcón, Pedro Antonio de - Spanish novelist and poet. (1833-1891) Adonias - Fourth son of King David, and Adonias the Levite are discussed. Adoption - Adoption, as defined in canon law, is foreign to the Bible. Adoption, Canonical - The Church made its own the Roman law of adoption, with its legal consequences. Adoption, Supernatural - The adoption of man by God in virtue of which we become His sons and heirs. Adoration - In the strict sense, an act of religion offered to God in acknowledgment of His supreme perfection and dominion, and of the creature's dependence upon Him. Adorno, Francis - Italian preacher. (1531-1586) Adoro Te Devote - A hymn sometimes styled Rhythmus, or Oratio, S. Thomæ (sc. Aquinatis) written c. 1260. Adria - An Italian bishopric, suffragan to Venice. Adrian IV, Pope - Reigned 1154-1159. Adrian V, Pope - A Genoese, and nephew of Innocent IV. He was elected at Viterbo 12 July 1276, but died 18 August. Adrian VI, Pope - Reigned 1522-1523. Adrian of Castello - Italian prelate distinguished as a statesman and reviver of learning; born about 1460, died about 1521. Adrianople - According to legend, Orestes, son of Agamemnon, built this city at the confluence of the Tonsus (Toundja) and the Ardiscus (Arda) with the Hebrus (Maritza). Adrichem, Christian Kruik van - Catholic priest and theological writer. (1533-1585) Adso - Abbot of the Cluniac monastery of Moutier-en-Der, d. 992, on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Aduarte, Diego Francisco - Missionary and historian. (1566-1635) Adullam - Details on two places with this name. Adulteration of Food - This act is defined as the addition of any non-condimental substance to a food. Adultery - The article considers adultery with reference only to morality. Advent - According to 1907 usage, a period beginning with the Sunday nearest to the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle and embracing four Sundays. Adventists - A group of six American Protestant sects which hold in common a belief in the near return of Christ in person. Adrian II, Pope - Reigned 867-872. Apocatastasis - A name given in the history of theology to the doctrine which teaches that a time will come when all free creatures will share in the grace of salvation; in a special way, the devils and lost souls. Advertisements, Book of - A series of enactments concerning ecclesiastical matters, drawn up by Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury (1559-75). Advocates of Roman Congregations - Persons, ecclesiastical or lay, versed in canon and civil law, who plead causes before the ecclesiastical tribunals in Rome. Advocates of St. Peter - A body of jurists constituting a society whose statutes were confirmed by a brief of Leo XIII, 5 July, 1878. Advocatus Diaboli - A title given to an officer of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, established in 1587, by Sixtus V, to deal juridically with processes of beatification and canonization. Advocatus Ecclesia - A name applied, in the Middle Ages, to certain lay persons, generally of noble birth, whose duty it was, under given conditions, to represent a particular church or monastery, and to defend its rights against force. Advowson - In English law the right of patronage of a church or ecclesiastical benefice, a right exercised by nomination of a clergyman to such church or other benefice. Adytum - A secret chamber or place of retirement in the ancient temples, and esteemed the most sacred spot; the innermost sanctuary or shrine. Aedh of Kildare - Sixth-century King of Leinster, Ireland. Aegidius of Viterbo - Cardinal, theologian, orator, humanist, and poet, born at Viterbo, Italy; died at Rome, 1532. Aelnoth - Monk and biographer, of whom nothing is known except his Life of St. Canute the Martyr, written in 1109. Aeneas of Gaza - A Neo-Platonic philosopher, a convert to Christianity, who flourished towards the end of the fifth century. Aenon - Mentioned in John 3:23, as the locality where the forerunner of Christ baptized. Aeons - The term appropriated by Gnostic heresiarchs to designate the series of spiritual powers evolved by progressive emanation from the eternal Being. Aer - The largest and outer-most covering of the chalice and paten in the Greek church, corresponding to the veil in the Latin rite. Aerius of Pontus - A friend and fellow ascetic of Eustathius, who became Bishop of Sebaste (355), and who ordained Aërius and placed him over the hospital or asylum in that city. Aesthetics - May be defined as a systematic training to right thinking and right feeling in matters of art, and is made a part of philosophy by A.G. Baumgarten. Aeterni Patris - The Apostolic Letter of Pius IX, by which he summoned the Vatican Council. It is dated Rome, 29 June, 1868. Aeterni Patris - An encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII (issued 4 August, 1879); not to be confused with the apostolic letter of the same name written by Pope Pius IX. Aetius - A Roman general, patrician, and consul, b. towards the end of the fourth century; d. 454. Affinity (in the Bible) - Scripture recognizes affinity as an impediment to wedlock. Affinity (in Canon Law) - A relationship arising from the carnal intercourse of a man and a woman, sufficient for the generation of children, whereby the man becomes related to the woman's blood-relatives and the woman to the man's. Affirmation - A solemn declaration accepted in legal procedure in lieu of the requisite oath. Afflighem - Benedictine abbey in Belgium. Alger of Liége - French priest. (1055-1132) Affre, Denis Auguste - Archbishop of Paris. (1793-1848) African Synods - Commonly called African or Carthaginian Synods. Agabus - Mentioned in Acts 11:28, and 21:10, as a prophet of the New Testament. Agape - Under certain circumstances the agape and the Eucharist appear to form parts of a single liturgical function. Agapetus - Fifth-century deacon of the church of Sancta Sophia at Constantinople, reputed tutor of Justinian. Agapetus II, Pope - Reigned 946-955. Agar, William Seth - English Canon. (1815-1872) Agathangelus - A supposed secretary of Tiridates II, King of Armenia, under whose name there has come down a life of the first apostle of Armenia, Gregory the Illuminator, who died about 332. Agathias - A Byzantine historian and man of letters, born at Myrina in Asia Minor about 536. Agaunum - In the diocese of Sion, Switzerland, owes its fame to an event related by St. Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons, the martyrdom of a Roman legion, known as the "Theban Legion", at the beginning of the fourth century. Agazzari, Agostini - A musical composer, born 2 December 1578, of a noble family of Sienna; died probably 10 April, 1640. Agde, Council of - Held in 506 at Agatha or Agde in Languedoc, under the presidency of St. Caesarius of Arles. Age, Canonical - Fixed by the canons, or law of the Church, at which her subjects become capable of incurring certain obligations, enjoying special privileges, embracing special states of life, holding office or dignity, or receiving the sacraments. Age of Reason - The name given to that period of human life at which persons are deemed to begin to be morally responsible. Agen, Diocese of - Comprises the Department of Lot and Garonne. Agents of Roman Congregations - Persons whose business it is to look after the affairs of their patrons at the Roman Curia. Aggressor, Unjust - According to the accepted teaching of theologians, it is lawful, in the defense of life or limb, of property of some importance, and of chastity, to repel violence with violence, even to the extent of killing an unjust assailant. Alcalá, University of - Had its inception in the thirteenth century, when Sancho IV, conceived the idea of founding a Studium Generale in Alcalá de Henares. Africa - This name, which is of Phoenician origin, was at first given by the Romans to the territory about the city of Carthage. Agiles, Raymond d' - A chronicler and canon of Puy-en-Velay, France, toward the close of the eleventh century. Agios O Theos - The opening words in Greek of an invocation, or doxology, or hymn for it may properly receive any of these titles which in the Roman Liturgy is sung during the Improperia, or "Reproaches" at the ceremony of the Adoration of the Cross, on Good Friday. Agnelli, Giuseppe - Chiefly known for his catechetical and devotional works. (1621-1706) Agnelli, Fra. Guglielmo - Sculptor and architect. (1238-1313) Agnellus, Andreas, of Ravenna - Historian of that church, b. 805; the date of his death is unknown, but was probably about 846. Agnesi, Maria Gaetana - An Italian woman of remarkable intellectual gifts and attainments. Member of the Blue Nuns in Milan. (1718-1799) Agnetz - The Slavonic word for the square portion of bread cut from the first loaf in the preparation for Mass according to the Greek rite. Agnoetae - The name given to those who denied the omniscience either of God or of Christ. Agnosticism - A philosophical theory of the limitations of knowledge, professing doubt of or disbelief in some or all of the powers of knowing possessed by the human mind. Agnus Dei - The name given to certain discs of wax impressed with the figure of a lamb and blessed at stated seasons by the Pope. Agnus Dei (in Liturgy) - A name given to the formula recited thrice by the priest at Mass in the Roman rite. Agonistici - One of the names given by the Donatists to those of their followers who went through cities and villages to disseminate the doctrine of Donatus. Agony of Christ - The word is used only once in Sacred Scripture (Luke, xxii, 43) to designate the anguish of Our Lord in the Garden of Gethsemani. Agostini, Paolo - Italian composer. (1593-1629) Agoult, Charles Consstance César Joseph Matthieu d' - A French prelate, born at Grenoble, 1747; died at Paris, 1824. Agra - Archdiocese situated in British India. Allerstein, August - Jesuit missionary in China, born in Germany, died in China, probably about 1777. Agram - Archiepiscopal see of the ancient kingdom of Croatia, in Austria, founded towards the end of the eleventh century as a suffragan of Kalocsa in Hungary, and made an archdiocese in 1852. Agrarianism - Theories and movements intended to benefit the poorer classes of society by dealing in some way with the ownership of land or the legal obligations of the cultivators. Agria - An archiepiscopal see of Hungary, founded in 1009, and made an archdiocese in 1304, by Pius VII. Agricola, George - Physician, mineralogist, historian, and controversialist. (1494-1555) Agricola, Rudolph - Humanist of the earlier period, and a promoter of the study of the classics in Germany, born in 1442, or 1443, at Bafflo, hear Groningen, Holland; died at Heidelberg, 28 October, 1485. Agrippinus - Bishop of Carthage at the close of the second and beginning of the third century. Aguas Calientes - A Mexican see dependent on Guadalaxara; erected by Leo XIII. Aguirre, Joseph Saenz de - Cardinal, and learned Spanish Benedictine; born at Logro o, in Old Castile, 24 March, 1630; died 19 August, 1699. Ahicam - A high court official under Josias and his two sons, who protected Jeremias from the fury of the populace. Ahriman and Ormuzd - The modern Persian forms of Anro-Mainyus and Ahura Mazda, the Evil Spirit and the Good Spirit. Aiblinger, Johann Caspar - Composer. (1779-1867) Aichinger, Gregor - Organist and composer of sacred music, born probably at Ratisbon in 1565; died at Augsburg, 21 January, 1628. Aiguillon, Duchess of - Marie de Vignerot de Pontcourlay, Marquise of Combalet and Duchesse d'Aiguillon; niece of Cardinal Richelieu. Born 1604; died at Paris, 1675. Aikenhead, Mary - Foundress of the Irish Sisters of Charity. (1787-1858) Ailleboust, Family of d' - Details for three family members. Ailly, Pierre d' - French theologian and philosopher, bishop and cardinal, born 1350 at Compiègne; died probably 1420 at Avignon. Aimerich, Mateo - Spanish Jesuit philologist. (1715-1799) Aire - Diocese in France. Airoli, Giacomo Maria - Jesuit Orientalist and Scriptural commentator. (1660-1721) Aisle - In architecture, one of the lateral or longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the nave by rows of piers, pillars, or columns. Aistulph - King of the Lombards. (d. 756) Aix, Archdiocese of - Includes the districts of Aix and Arles (Department of the Bouches-du-Rhône). Aix-en-Provence, Councils of - Councils were held at Aix in 1112, 1374, 1409, 1585, 1612, 1838, and 1850. Ajaccio, Diocese of - Comprises the island of Corsica. Akhmin - A city of Upper Egypt, situated on the banks of the Nile. Akominatos, Michael & Nicetas - Two famous Greeks of the later Byzantine period. Alabanda - A titular see of Caria in Asia Minor, supposed to be the present Arab-Hissar. Alabaster - The substance commonly known as alabaster is a fine-grained variety of gypsum. Oriental alabaster, the alabastrites of the classical writers, is a translucent marble obtained from stalagmitic deposits. Alagoas - A South American diocese, in eastern Brazil, dependent on Bahia. Alagona, Pietro - Theologian. (1549-1624) Alain de l'Isle - Monk, poet, preacher, theologian, and eclectic philosopher. (1128-1203) Alalis - Titular see of Phoenicia from 325 to 451. Alaman, Lucas - Mexican statesman and historian. (1792-1853) Alamanni, Niccolò - Roman antiquary. (1583-1626) Alan of Tewkesbury - Benedictine abbot and writer. (d. 1202) African Church, Early - The name given to the Christian communities inhabiting the region known politically as Roman Africa. Alan of Walsingham - Architect. (d. 1364) Alaska - The first knowledge of Alaska was acquired in 1741 through the expedition under Vitus Bering, a Dane in the Russian service, who sailed from Okhoysk. Alatri - An Italian bishopric under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See, comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome. Alb - A white linen vestment with close fitting sleeves, reaching nearly to the ground and secured round the waist by a girdle. Alba Pompeia, Diocese of - Comprises eighty towns in the province of Cuneo and two in the province of Alexandria, in Italy. Albanenses - Manichæan heretics who lived in Albania, probably about the eighth century. Albania - The ancient Epirus and Illyria, is the most western land occupied by the Turks in Europe. Albani - Italian family said to be descended from Albanian refugees of the fifteenth century. Includes information on six family members. Albano - A suburban see, comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome. Albany - Diocese comprising the entire counties of Albany, Columbia, Delaware, Fulton, Greene, Montgomery, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Warren, Washington, and that part of Herkimer and Hamilton counties south of the northern line of the townships of Ohio and Russia, Benson and Hope, in the State of New York. Albenga - Diocese comprising seventy-nine towns in the province of Port Maurice and forth-five in the province of Genoa, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Genoa, Italy. Albergati, Niccolo - Cardinal and Bishop of Bologna. (1357-1443) Alberic of Monte Cassino - Benedictine, died 1088. Alberic of Ostia - Benedictine monk and Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia. (1080-1147) Albero de Montreuil - Archbishop, of Trier born about 1080; died 1152. Alberoni, Giulio - Cardinal and statesman. (1664-1752) Albert - Bishop of Riga, Apostle of Livonia, d. 17 January, 1229. Albert II, Archbishop of Magdeburg in Saxony - Eighteenth Archbishop of Magdeburg in Saxony, date of birth unknown; d. 1232. Albert of Aachen - A chronicler of the First Crusade. African Liturgy - In use not only in the old Roman province of Africa of which Carthage was the capital, but also in Numidia and Mauretania. Albert of Brandenburg - Cardinal and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire. (1490-1545) Albert of Castile - Historian, born about 1460; died 1522. Albert of Stade - Thirteenth-century chronicler. Adoration, Perpetual - A term broadly used to designate the practically uninterrupted adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. Alvarus Pelagius - Spanish writer. (1280-1352) Alberti, Leandro - Historian, born at Bologna in 1479; died same place, probably in 1552. Alberti, Leone Battista - Florentine ecclesiastic and artist of the fifteenth century. Albertini, Nicolò - Medieval statesman, died 1321. Albertrandi, John Baptist - A Polish Jesuit, of Italian extraction, born at Warsaw, 7 December, 1731; died August, 1808. Albi (Albia), Archdiocese of - Comprises the Department of the Tarn. Albi, Council of - Held in 1254 by St. Louis on his return from a Crusade. Albi, Juan de - A Spanish Carthusian of the Convent Val-Christ, near Segovia, date of birth uncertain; died 27 December, 1591. Albicus, Sigismund - Archbishop of Prague. (1347-1427) Albinus - A scholarly English monk, pupil of Archbishop Theodore, and of Abbot Adrian of St. Peter's, Canterbury, contemporary of Saint Bede (673-735). Albrechtsberger, Johann G. - Master of musical theory, and teacher of Hummel and Beethoven. (1736-1809) Albright Brethren, The - A body of American Christians chiefly of German descent, founded, in 1800, by the Rev. Jacob Albright, a native of Pennsylvania (1759-1808). Afonzo de Albuquerque - Second son of Gonzallo de Albuquerque, lord of Villaverde. Agapetae - Virgins who consecrated themselves to God with a vow of chastity and associated with laymen. Alcántara, Military Order of - First committed to the care of the Castilian Knights of Calatrava. Alcedo, Antonio de - Soldier, born at Quito, Ecuador, 1755. Alchemy - The art of transmuting baser metals into gold and silver. Alciati, Andrea - Italian jurist. (1492-1550) Alcimus - High-priest, the leader of the hellenizing party in the time of Judas Machabeus. Alcock, John - Bishop of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely. (1430-1500) Alcoholism - The term is understood to include all the changes that may occur in the human organism after the ingestion of any form of alcohol. Aldersbach - A former Cistercian Abbey in the valley of the Vils in Lower Bavaria. Aldfrith - A Northumbrian king, son of King Oswin; d. 14 December, 705. Aldrovandi, Ulissi - Italian naturalist. (1522-1607) Alea, Leonard - A French polemical writer of the early years of the nineteenth century, b. in Paris, date unknown; d. 1812. Alegambe, Philippe - A Jesuit historiographer. (1592-1652) Alegre, Francisco Xavier - Historian, born at Vera Cruz, in Mexico, or New Spain, 12 November, 1729; died at Bologna, 16 August, 1788. Alemany, Joseph Sadoc - First Archbishop of San Francisco. (1814-1888) Alenio, Giulio - Chinese missionary and scholar, born at Brescia, in Italy, in 1582; died at Fou-Tcheou, China, in August, 1644. Aleppo - Armenian Rite Archdiocese in Syria. Ales and Terralba - Diocese made up of 42 communes in the province of Cagliari, Archbishopric of Oristano, Italy. Alessandria della Paglia - Diocese in Piedmont, Italy, a suffragen of Vercelli. Alessi, Galeazzo - Italian architect, b. 1500; d. 1572. Alessio - Diocese in European Turkey, since 1886 suffragan of Scutari. Alexander - Seven men with this name are described. Alexander II, Pope - Reigned 1061-1073. Alexander III, Pope - Reigned from 1159-81. Alexander IV, Pope - Reigned 1254-61. Alexander V - Pietro Philarghi, born c. 1339, on the island of Crete (Candia), whence his appellation, Peter of Candia; elected 26 June, 1409; died at Bologna, 3 May, 1410. Alexander VI, Pope - Rodrigo Borgia, born at Xativa, near Valencia, in Spain, 1 January, 1431; died in Rome, 18 August, 1503. Alexander VIII, Pope - Pietro Ottoboni, born at Venice, April, 1610; elected 5 October, 1689; died at Rome, 1 February, 1691. Alexander Natalis - A French historian and theologian, of the Order of St. Dominic. (1639-1724) Alexander of Abonoteichos - The most notorious imposter of the second century of the Christian era. Alexander of Hales - Biographical article on the first of the scholastic theologians to use Aristotelean principles in systematic theology. Alexander of Lycopolis - Fourth-century writer. Alexandre, Dom Jacques - Benedictine monk. (1653-1734) Alexandria - Seaport of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. Alexandria, The Church of - Founded by St. Mark the Evangelist, the center from which Christianity spread throughout all Egypt, the nucleus of the powerful Patriarchate of Alexandria. Alexandrian Library, The - The Great Library of Alexandria, so called to distinguish it from the smaller or "daughter" library in the Serapeum, was a foundation of the first Ptolemies for the purpose of aiding the maintenance of Greek civilization in the midst of the conservative Egyptians. Alexandrine Liturgy, The - The parent rite of all others in Egypt. Alexian Nuns - Fifteenth century nuns who adopted the Rule of St. Augustine and devoted themselves to the same corporal works of mercy as those of the Brothers of St. Alexius, or Cellites. Alexians - A religious institute which had its origin at Mechlin, in Brabant, in the fifteenth century, during the ravages of the "black death." Alfieri, Count Vittorio - Tragic poet of Italy. (1749-1803) Alfieri, Pietro - A priest and at one time a Camaldolese monk. (1801-1863) Alfonso de Zamora - A converted Spanish Rabbi, baptized 1506; died 1531. Alfonso of Burgos - Royal confessor of Ferdinand and Isabella. Died 1489. Alford, Michael - A Jesuit missionary in England during the persecution. (1587-1652) Adrian I, Pope - Reigned 772-95. Alghero - An Italian diocese comprising twenty-two communes in the province of Sassari, and four in that of Cagliari, Archdiocese of Sassari. Algiers - Archdiocese comprising the province of Algeria in French Africa. Its suffragans are the Sees of Oran and Constantine. Algonquins - The Micmacs, Abenakis, Montagnais, Penobscots, Chippewas, Mascoutens, Nipissings, Sacs, Pottowatomies, and Illinois, the Pequods of Massachusetts, the Mohegans of New York, the Lenapes of Pennsylvania and Delaware, with many other minor tribes, may be classed among them. Alife - A diocese made up of twelve communes in the province of Caserta, Archbishopric of Benevento, Italy. Alimentation - In a broad sense, whatever is necessary to sustain human life: not merely food and drink, but lodging, clothing, care during sickness and burial. Alimony - In the common legal sense of the word, the allowance by order of the court a husband pays to his wife for her maintenance while she is living separately from him, or paid by her former husband to a divorced woman. Aliturgical Days - Those days on which the "liturgy", i.e. the Holy Sacrifice of the Eucharist, is not allowed to be celebrated. All Hallows College - An institution devoted to the preparation of priests for the missions in English-speaking countries. All Souls' Day - The commemoration of all the faithful departed is celebrated by the Church on 2 November, or, if this be a Sunday or a solemnity, on 3 November. Allah - The name of God in Arabic. Allahabad - Diocese; suffragan of the Archdiocese of Agra, India. Allard, Paul - Archaeologist and historian. (b. 1841) Allatius, Leo - A learned Greek of the seventeenth century. (1586-1669) Allegranza, Joseph - A Milanese Dominican who won distinction as a historian, archaeologist, and antiquary. (1715-1785) Allegri, Antonio - Artist known as Correggio, the place of his birth. (1494-1534) Alleluia - A liturgical mystic expression. Allemand, Jean - A French priest and Orientalist. (1799-1833) Allen, Edward Patrick - Fifth Bishop of Mobile, Alabama, U.S.; born at Lowell, Massachusetts, 17 March, 1853. Allen, Frances - The first woman of New England birth to become a nun. (1784-1819) Allen, George - Educator, born at Milton, Vermont, 17 December, 1808; died in Worcester, Massachusetts, 28 May, 1876. Allen, John - Archbishop of Dublin, canonist, and Chancellor of Ireland. (1476-1534) Allen, John - Priest and martyr. He was executed at Tyburn in the beginning of the year 1538. Allen, William - Cardinal. (1522-1594) Allies, Thomas William - English writer. (1813-1903) Allioli, Joseph Franz - Studied theology at Landshut, was ordained at Ratisbon, 1816, studied Oriental languages (1818-20), became professor in the University at Landshut in 1824, and was transferred with the university to Munich in 1826, but owing to a weak throat he had to accept a canonry at Ratisbon. Became Dean of the chapter at Augsburg, in 1838. Allison, William - One of the English priests who were victims of the plots of 1679-80. Allocution - A solemn form of address or speech from the throne employed by the Pope on certain occasions. Allori - Information on three people with this name. Allot, William - English priest, died about 1590. Altar, History of the Christian - An elevated surface, tabular in form, on which the Sacrifice of the Mass is offered. Allouez, Claude - Jesuit missionary and explorer. (1620-1689) Alma - A Hebrew word signifying a "young woman", unmarried as well as married. Alma Redemptoris Mater - The opening words of one of the four Antiphons sung at Compline and Lauds, in honour of the Blessed Virgin, at various seasons of the year. Almagro, Diego de - Generally considered a foundling; came to Panama in 1514 with Pedro Arias de Avila (D'Avila), and soon distinguished himself in military expeditions. Almeida, John - Jesuit missionary. (1571-1653) Ash Wednesday - The Wednesday after Quinquagesima Sunday, which is the first day of the Lenten fast. Almeria - A suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Granada in Spain. Almici, Camillo - Italian Oratorian priest. (1714-1779) Almond, John - English Cistercian and Confessor the Faith. (d. 1585) Almond, Oliver - Sixteenth-century English priest and writer. Alms and Almsgiving - Any material favour done to assist the needy, and prompted by charity. Alogi - A party of heretics who arose after the Cataphrygians, Quartodecimans, and others, and who received neither the Gospel of St. John nor his Apocalypse. Alpha and Omega (in Scripture) - Employed from the fourth century as a symbol expressing the confidence of orthodox Christians in the scriptural proofs of Our Lord's divinity. Alpha and Omega - Includes Jewish and Christian meanings. Alphabet, Christian Use of the - The Hebrew, Greek and Latin alphabets have been variously made use of in Christian liturgy. Alpini, Prospero - Physician and botanist. (1553-1617) Alsace-Lorraine - The German Imperial Territory so known, and divided for State purposes into three civil districts. Altamirano, Diego Francisco - Jesuit. (1625-1715) Altamura and Acquaviva - An exempt archipresbyterate in the province of Bari, in southern Italy. Altar (in Liturgy) - In the New Law the altar is the table on which the Eucharistic Sacrifice is offered. Altar Candles - For mystical reasons the Church prescribes that the candles used at Mass and at other liturgical functions be made of beeswax. Altar, Double - An altar having a double front constructed in such a manner that Mass may be celebrated on both sides of it at the same time. Altar, Portable - Consists of a solid piece of natural stone which must be sufficiently hard to resist every fracture. Altar, Privileged - An altar is said to be privileged when, in addition to the ordinary fruits of the Eucharistic Sacrifice, a plenary indulgence is also granted whenever Mass is celebrated thereon. Altar, Stripping of an - Removal of the altar-cloths, vases of flowers, antipendium, and other ornaments, so that nothing remains but the cross and the candlesticks with the candles extinguished. Altar Bell - A small bell placed on the credence or in some other convenient place on the epistle side of the altar. Altar Breadboxes - Made of wood, tin, britannia, silver, or other metal. A round flat weight, covered if necessary with silk or linen, and having a knob on top, so as to be easily taken hold of, is placed on the breads. Altar Breads - Bread is one of the two elements absolutely necessary for the sacrifice of the Eucharist. Altar Candlesticks - Consists of five parts: the foot, the stem, the knob about the middle of the stem, the bowl to receive the drippings of wax, and the pricket, i.e. the sharp point that terminates the stem on which the candle is fixed. Altar Canopy - The "Caeremoniale Episcoporum (I, xii, 13), treating of the ornaments of the altar, says that a canopy (baldachinum) should be suspended over the altar. Altar Cards - To assist the memory of the celebrant at Mass in those prayers which he should know by heart, cards on which these prayers are printed are placed on the altar in the middle, and at each end. Altar Carpets - The sanctuary and altar-steps of the high altar are ordinarily to be covered with carpets. Altar Cavity - A small square or oblong chamber in the body of the altar, in which are placed the relics of two canonized martyrs. Altar Cloths - The custom of using three altar-cloths began probably in the ninth century, but at present it is of strict obligation for the licit celebration of Mass. Altar Crucifix - The principal ornament of the altar. Altar Curtain - Drawn around the altar at certain parts of Mass. Alton - Diocese in Illinois. Altar Frontal - An appendage which covers the entire front of the altar, from the lower part of the table to the predella, and from the gospel corner to that of the epistle side. Altar Horns - On the Jewish altar there were four projections, one at each corner, which were called the horns of the altar. These projections are not found on the Christian altar, but the word cornu ("horn") is still maintained to designate the sides or corners of the altar. Alva, The Duke of - Warrior and statesman. (1508-1582) Altar Lamp - In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should always burn in the Tabernacle of the Testimony without the veil. Altar Lanterns - Used in churches to protect the altar candles and lamp, if the latter for any reason, such as a draught, cannot be kept lit. Altar Ledge - A step behind the altar, raised slightly above it, for candlesticks, flowers, reliquaries, and other ornaments. Amalarius of Metz - A liturgical writer, b. at Metz, in the last quarter of the eighth century; d. about 850. Altar Linens - The corporal, pall, purificator, and finger towels. Altar of Our Lady - In general it signifies any altar of which the Blessed Virgin is the titular. Altarpiece - A picture of some sacred subject painted on the wall or suspended in a frame behind the altar, or a group of statuary on the altar. Amalricians - Heretical sect founded towards the end of the twelfth century. Altar Protector - A cover made of cloth, baize or velvet which is placed on the table of the altar, during the time in which the sacred functions do not take place. Altar Rail - The railing which guards the sanctuary and separates the latter from the body of the church. Also called the communion-rail. Altar Screen - A cloth, on which images of Our Lord, of the Blessed Virgin, or of saints, are represented, may be suspended above the altar, unless such images are painted on the wall. Altar Side - That part of the altar which faces the congregation. Altar Steps - The number of steps leading up to the high altar is for symbolical reasons uneven; usually three, five, or seven, including the upper platform. Altar Stole - An altar ornament from the Middle Ages. Altar Stone - A solid piece of natural stone, consecrated by a bishop, large enough to hold the Sacred Host and chalice. Altar Tomb - A tomb, or monument, over a grave, oblong in form, which is covered with a slab or table, having the appearance of an altar. Altar Vase - Vase to hold flowers for the decoration of the altar. Altar Vessels - The chalice is the cup in which the wine and water of the Eucharistic Sacrifice is contained. Altar Wine - Wine is one of the two elements absolutely necessary for the sacrifice of the Eucharist. For valid and licit consecration vinum de vite, i.e. the pure juice of the grape naturally and properly fermented, is to be used. Altarage - The fees received by a priest from the laity when discharging any function for them, e.g. marriages, baptisms, funerals. Altars (in the Greek Churches) - The altar of the Russian Orthodox or the Ruthenian Greek Catholic churches means the sanctuary, and not merely the altar known to Latin churches. Altars (in Scripture) - Describes several biblical uses of the word. Altoona - A suffragan see of the province of Philadelphia. Altruism - A term formed by Auguste Comte in 1851, to denote the benevolent, as contrasted with the selfish propensities. Alumnus - Signifies in ecclesiastical usage, a student preparing for the sacred ministry in a seminary. Alunno, Niccolò - Notable Umbrian painter. (1430-1502) Alva y Astorga, Pedro d' - A Friar Minor of the Strict Observance and a writer on theological subjects. (d. 1667) Alvarado, Alonzo de - A Knight of Santiago, b. at Secadura de Trasmura, near Burgos, date unknown; d. 1559. Alvarado, Fray Francisco de - A native of Mexico, entered the Dominican order 25 July, 1574. Alvarado, Pedro de - Accompanied Grijalva on his exploration of Yucatan and the Mexican coast in 1518, and was the chief officer of Cortez during the conquest of Mexico. Alvarez, Balthazar - A Spanish mystic, who was the spiritual director of St. Teresa. (1533-1580) Alvarez, Diego - Spanish theologian, born about 1550; died At Trani, Kingdom of Naples, 1635. Alvarez, Manoel - Jesuit and educator. (1526-1582) Alvarez de Paz - A famous mystic of the Society of Jesus. (1560-1620) Alzate, José Antonio - Seventeenth century priest born at Ozumba, Mexico. Alzog, Johann Baptist - Church historian. (1808-1878) Ama - A Semitic term meaning mother, adopted by the Copts and the Greeks as a title of honour applied to religious and ladies of high rank. Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio - Italian architect and sculptor. (1447-1522) Amadia and Akra - Designates two Catholic dioceses of the Chaldean Rite in Kurdistan, Turkey in Asia. Amalec - A people remembered chiefly as the most hated of all the enemies of Israel. Amalfi - Archdiocese directly dependent on the Holy See, has its seat at Amalfi, not far from Naples. Amalricus Augerii - A church-historian of the fourteenth century, and member of the Augustinian Order. Amasia - A titular see and metropolis of Pontus in Asia Minor on the river Iris, now Amasiah. Amastris - A titular see of Paphlagonia in Asia Minor, on a peninsula jutting into the Black Sea. Amat, Thaddeus - Second Bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles, California. (1810-1878) Amathus - Name of two titular sees, one in Syria, suffragan of Apameia, with an episcopal list known from 449 to 536; the other on the southern coast of Cyprus, whose episcopal list reaches from the fourth century to 787. Amazones, Diocese of - A South American diocese, dependent on San Salvador of Bahia. Ambarach, Peter - Maronite Orientalist. (1663-1742) Ambition - The undue craving for honor. Ambo - A word of Greek origin, supposed to signify a mountain or elevation. Ambo (in the Russian and Greek Church) - Sometimes two ambos were used, from one of which the Epistle was read and from the other the Gospel. Amboise, George d' - French cardinal, archbishop, and statesman. (1460-1510) Ambronay, Our Lady of - A sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin at Ambronay, France, regarded as one of the two candles of devotion to Our Lady in the Diocese of Belley. Ambros, August Wilhelm - Historian of music and art critic. (1816-1876) Ambrosian Chant - Chant composed by St. Ambrose. Ambrosians - The Order of St. Ambrose was the name of two religious congregations, one of men and one of women, founded in the neighbourhood of Milan during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Ambrosian Basilica - Erected at Milan by fourth-century bishop, St. Ambrose, and was consecrated in the year 386. Ambrosian Hymnography - The term implies no attribution of authorship, but rather a poetical form or a liturgical use. Ambrosian Library - Founded between 1603 and 1609 by Cardinal Federigo Borromeo at Milan. Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite - The liturgy and Rite of the Church of Milan, which derives its name from St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan (374-397). Ambrosiaster - The name given to the author of a commentary on all the Epistles of St. Paul, with the exception of that to the Hebrews. Ambulatory - A cloister, gallery, or alley; a sheltered place, straight or circular, for exercise in walking; the aisle that makes the circuit of the apse of a church. Amelia - Diocese comprising seven towns in the province of Perugia, Italy, and is under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See. Amelote, Denis - Ordained in 1631, a Doctor of the Sorbonne, and member of the French Oratory. (1609-1678) Amen - One of a small number of Hebrew words which have been imported unchanged into the liturgy of the Church. Amende Honorable - An obsolete form of honorary satisfaction, customary in the Church in France as late as the seventeenth century. Amerbach, Veit - Humanist and convert from Lutheranism to the Catholic Church. (1503-1557) America - Consists of three main divisions: North America, Central America, and South America. America, Pre-Columbian Discovery of - Offers details of early exploration. Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Librarian of the Roman Church. (810-879) Amorrhites - A name of doubtful origin and meaning, used to designate an ancient people often mentioned in the Old Testament. American College in Rome, The - Owes its existence chiefly to Archbishop Hughes, of New York, and Archbishop Kenrick of Baltimore. American College at Louvain, The - An institution for the education of priests founded in 1857. American College in Rome, The South - The Rev. Ignatius Victor Eyzaguirre went to Rome, in 1857, and proposed to the Pope the erection of a college for students from Latin American countries. Amherst, Francis Kerril, D.D. - English bishop. (1819-1883) Amice - A short linen cloth, square or oblong in shape and, like the other sacerdotal vestments, needing to be blessed before use. Amphoræ - Vessels generally made of clay, and furnished with ears or handles. Ampullæ - Their peculiarity consists in the sediment of dark red colour they contain, from which they derive the name, blood-ampullæ, on the theory that the sediment is the remains of the blood of a martyr. Amico, Antonio - Canon of Palermo, and ecclesiastical historian of Syracuse and Messina, (d. 1641). Amico, Francesco - Theologian born at Cosenza, in Naples, 2 April, 1578. Amida - An Armenian Rite diocese located in Mesopotamia, Asiatic Turkey. Amsterdam - The capital, and second residential city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Amiens, Diocese of - Comprises the department of Somme. Amiot, Joseph Maria - Missionary to China. (1718-1793) Amisus - A titular see of Pontus in Asia Minor. Ammen, Daniel - American naval officer and author (1820-1898) Ammon - The supreme divinity of the Egyptian pantheon. Ammonian Sections - Divisions of the four Gospels. Ammonites - A race closely allied to the Hebrews. Amorbach - Former Benedictine abbey in Lower Franconia (Bavaria), founded in the early part of the eighth century by St. Pirmin. Amorios - A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor, now known as Hergen Kaleh. Amort, Eusebius - Philosopher and theologian. (1692-1775) Amos - Old Testament prophet. Amovibility - A term applied to the condition of certain ecclesiastics in regard to their benefices or offices. Amoy - Vicariate Apostolic of Amoy, located in China, created in 1883, and entrusted to the care of the Dominicans. Ampè, André-Marie - Physicist and mathematician. (1775-1836) Amphilochius of Iconium - Fourth-century Cappadocian bishop. Amphilochius of Sida - Fifth-century bishop. Anaesthesia - A term in medicine, and the allied sciences, signifying a state of insensibility to external impressions, consequent upon disease, or induced artificially by the employment of certain substances known as anæsthetics, or by hypnotic suggestion. Ampleforth, The Abbey of - Benedictine abbey in England. Ampurias - An Italian diocese in Sardinia, suffragan of Sassari. Amra - The name of certain ancient Irish elegies or panegyrics on native saints. Amrah - The Syrian houses in the region of Hauran were inhabited, from the third century to the seventh, by the upper and middle classes of the population. A house of this kind in perfect preservation is still to be seen at Amrah. Amraphel - King of Sennaar (Shinar), or Babylonia. Amulet - An object generaliy inscribed with mysterious formulæ and used by pagans as a protection against various maladies, as well as witchcraft. Amulets, Use and Abuse of - Amulets have had quite a general vogue among all people of all times and have been characterized by a bewildering variety as to the material, shape, and method of employment. Amyclae - A titular see of Peloponnesus in Greece, in the ecclesiastical province of Hellas, a suffragan of Corinth. Amyot, Jacques - Bishop of Auxerre, Grand Almoner of France. (1513-1593) Anabaptists - A violent and extremely radical body of ecclesiastico-civil reformers which first made its appearance in 1521 at Zwickau. Anacletus II - The title which was taken by Cardinal Pietro Pierleone at the contested papal election of the year 1130. Anagni - An Italian diocese in the province of Rome under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See. Analogy - A philosophical term used to designate, first, a property of things; secondly, a process of reasoning. Analysis - The process by which anything complex is resolved into simple, or at least less complex parts or elements. Anaphora - A liturgical term in the Greek Rite. Anarchy - An absence of law. Anastasiopolis - Name of four ancient sees. Anastasius II, Pope - Reigned 496-498. Anastasius III, Pope - Reigned 911-913. Anastasius IV, Pope - Reigned 1153-1154. Anathema - Placed on high, suspended, set aside. Anathoth - Includes several mentioned by this name. Anatomy - The science of the form and structure of living beings. Anazarbus - A titular metropolitan see of Cilicia (Lesser Armenia), suffragan of Antioch. Anazco, Pedro de - A missionary and student of Indian languages. (1550-1605) Anchor (as Symbol), The - Regarded in ancient times as a symbol of safety. Anchorites - In Christian terminology, men who have sought to triumph over the two unavoidable enemies of human salvation, the flesh and the devil, by depriving them of the assistance of their ally, the world. Ancient of Days - A name given to God by the Prophet Daniel. Ancilla Dei - A title often given to a deceased woman in early Christian inscriptions. Ancona, Ciriaco d' - An Italian antiquary whose family name was Pizzicolli, born at Ancona about 1391; died about 1455 at Cremona. Ancren Riwle - The name given to a thirteenth­ century code of rules for the life of anchoresses, which is sometimes called "The Nuns' Rule". Ancyra - A titular see of Galatia in Asia Minor, suffragan of Laodicea. Ancyra, Councils of - Three councils were held in the former capital of Galatia (now Angora) in Asia Minor, during the fourth century. Anderdon, William Henry - English Jesuit and writer, born in London, 26 December, 1816; died 28 July, 1890. Anderledy, Anthony Maria - General of the Society of Jesus. (1819-1892) Anderson, Henry James - Scientist and educator. (1799-1875) Anderson, Lionel Albert - An English Dominican, b. about 1620; d. 21 October, 1710. Anderson, Patrick - A Scottish Jesuit. (1575-1624) Anderton, James - An English Catholic, b. 1557; d. 1618. Anderton, Roger - English Catholic layman. (d. 1640) Anderton, Thomas - English Benedictine. (1611-1671) Andlaw, Heinrich Bernhard, Freiherr von - Catholic statesman. (1802-1871) Ancona and Umana - An Italian diocese in the Archdiocese of Ancona. Andrada, Alonso - Biographer and ascetic writer.1590-1672) Andrada, Antonio de - Missionary and explorer of Tibet in the seventeenth century. Andrada de Payva, Diego - Portuguese theologian. (1528-1575) André, Bernard - Fifteenth-century friar, poet, chronographer. Andalusia - The name given by the Arabs to the portion of Spain subject to their dominion. André, Yves Marie - Mathematician. (1675-1764) Andrea, Giovanni d' - Canonist. (1275-1348) Andrea Pisano - An Italian sculptor and architect, b. 1270; d. 1349. Andreas of Ratisbon - Fourteenth-century historian. Andreis, Felix de - Lazarist superior. (1778-1820) Andres, Juan - Sixteenth-century Spanish canonist. Andreas of Caesarea - Cappadocian bishop. Andrew of Lonjumeau - Dominican missionary and papal ambassador. (d. 1253) Andrew of Rhodes - Theologian, d. 1440. Andrews, William Eusebius - Editor and author. (1773-1837) Andria, Diocese - Comprises three towns in the Province of Bari and one in the Province of Potenza, Archdiocese of Trani, Italy. Andechs - Benedictine monastery in Bavaria. Anemurium - Titular see of Cilicia. Anerio, Felice - Roman composer, b. c. 1560; d. c. 1630. Anerio, Giovanni Francesco - Born in Rome c. 1567; died. c. 1620. Anfossi, Filippo - Italian Dominican, b. at Taggia, in the province of Genoa; d. in Rome, 14 May, 1825. Ange de Saint Joseph - French missionary friar of the Order of Discalced Carmelites. (1636-1697) Ange de Sainte Rosalie - French genealogist and friar of the house of the Petits-Pères of the Discalced Augustinians. (1655-1726) Angel - The word is used in Hebrew to denote indifferently either a divine or human messenger. Angeli, Francesco degli - Missionary to Ethiopia. (1567-1628) Angeli, Girolamo degli - Missionary to Japan. (1567-1623) Angelicals, The - A congregation of women founded at Milan about 1530 by Countess Luigia Torelli of Guastalla for the protection and reclamation of girls. Angels, Early Christian Representations of - The oldest fresco in which an angel appears is the Annunciation scene (second century) of the cemetery of St. Priscilla. Angels of the Churches - St. John in the Apocalypse is shown seven candlesticks and in their midst, the Son of Man holding seven stars. The candlesticks represent the seven Churches of Asia; the stars, the angels of those Churches. Angelus - A short practice of devotion in honour of the Incarnation repeated three times each day, morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of the bell. Angelus Bell - The triple Hail Mary recited in the evening, which is the origin of our modern Angelus, was closely associated with the ringing of a bell. Angelus, Silesius - Convert, poet, controversialist, the son of a Lutheran Polish Nobleman. (1624-1677) Andrés, Juan - Littérateur and historian. (1740-1817) Anger - The desire of vengeance. Angers - Comprises the territory embraced in the department of Maine and Loire. Angers, University of - Early in the eleventh century this school became famous under the direction of Marbodus. Anges, Notre Dame de - A miraculous shrine near Lur, France, containing a crypt (Sainte Chapelle) which tradition dates back to an early period. Angiolini, Francesco - A noted scholar, b. at Piscenza, Italy, 1750; d. at Polotsk, 21 February, 1788. Anglesea, The Priory of - Founded in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas for a community of Austin Canons, by Henry I. Dugdale. Anglican Orders - In the creed of the Catholic Church, Holy Order is one of the Seven Sacraments instituted by Our Lord Jesus Christ. Anglicanism - A term used to denote the religious belief and position of members of the established Church of England. Anglin, Timothy Warren - Canadian journalist and member of Parliament, born in the town of Cloankilty, County Cork, Ireland, 1822; died 3 May, 1896, in Canada. Anglona-Tursi - An Italian diocese comprising twenty-seven towns and three villages in the province of Potenza and nine towns and one village in the province of Cosenza, Archdiocese of Acerenza. Angola and Congo - Diocese of Portuguese West Africa, suffragan of Lisbon. Angora - Armenian rite diocese in Asia Minor. Angoulême - Diocese; comprises the Department of the Charente in France, and has always been suffragan to the Archbishopric of Bordeaux, under the old régime as well as under the Concordat. Angra - The episcopal see of the Azores, suffragan of Lisbon. Angelo Clareno da Cingoli - One of the leaders of the Spiritual Franciscans. Angulo, Pedro - Native of Burgos in Spain, came to America in 1524 as a soldier, but joined the Dominican order in 1529. Anhalt - Vicariate Apostolic comprising the territory of the German Duchy of Anhalt. Anima Christi - Well known prayer dating from the first half of the fourteenth century and enriched with indulgences by Pope John XXII in the year 1330. Animals in Christian Art - Animal forms have always occupied a place of far greater importance than was ever accorded to them in the art of the pagan world. Animals in the Bible - The sacred books were composed by and for a people almost exclusively given to husbandry and pastoral life, hence in constant communication with nature. Animism - The doctrine or theory of the soul. Aquileian Rite - Aquileia and certain of its suffragan sees had a special rite but they do not give any clear indication as to what this rite was. Anima, College and Church of the, in Rome - S. Maria dell' Anima, the German national church and hospice in Rome, received its name, according to tradition, from the picture of Our Lady which forms its coat of arms. Animuccia, Giovanni - An Italian composer, born at Florence about 1500; died 1571. Anise - Anise has been, since Wyclif, the rendering of anethon in the English Versions, But this is not accurate. The exact equivalent of the plant anethon is dill, while anise corresponds to the pimpinella anisum. Annibaldi, Annibale d' - Theologian, b. of a Roman senatorial family early in the thirteenth century; d. at Rome, 1 September, 1271. Anna Comnena - Byzantine historian, eldest daughter of Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of Constantinople (1081-1118). Annals, Ecclesiastical - The historical literature of the Middle Ages may be classed under three general heads: chronicles, annals, and lives of the saints. Ansaldi, Casto Innocenzio - Theologian and archaeologist. (1710-1780) Annas - Son of Seth, succeeded (A.D. 6 or 7) Joazar in the high-priesthood by appointment of Quirinius who had come to Judea to attend to the incorporation of Archelaus's territory into the Roman province of Syria. Annat, François - French Jesuit, theologian, writer, and opponent of Jansenism. (1590-1670) Annates - The first fruits, or first year's revenue of an ecclesiastical benefice paid to the Papal Curia (in medieval times to bishops also). Anne d'Auray, Sainte - A little village three miles from the town of Auray, in the Diocese of Vannes, famous for its sanctuary and for its pilgrimages, or pardons, in honour of St. Anne. Anne de Beaupré, Sainte - Devotion to Saint Anne, in Canada. Annecy - Diocese comprising the Department of Haute-Savoie in France. Annegarn, Joseph - Catholic theologian and popular writer. (1794-1843) Annibale, Giuseppe d' - Cardinal and theologian. (1815-1892)) Annius of Viterbo - Archeologist and historian, born at Viterbo about 1432; died 13 November, 1502. Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, The Feast of the - In the Latin Church this feast is first mentioned in the Sacramentarium of Pope Gelasius. Annunciation, The Orders of the - A penitential order founded by St. Jeanne de Valois. Anquetil, Louis-Pierre - A French historian. (1723-1806) Ansaloni, Giordano - Dominican missionary to Asia. (d. 1634) Anse, Councils of - A series of medieval councils. Ansegisus - Archbishop of Sens; d. 25 November 879, or 883. Anselm of Laon - Medieval theologian. (d. 1117) Anselm of Liège - Belgian chronicler. (1008-1056) Anselme, Antoine - French preacher. (1652-1737) Anslo, Reyer - Dutch poet and convert. (1622-1669) Anstey, Thomas Chisholm - Lawyer and politician. (1816-1873) Antediluvians - People who lived before the flood. Anthelmi, Joseph - French ecclesiastical historian. (1648-1697) Anthemius - Fourth-century Byzantine official. Anthony, Orders of Saint - Religious communities or orders under the patronage of St. Anthony the Hermit, father of monasticism, or professing to follow his rule. Anthony of Sienna - A Dominican theologian, so called because of his great veneration for St. Catharine of Sienna. Anthony of the Mother of God - A Spanish Carmelite, b. at Leon in Old-Castile; d. 1641. Anthropomorphism, Anthropomorphites - A term used in its widest sense to signify the tendency of man to conceive the activities of the external world as the counterpart of his own. Antichrist - Defines the word according to its biblical and ecclesiastical usage. Antidicomarianites - An Eastern sect which flourished about A. D. 200 to 400, and which was so designated as being the "opponents of Mary". Antidoron - The remains of the loaves or cakes from which the various portions are cut for consecration in the Mass, according to the Greek Rite, are gathered up on a plate, in the sanctuary and kept upon the prothesis, during the celebration of the Mass. Antigonish - The shiretown of the county of the same name in Nova Scotia. Antimensium - Consecrated corporal of a kind used only in the Greek Rite. Antinoe - A titular see of the Thebaid, now Esneh or Esench, a city in Egypt. Antiochus of Palestine - Seventh century monk. Antipater of Bostra - Fifth century Greek prelate. Antipatris - Titular see of Palestine. Antiphellos - Titular see of Lycia. Antiphon - One or more psalm verses or sentences from Holy Scripture which are sung or recited before and after each psalm and the Magnificat during Matins and Vespers. Antipodes - Speculations concerning the rotundity of the earth and the possible existence of human beings "with their feet turned towards ours" were of interest to the Fathers of the Early Church only in so far as they seemed to encroach upon the fundamental Christian dogma of the unity of the human race, and the consequent universality of original sin and redemption. Antipope - A false claimant of the Holy See in opposition to a pontiff canonically elected. Antofogaste - Vicariate Apostolic in Chile, dependent on the Sacred Congregation of Ecclesiastical Affairs. Antoine, Paul Gabriel - French theologian. (1678-1743) Anton Ulrich - A convert to the Catholic faith. (1633-1714) Antonelli, Giacomo - Cardinal; Secretary of State to Pius IX. (1806-1876) Antonelli, Nicolò Maria - Cardinal, learned canonist, ecclesiastical historian, and Orientalist. (1698-1767) Antinomianism - The heretical doctrine that Christians are exempt from the obligations of moral law. Antoniano, Giovanni - Patrologist, b. at Nimeguen, in Holland, early in the sixteenth century; d. same place, in 1588. Antoniano, Silvio - Cardinal, writer on education. (1540-1603) Antioch, The Church of - A city on the banks of the lower Orontes. Antoniewicz, Charles - Polish Jesuit and missionary. (1807-1852) Antioch - Provides information on two places by this name. Antonio of Vicenza, Maria - A Reformed Minorite. (1834-1884) Antiochene Liturgy - The family of liturgies originally used in the Patriarchate of Antioch begins with that of the Apostolic Constitutions; then follow that of St. James in Greek, the Syrian Liturgy of St. James, and the other Syrian Anaphorus. Antiphon (in the Greek Church) - Socrates, the church historian (Hist. Eccl., VI, viii), says that St. Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, the third in succession from St. Peter in that see, once had a vision of angels singing the praises of the Trinity in alternating hymns, and remembering the vision, gave this form of singing to the Church of Antioch. Antonius - A supposed Latin Christian poet of the third century. Antony, Franz Joseph - Received Holy Orders, and in 1819 became choirmaster at the cathedral, succeeding his father as organist, in 1832. Antiphon (in Greek Liturgy) - The Greek Liturgy uses antiphons, not only in the Office, but also in the Mass, at Vespers, and at all the canonical Hours. Anunciación, Fray Domingo de la - Dominican missionary. (1510-1591) Anunciación, Fray Juan de la - Born at Granada in Spain, probably 1514; died 1594. Aosta - An Italian diocese, suffragan of Turin. Apaches - A tribe of North American Indians belonging linguistically to the Athapascan stock whose original habitat is believed to have been Northwestern Canada. Apameia - A titular metropolitan see of Syria, in the valley of the Orontes, whose episcopal list dates from the first century. Antiphonary - One of the present liturgical books intended for use in the liturgical choir, and originally characterized, by the assignment to it principally of the antiphons used in various parts of the Roman liturgy. Apelles - Founder of a Gnostic sect; died at an advanced age late in the second century. Aphraates - Wrter born of pagan parents during the last half of the third century. Antiphonary, Gregorian - Discovered in a Montpellier manuscript of the tenth or eleventh century. Antivari - So called from its position opposite to Bari in Italy; the Catholic archiepiscopal see of Montenegro. Antonelli, Leonardo - Cardinal. (1730-1811) Apiarius of Sicca - A priest of the diocese of Sicca, in proconsular Africa. Apocalypse, Book of - The name given to the last book in the Bible, also called the Book of Revelation. Apocrisiarius - Indicates in general the ecclesiastical envoys of Christian antiquity, whether permanent or sent temporarily on missions to high ecclesiastical authorities or royal courts. Apocrypha - A long article with a comments on each Apocryphal book. Classified according to origin. Apodosis - For several days after a great feast the celebrant turns back to certain prayers of the feast and repeats them in commemoration of it. The last day of such repetition of the prayers of the previous feast is called the apodosis. Antwerp - A city of Belgium, in the archdiocese of Mechlin. Apollinaris (the Elder) - A Christian grammarian of the fourth century, first at Berytus in Phoenicia, then at Laodicea in Syria. Apollonius of Ephesus - Anti-Montanist Greek ecclesiastical writer, between 180 and 210. Aparisi y Guijarro, Antonio - Parliamentary orator, jurisconsult, Catholic controversialist, and Spanish litterateur. (1815-1872) Apologetics - A theological science which has for its purpose the explanation and defence of the Christian religion. Apolysis - The dismissal blessing said by the Greek priest at the end of the Mass, Matins, or Vespers. Apolytikion - A dismissal prayer or hymn said or sung at the end of the Greek Mass and at other times during Matins and Vespers. Apophthegmata Patrum - Sayings of the Fathers of the Desert. Aporti, Ferrante - An educator and theologian, born at San Martino dell'Argine, province of Mantua, Italy, 20 Nov., 1791; died 14 Nov., 1858, at Turin. Apostasy - The word itself in its etymological sense, signifies the desertion of a post, the giving up of a state of life; he who voluntarily embraces a definite state of life cannot leave it, therefore, without becoming an apostate. Apostle (in Liturgy) - The name given by the Greek Church to the Epistle of the Divine Liturgy, which is invariably of Apostolic origin and never taken, as sometimes happens in the Roman Rite, from the Old Testament. Apostle Spoons - A set of thirteen spoons, usually silver, the handles of which are adorned with representations of Our Lord (the Master spoon) and the twelve Apostles. Apostles, The - Apostolos (Apostle) means one who is sent forth, who is entrusted with a mission. Apostles' Creed - A formula containing in brief statements, or "articles," the fundamental tenets of Christian belief, and having for its authors, according to tradition, the Twelve Apostles. Apostles of Erin, The Twelve - Twelve holy Irishmen of the sixth century who went to study at the School of Clonard in Meath. Apostleship of Prayer, The - A pious association otherwise known as a league of prayer in union with the Heart of Jesus. Apostolic Camera - The former central board of finance in the papal administrative system, which at one time was of great importance in the government of the States of the Church, and in the administration of justice. Apostolic Churches - All the individual orthodox churches could, in a sense, be called Apostolic Churches, because they were in some more or less mediate connection with the Apostles. Apostolic Church-Ordinance - A third-century pseudo-Apostolic collection of moral and hierarchical rules and instructions, compiled in the main from ancient Christian sources. Apostolic Fathers, The - Christian writers of the first and second centuries who are known, or are considered, to have had personal relations with some of the Apostles, or to have been so influenced by them that their writings may be held as echoes of genuine Apostolic teaching. Apostolic Letters - The letters of the Apostles to Christian communities or those in authority. Apostolic Majesty - A title given to the Kings of Hungary. Apostolic See, The - A metaphorical term, used, as happens in all languages, to express the abstract notion of authority by the concrete name of the place in which it is exercised. Apostolic Succession - Article claims that Apostolic succession is found in the Catholic Church and not in others. Apostolic Union of Secular Priests, The - An association of secular priests who observe a simple rule embodying the common duties of their state, afford mutual assistance in the functions of the ministry, and keep themselves in the spirit of their holy vocation by spiritual conferences. Apostolici - The name of four different heretical bodies. Apostolici Ministerii - A Bull issued 23 May, 1724, by Innocent XIII, for the revival of ecclesiastical discipline in Spain. Apostolici Regiminis - A Bull issued 19 December, 1513, by Leo X, in defence of the Catholic doctrine concerning the immortality of the soul. Apostolicity - The mark by which the Church of today is recognized as identical with the Church founded by Jesus Christ upon the Apostles. Apotactics - The adherents of a heresy which sprang up in the third century and spread through the western and southern parts of Asia Minor. Apotheosis - Deification, the exaltation of men to the rank of gods. Apparitor - The official name given to an officer in ecclesiastical courts designated to serve the summons, to arrest a person accused, and, in ecclesiastico-civil procedure, to take possession, physically or formally, of the property in dispute. Apostolic Constitutions - A fourth-century pseudo-Apostolic collection, in eight books, of independent, though closely related, treatises on Christian discipline, worship, and doctrine, intended to serve as a manual of guidance for the clergy, and to some extent for the laity. Appeal as from an abuse - The object was to safeguard equally the rights both of the State and of the Church. Appeals - The purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive view of the positive legislation of the Church on appeals belonging to the ecclesiastical forum; but it does not treat of the nature of the ecclesiastical forum itself nor of the rights of the Church and its supreme head, the pope, to receive appeals in ecclesiastical matters. Appetite - A tendency, an inclination, or direction. Approbation - An act by which a bishop or other superior grants to an ecclesiastic the actual exercise of his ministry. Appropriation - In theology, appropriation is used in speaking of the different Persons of the Trinity. Apse - The semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir or aisles of a church. Apse Chapel - A chapel radiating tangentially from one of the bays or divisions of the apse, and reached generally by a semicircular passageway, or ambulatory, exteriorly to the walls or piers of the apse. Apsidiole - A small or secondary apse, one of the apses on either side of the main apse in a triapsidal church, or one of the apse-chapels when they project on the exterior of the church. Apt, Council of - Held 14 May, 1365, in the cathedral of that city by the archbishops and bishops of the provinces of Arles, Embrun, and Aix, in the south of France. Apostolicae Curae - A Bull of Leo XIII issued 15 September, 1896, and containing the latest papal decision with regard to the validity of Anglican orders. Aquarians - A name given to several sects in the early Church. Aquila - An Italian archdiocese in the Abruzzi, directly dependent on the Holy See. Aquila and Priscilla - Jewish tentmakers, who left Rome in the Jewish persecution under Claudius, 49 or 50, and settled in Corinth. Aquileia, Councils of - A council held in 381, presided over by St. Valerian of Aquileia. Aquino, Sora, and Pontecorvo - An Italian diocese immediately subject to the Holy See. Arabia - The cradle of Islam and, in all probability, the primitive home of the Semitic race. Apostolicæ Sedis Moderationi - A Bull of Pius IX (1846-78) which regulates anew the system of censures and reservations in the Catholic church. Arabia, Vicariate Apostolic of - Arabia formerly belonged to the mission of Galla (Africa), but was made a separate prefecture Apostolic by Pius IX, 21 Jan., 1875. Arabia, Councils of - In 246 and 247 two councils were held at Bostra in Arabia against Beryllus, Bishop of the see, and others who maintained with him that the soul perished and arose again with the body. Arabici - A small sect of the third century, whose founder is unknown, and which is commonly named from Arabia, where it flourished, but sometimes also Thanatopsychitae. Apostolicæ Servitutis - A Bull issued by Benedict XIV, 23 February, 1741, against secular pursuits on the part of the clergy. Arabissus - A titular see of Armenia, suffragan of Melitene. Apostolicum Pascendi Munus - A Bull issued by Clement XIII, 12 January, 1765, in defense of the Society of Jesus against the attacks made upon it. Aquileia - A former city of the Roman Empire, situated at the head of the Adriatic. Arad - A titular see of Palestine. Aranda, Council of - Spanish Council held in 1473. Aranda, Philip - Jesuit theologian. (1642-1695) Arason Jón - The last Catholic bishop of Iceland before the introduction of Protestantism. (1484-1550) Arator - A Christian poet of the sixth century, probably of Ligurian origin. Araucania - Prefecture Apostolic in Chile. Araucanians - Indian tribe in Chile. Araujo, Antonio de - Brazilian missionary. (d. 1632) Araujo, Francisco de - Spanish theologian. (1580-1664) Arawaks - The first American aborigines met by Columbus. Arbieto, Ignacio de - Jesuit. (1585-1676) Arbitration - A method of arranging differences between two parties by referring them to the judgment of a disinterested outsider whose decision the parties to a dispute agree in advance to accept as in some way binding. Arbroath, Abbey of - Founded on the east coast of Scotland (1178) by William the Lion, for Benedictines, and was colonized by monks from Kelso. Arbuthnott, Missal of - A manuscript Scottish missal or mass-book, written in 1491 by James Sibbald, priest of Arbuthnott, in Scotland, for use in that church. Arca - A box in which the Eucharist was kept by the primitive Christians in their homes. Arcachon, Our Lady of - A miraculous image venerated at Arcachon, France, and to all appearances the work of the thirteenth century. Arcadiopolis - A titular see of Asia Minor. Arcae - A titular see on the coast of Phoenicia, between Tripolis and Antaradus, suffragan of Tyre. Arcanum - An Encyclical Letter on Christian marriage, issued 10 February, 1880, by Leo XIII. Arch - A structure composed of separate pieces, such as stone or bricks, having the shape of truncated wedges, arranged on a curved line so as to retain their position by mutual pressure. Archange de Lyon - A preacher of the Capuchin order whose name was Michael Desgranges. (1736-1822) Archbishop - An archbishop or metropolitan, in the present sense of the term, is a bishop who governs a diocese strictly his own, while he presides at the same time over the bishops of a well-defined district composed of simple dioceses but not of provinces. Arabian School of Philosophy - A circumstance which favoured the study of letters and philosophy was the accession to the throne about A.D. 750 of the Abassides, an enlightened line of Caliphs who encouraged learning, and patronized the representatives, chiefly Syrian and Persian, of foreign culture. Archconfraternity - A confraternity empowered to aggregate or affiliate other confraternities of the same nature, and to impart to them its indulgences and privileges. Archdeacon - The incumbent of an ecclesiastical office dating back to antiquity and up to the fifteenth century of great importance in diocesan administration, particularly in the West. Archdeacon, Richard - An Irish Jesuit, whose name is sometimes given as Archdekin or Arsdekin. (1620-1693) Aran, The Monastic School of - During three hundred years from about 500 to 800, Aran Mor and its sister islands were a famous centre of sanctity and learning, which attracted holy men from all parts of Ireland to study the science of the saints in this remote school of the West. Archdiocese - Not an ecclesiastical province, but only that diocese of the province which is the archbishop's own. Archelais - A titular see of Palestine. Archer, James - An English missionary priest. (1751-1832) Arches, The Court of - Was held in the Church of St. Mary le Bow (Sancta Maria de Arcubus), in Cheapside, the chief and most ancient court and consistory of the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Archiereus - A Greek word for bishop, when considered as the culmination of the priesthood. Archimandrite - In the Greek Rite the superior of a monastery or of several monasteries. Archinto, Filipo - An Italian theologian and diplomatist. (1500-1558) Archives, Ecclesiastical - A collection of documents, records, and memorials, pertaining to the origin, foundation, growth, history, and constitutions of a diocese, parish, monastery, or religious community under the jurisdiction of the Church. Archontics - A Gnostic sect which existed in Palestine and Armenia about the middle of the fourth century. Archpriest - Since the fourth century numerous dioceses had an archpriest, or head of the college of presbyters, who aided and represented the bishop in the discharge of his liturgical and religious duties. Arcosolium - Term applied by the primitive Christians to one form of the tombs that exist in the Roman catacombs. Arculf - A Frankish Bishop of the latter part of the seventh century. Ardagh - An Irish diocese in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh, takes its name from a town in the parish and barony of same name in county Longford, province of Leinster. Ardbraccan - Site of an ancient abbey, now a parish and village in the county Meath, Ireland. Ardchatten, The Priory of - An Argyllshire house belonging to the Order of Vallis Caulium, or Val des Choux (the Valley of Cabbages), founded by Duncan Mackoul about A.D. 1230 and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. John Baptist. Arden, Edward - An English Catholic, executed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Ardilliers, Notre Dame des - A statue, fountain, and Church of Our Lady at Saumur, France. Aremberg, Prince Charles d' - Definitor-general and Commissary of the Capuchins. (d. 1669) Areopolis - Titular See of Palestine. Archpriest Controversy - Arose in England on the appointment of George Blackwell as archpriest with jurisdiction over the secular clergy of England and Scotland, by the Holy See on 7 March, 1598. Archæology, The Commission of Sacred - Founded in the middle of the nineteenth century for the purpose of promoting and directing excavations in the Roman Catacombs and on other sites of Christian antiquarian interest. Arequipa, Diocese of - Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lima, Peru. Arethas of Caesarea - Born at Patrae, Greece, about 860. Arethusa - A titular see of Syria near Apameia. Arévalo, Faustino - Jesuit hymnographer and patrologist. (1747-1824) Arévalo, Rodríguez Sanchez de - A learned Spanish bishop. (1404-1470) Arezzo - A diocese of Tuscany, in Italy, which is directly dependent on the Holy See. It Argenson, Pierre de Voyer d' - Called the vicomte d'Argenson, chevalier, vicomte de Mouzé, seigneur de Chastres, was the fifth Governor-General of Canada (1657-61), b. 1626; d. 1710. Argentina - A South American confederation of fourteen provinces, or States, united by a federal Constitution framed on the same lines as the Constitution of the United States of America. Argos - A titular see of Peloponnesian Greece, from the fifth to the twelfth century. Argüello, Luis Antonio - Governor of California, born at San Francisco, 1784; died there in 1830. Argyll and the Isles, Diocese of - The Diocese of Argyll, founded about 1200, was separated from the Diocese of Dunkeld; it included the western part of Dunkeld, beyond the Drumalban mountain range, together with the Isle of Lismore, in which the cathedral was erected. Argyropulos, John - Humanist, and translator of Aristotle, born at Constantinople, 1416; died at Rome about 1486. Ariano - Diocese in the Archdiocese of Beneventum. Arias, Francis - Writer of ascetical treatises, born at Seville in Spain, 1533, died in that place, 15 May, 1605. Arias de Avila, Pedro - A Spanish knight from Segovia, b. about the middle of the fifteenth century; d. at Leon, 1530. Arias Montanus, Benedictus - Orientalist, exegete, and editor of the "Antwerp Polyglot", born at Frejenal de la Sierra in Estremadura, Spain, 1527; died at Seville, 1598. Ariassus - A titular see of Pamphylia in Asia Minor. Aribo - Archbishop of Mainz; date of birth unknown; d. 6 April, 1032. Arindela - A titular see of Palestine. Arles, The Synods of - The first Council of Arles was held in 314, for the purpose of putting an end to the Donatist controversy. Armagh, The School of - The School of Armagh seems to have been the oldest, and down to the time of the Anglo-Norman invasion continued to be one of the most celebrated, of the ancient schools of Ireland. Ariosto, Ludovico - Son of Nicolo Ariosto, Governor of Reggio, and Daria Malaguzzi, born at Reggio in Emilia, 8 September, 1474; died at Ferrara, 6 June, 1533. Aristeas - A name given in Josephus to the author of a letter ascribing the Greek translation of the Old Testament to six interpreters sent into Egypt from Jerusalem. Aristides - A Christian apologist living at Athens in the second century. Aristotle - Philosopher, born at Stagira, a Grecian colony in the Thracian peninsula Chalcidice, 384 B.C.; died at Chalcis, in Euboea, 322 B.C. Arius - An heresiarch, born about A.D. 250; died 336. Arizona - Includes history, population, and government details from early in the twentieth century. Ark, Noah's - The form, very likely foursquare, was not convenient for navigation, but, as has been proven by the experiments of Peter Jansen and M. Vogt, it made the Ark a very suitable device for shipping heavy cargoes and floating upon the waves without rolling or pitching. Ark of the Covenant - A kind of chest, measuring two cubits and a half in length, a cubit and a half in breadth, and a cubit and a half in height. Arkansas - Includes history, climate, government, education, and Catholic information. Arnold of Brescia - Born at Brescia towards the end of the eleventh century, date of death uncertain. Agreda, Maria de - Franciscan mystic. (1602-1665) Arlegui, Fray José - A Spaniard from Biscay, first attached to the Franciscan province of Cantabria, then transferred to Zacatecas in Mexico. Armada, The Spanish - A fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the long series of English aggressions against the colonies and possessions of the Spanish Crown. Armagh - Archdiocese founded by St. Patrick about 445, as the primatial and metropolitan see of Ireland. Armagnac, Georges d' - French cardinal and diplomatist, b. c. 1501; d. 2 June, 1585. Armellino, Mariano - Benedictine historian. (1657-1737) Armenia - A mountainous region of Western Asia occupying a somewhat indefinite area to the southeast of the Black Sea. Armenierstadt - A city in the Transylvanian county of Szolnok-Doboka. Armentia, Fray Nicolás - Bishop of La Paz, appointed 22 October, 1901; b. at Bemedo, diocese of Vittoria, Spain, 5 December, 1845. Armidale - A diocese situated in New South Wales. Arminianism - The popular designation of the doctrines held by a party formed in the early days of the seventeenth century among the Calvinists of the Netherlands. Arni Thorlaksson - An Icelandic bishop, b. in Iceland, 1237; d. at Bergen, 1297. Arnobius - A Christian apologist, flourished during the reign of Diocletian (284-305). Arnold - Name of several medieval figures. Arnoldi, Alberto - Italian sculptor and architect, b. at Florence, fourteenth century. Aulne Abbey - A former Cistercian monastery near Landelies on the Sambre in the Diocese of Liège. Arnoldi, Bartholomaeus - Usually called Usingen, after his birthplace, an Augustinian friar, teacher of Luther, and with him inmate of the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt. (1463-1532) Arnolfo di Cambio - Sometimes called di Lapo, the principal master of Italian Gothic, b. at Florence, about 1232. Arnoudt, Peter Joseph - Jesuit spiritual writer. (1811-1865) Arnpeck, Veit - Bavarian historian, b. at Landshut in 1440; d. at the same place about the year 1505. Arnulf of Bavaria - Son of Luitpold of the Agilulfing family and of Kunigunde, and Duke of Bavaria from 907 to 937. Arnulf of Lisieux - Studied canon law at Rome, and wrote in defence of Pope Innocent II a violent letter against Gerard, Bishop of Angouleme. Arras - Diocese comprising the Department of Pas-de-Calais in France. Arras, Councils of - In 1025 a council was held at Arras against certain (Manichaean) heretics who rejected the sacraments of the Church. Arriaga, Pablo José - Jesuit missionary to Peru. (1564-1621) Arricivita, Juan - A native of Mexico in the eighteenth century. Arrighetti, Nicola - Mathematician, b. at Florence and died there in 1639. Arrighetti, Nicolò - A professor of natural philosophy at Spoleto, Prato, and Sienna, b. at Florence, 17 March, 1709; d. 31 January, 1767. Arsenius Autorianos - Patriarch of Constantinople. (d. 1273) Arsinoe - A titular see of Egypt, now Medinet el Fayum. Artemon - Mentioned as the leader of an Antitrinitarian sect at Rome, in the third century. Arthur, James - A Dominican friar, and a theologian of note, b. at Limerick, Ireland, early in the seventeenth century; d. (probably) 1670. Arthur, Thomas - A celebrated Catholic physician of the seventeenth century, born at Limerick, 1593, died c. 1666. Articles of Faith - Certain revealed supernatural truths such as those contained in the symbol of the Apostles. Articles, The Organic - A name given to a law regulating public worship, comprising 77 articles relative to Catholicism, and 44 relative to Protestantism, presented by order of Napoleon to the Tribunate and the legislative body at the same time that he made these two bodies vote on the Concordat itself. Artoklasia - A peculiar service in the Greek Church performed as the concluding part of Vespers. Arts, Master of - An academic degree higher than that of Bachelor. Arts, The Seven Liberal - Chiefly used during the Middle Ages. Doesn't mean arts as the word is understood today, but those branches of knowledge which were taught in the schools of that time. Artvin - A Russian city in the trans-Caucasian province of Kutais. Arsacidæ - It was under the Dynasty of the Arsacids, who ruled the Persian empire from the year 256 B.C. to A.D. 224, that Christianity found its way into the countries watered by the Euphrates and the Tigris. Arundel, Thomas - Sixtieth Archbishop of Canterbury, second son of Robert, Earl of Arundel and Warren, b. 1353; d. 19 February, 1414. Ascalon - A titular see of Palestine. Ascelin - Ambassador of Innocent IV (1243-54) to the Tartars. Ascendente Domino - A Bull issued by Gregory XIII, 24 May, 1584, in favor of the Society of Jesus, to confirm the constitution of the Society, and the privileges already granted to it by Paul III, Julius III, Paul IV, and Pius V. Ascension - The elevation of Christ into heaven by His own power in presence of His disciples the fortieth day after His Resurrection. Ascension, Feast of the - The fortieth day after Easter Sunday, commemorating the Ascension of Christ into heaven, according to Mark 16:19, Luke 24:51, and Acts 1:2. Asceticism - The word asceticism comes from the Greek askesis which means practice, bodily exercise, and more especially, athletic training. Aschbach, Joseph, Ritter von - German historian. (1801-1882) Ascoli-Piceno - Diocese comprising sixteen towns in the Province of Ascoli-Piceno, two in that of Aquila, and two in that of Teramo, Italy. Ascoli, Satriano, and Cirignola - An Italian diocese, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Beneventum. Aseity - The property by which a being exists of and from itself. Aseneth - The daughter of Putiphare (Poti-phera), priest of On. Asgaard - Enclosure, garden; the Garden of the Gods. Ashby, George - Martyred English monk. (d. 1537) Ashby, Thomas - Suffered at Tyburn, 29 March, 1544. Ashes - A number of passages in the Old Testament connect ashes with mourning. Ashton, John - An early Jesuit missionary in Maryland; born in Ireland, 1742; died in Maryland, 1814, or 1815. Asiongaber - More properly Ezion-geber, a city of Idumea, situated on the northern extremity of the Ælanitic Gulf, now called the Gulf of Akabah. Aske, Robert - English insurgent. (d. 1537) Asmodeus - Demon mentioned in the Book of Tobias. Aspendus - A titular see of Pamphylia in Asia Minor. Asperges - The rite of sprinkling the congregation with holy water before the principal Mass on Sunday. Aspilcueta, Martin - Spanish canonist and moral theologian. (1491-1586) Arts, Bachelor of - A degree marking the completion of the traditional curriculum of the college. Ass in Caricature of Christians, The - The calumny of onolatry, or ass-worship, attributed by Tacitus and other writers to the Jews, was afterwards, by the hatred of the latter, transferred to the Christians. Assam - A Prefecture Apostolic in the ecclesiastical province of Calcutta, India, established in 1889. Assemblies of the French Clergy - Meetings of the Clergy of France for the purpose of apportioning the financial burdens laid upon the Church by the kings of France, and incidentally for other ecclesiastical purposes. Asser, John - A learned monk of St David's, Menevia, b. in Pembrokeshire; d. probably, 910. Asses, Feast of - The feast dates from the eleventh century, though the source which suggested it is much older. Assessor of the Holy Office - An official of the Congregation of the Inquisition. Assessors - In ecclesiastical law, learned persons who function is to counsel a judge with whom they are associated in the trial of causes. Assideans - The maintainers of the Mosaic Law against the invasion of Greek customs. Assimilation, Physiological - The vital function by which an organism changes nutrient material into living protoplasm. Assimilation, Psychological - As applied to a mental process, assimilation derives all its force and meaning from the analogy which many educationists have found to exist between the way in which food is incorporated into the living tissue and the manner in which truth is acquired by the growing mind. Assisi - Diocese in Umbria. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne - Those prelates who belong to the Papal Chapel and hold toward the Pope much the same relation as cathedral canons do to the bishop. Assizes of Jerusalem - The code of laws enacted by the Crusaders for the government of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Assmayer, Ignaz - An Austrian musician, born at Salzburg, 11 February, 1790; died in Vienna, 31 August, 1862. Association, Right of Voluntary - Any group of individuals freely united for the pursuit of a common end. Association of Ideas - A principle in psychology to account for the succession of mental states. Association of Priestly Perseverance - A sacerdotal association founded in 1868 at Vienna, and at first confined to that Archdiocese. Arts, The Faculty of - One of the four traditional divisions of the teaching body of the university. Associations, Pious - Under this term are comprehended all those organizations, approved and indulgenced by Church authority, which have been instituted especially in recent times, for the advancement of various works of piety and charity. Assuerus - The name of two different persons in the Bible. Arundell - Thomas, first Lord Arundell of Wardour. Assumption, Little Sisters of the - A congregation whose work is the nursing of the sick poor in their own homes. Assumption, Sisters of the - A congregation of French nuns devoted to the teaching of young girls. Assur - Titular See - A titular see of Proconsular Africa, now Henchir-Zenfour. Assur - Three definitions. Ashton, Venerable Roger - Martyr, third son of Richard Ashton of Croston, in Lancashire. Hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn, 23 June, 1592. Assyria - Includes geographical and historical information. Asterisk - This is a utensil for the Liturgy according to the Greek Rite, which is not used in Roman Rite. Asterius - Name of several prominent persons in early Christian history. Asti - One of the divisions of the province of Alexandria, and suffragan of Turin. Aston - The name of several English Catholics of prominence. Astorga - Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Valladolid. Astrology - The supposed science which determines the influence of the stars, especially of the five older planets, on the fate of man. Astronomy - Divided into two main branches, astrometry and astrophysics; the former concerned with determining the places of the investigation of the heavenly bodies, the latter, with the investigation of their chemical and physical nature. Astronomy in the Bible - Includes examples of Old and New Testament references. Asia - Article intended to give a rapid survey of the geography, ethnography, political and religious history of Asia, and especially of the rise, progress, and actual condition of Asiatic Christianity and Catholicism. Astros, Paul-Thérèse-David d' - French cardinal. (1772-1851) Astruc, Jean - Son of a converted Protestant minister. (1684-1766) Atahuallpa - Son of the Inca war chief Huayna Capac and an Indian woman from Quito. Asia Minor - The peninsular mass that the Asiatic continent projects westward of an imaginary line running from the Gulf of Alexandretta (Issus) on the Mediterranean to the vicinity of Trebizond (Trapezus) on the Black Sea. Atahualpa, Jean Santos - Claimed to have been sent by God to drive the Spaniards from western South America. Atavism - Duchesne introduced the word to designate those cases in which species revert spontaneously to what are presumably long-lost characters. Athabasca, Vicariate Apostolic of - Suffragan of Saint Boniface; erected 8 April, 1862, by Pius IX. Athanasian Creed, The - One of the symbols of the Faith approved by the Church and given a place in her liturgy. Atheism - That system of thought which is formally opposed to theism. Athelney, The Abbey of - Established in the County of Somerset, England. Founded by King Alfred, A.D. 888, as a religious house for monks of the Order of St. Benedict. Athenagoras - A Christian apologist of the second half of the second century of whom no more is known than that he was an Athenian philosopher and a convert to Christianity. Athens, Christian - History of the Church in Athens. Athens, Modern Diocese of - The majority of Catholics who live within the Diocese of Athens are foreigners, or of foreign descent. Athias, Joseph - Issued two editions of the Hebrew Bible. Atienza, Juan de - Jointly with Father Jose de Acosta, directed the publication of catechisms and textbooks of Christian doctrine for the use of the Indians. Atkinson, James - English Catholic confessor. (d. 1595) Atonement, Day of - A most solemn fast, on which no food could be taken throughout the day, and servile works were forbidden. Atkinson, Nicholas - English priest and martyr. (d. 1610) Assemani - An illustrious Maronite family of Mount Lebanon, Syria, four members of which, all ecclesiastics, distinguished themselves during the eighteenth century in the East and in Europe. Atkinson, Paul, of St. Francis - One of the notable confessors of the English Church during the age which succeeded the persecution of blood. Atkinson, Sarah - Irish philanthropist and biographer. (1823-1893) Atom - Primarily, the smallest particle of matter which can exist. Atomism - The system of those who hold that all bodies are composed of minute, indivisible particles of matter called atoms. Assumption, Augustinians of the - Had its origin in the College of the Assumption, established in Nîmes France, in 1843. Atonement, Doctrine of the - In Catholic theology, the Atonement is the Satisfaction of Christ, whereby God and the world are reconciled or made to be at one. Atrib - A titular see of Lower Egypt. Atrium - An open place or court before a church. Attainder - An Act of Parliament for putting a man to death or for otherwise punishing him without trial in the usual form. Attalia - A titular metropolitan see of Pamphylia in Asia Minor. Attaliates, Michael - Byzantine stateman and historian, probably a native of Attalia in Pamphylia. Atticus - Patriarch of Constantinople (406-425), born at Sebaste in Armenia; died 425. Attigny, Councils of - Several councils held here are detailed. Attiret, Jean Denis - Painter, born at Dole, France, 31 July, 1702; died at Pekin, 8 December, 1768. Atto - A faithful follower of Gregory VII in his conflict with the simoniac clergy. Atto of Pistoia - Bishop of Pistoia. (1070-1155) Atto of Vercelli - A learned theologian and canonist of the tenth century. Attributes, Divine - In order to form a more systematic idea of God, and as far as possible, to unfold the implications of the truth, God is All-Perfect, this infinite Perfection is viewed, successively, under various aspects, each of which is treated as a separate perfection and characteristic inherent to the Divine Substance, or Essence. A certain group of these, of paramount import, is called the Divine Attributes. Athenry - A small inland town in the county Galway, Ireland, anciently called Athnere, from Ath-na-Riagh, the king's ford, or the abode of the king. Attrition - Also called "imperfect contrition." Definition, its relation to sacramental penance, and moral considerations. Attuda - A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor. Aubarède, Jean-Michel-d'Astorg - Canon regular,and Vicar Capitular of Pamiers, born 1639; died 4 August, 1692. Aubery, Joseph - Jesuit missionary in Canada, born at Gisors in Normandy.(1673-1755) Aubignac, François Hédelin, Abbé d' - Grammarian, poet, preacher, archeologist, philologist. (1604-1676) Aubusson, Pierre d' - Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, born 1423; died 1503. Auch - Archdiocese; comprises the Department of Gers in France. Auckland - Diocese comprising the Provincial District of Auckland (New Zealand), with its islets, and the Kermadec Group. Auctorem Fidei - A Bull issued by Pius VI, 28 August, 1794, in condemnation of the Gallican and Jansenist acts and tendencies of the Synod of Pistoia (1786). Audiences, Pontifical - The receptions given by the pope to cardinals, sovereigns, princes, ambassadors, and other persons, ecclesiastical or lay, having business with or interest in the Holy See. Audiffredi - Born at Saorgio, near Nice, in 1734; died at Rome, July, 1794. Audin, J.-M.-Vincent - Writer, born at Lyons in 1793; died in Paris, 21 February, 1851. Audisio, Guglielmo - Devoted himself to historical studies, especially in illustration of the papacy. (1801-1882) Auditor - The designation of certain officials of the Roman Curia, whose duty it is to hear and examine the causes submitted to the pope. Audran - The family name of four generations of distinguished French artists, natives of Paris and Lyons, which included eight prominent engravers and two painters. Auenbrugger, Leopold - An Austrian physician, born 19 November, 1722; died 17 May, 1807. Aufsees, Jobst Bernhard von - Canon of Bamberg and Würzburg, born 28 March, 1671, on the family estate of Mengersdorf; died 2 April, 1738. Auger, Edmond - Entered the Society of Jesus while St. Ignatius was still living, and was regarded as one of the most eloquent men of his time. (1530-1591) Augsburg - Diocese in the Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Munich-Freising. Augsburg, Synods of - Two general imperial synods were held in Augsburg. The first, convened in August, 952, through the efforts of Emperor Otto the Great, provided for the reform of abuses in civil and ecclesiastical life. A similar synod, convened by Anno, Archbishop of Cologne (27 October, 1062), was occupied with the internal conditions of the empire and the attitude of the Church of Germany towards the schism of Cadalus, antipope during the reign of Alexander II. Augustin von Alfeld - One of the earliest and most aggressive opponents of Luther, born in the village of Alfeld, near Hildesheim, from which he took his surname; died probably in 1532. Augustinus, Antonius - Historian of canon law and Archbishop of Tarragona in Spain, born at Saragossa 26 February, 1517, of a distinguished family; died at Tarragona, 31 May, 1586. Augustinus-Verein, The - An association organized in 1878 to promote the interests of the Catholic press, particularly the daily press, of Germany. Augustopolis - A titular see of Palestine, suffragan of Petra. Augustus - The name by which Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus, the first Roman emperor, in whose reign Jesus Christ was born, is usually known; born at Rome, 62 B.C.; died A.D. 14. Aumbry - Its original meaning was a cupboard and it has never lost this more general sense, but even in classical Latin it had of it acquired in addition the special signification of a cupboard of holding books. Aurea - A title given to certain works and documents. Aureliopolis - A titular see of Lydia in Asia Minor. Auriesville - The site of the Mohawk village, Montgomery County, New York, U.S.A., in which Father Issac Jogues, and his companions, Goupil and Lalande, were put to death for the Faith by the Indians. Aurispa, Giovanni - A famous ltalian humanist and collector of Greek manuscripts, born about 1369 at Noto, in Sicily; died at Ferrara in 1459. Aurora Lucis Rutilat - One of the Ambrosian hymns. Ausculta Fili - A letter addressed 5 December 1301, by Pope Boniface VIII to Philip the Fair, King of France. Ausonius, Decimus Magnus - Professor and poet. (310-394) Authentic - The term is used in two senses. It is applied first to a book or document whose contents are invested with a special authority, in virtue of which the work is called authentic. In its second sense it is used as a synonym for "genuine", and therefore means that a work really emanates from the author to whom it is ascribed. Aubermont, Jean-Aontoine d' - Theologian of Bois-le-Duc; died 22 November, 1686. Authority, Civil - The moral power of command, supported by physical coercion, which the State exercises over its members. Authorized Version, The - Historical background on the AV, also called the King James Bible. Autocephali - A designation in early Christian times of certain bishops who were subject to no patriarch or metropolitan, but depended directly on the triennial provincial synod or on the Apostolic See. Autos Sacramentales - A form of dramatic literature which is peculiar to Spain, though in some respects similar in character to the old Morality plays of England. Autpert, Ambrose - An early medieval writer and abbot of the Benedictine Order, born in France, early in the eighth century. Autran, Joseph - French poet, born at Marseilles 20 June, 1813; died in the same city, 6 March, 1877. Autun - Comprises the entire Department of Saone et Loire in France. It was suffragan to the Archdiocese of Lyons under the old regime. Auxentius of Milan - Ordained (343) to the priesthood by Gregory, the intruded Bishop of Alexandria. Auxentius, Junior - Originally Mercurinus, a Scythian, and a disciple of Ulfilas, or Wulfila, of whose life and death he wrote an account. Augilæ - A titular see of Cyrenaica in Northern Africa. Auxerre, Councils of - In 585 (or 578) a Council of Auxerre held under St. Annacharius formulated forty-five canons, closely related in context to canons of the contemporary Councils of Lyons and Mâcon. Aachen - In French, Aix-la-Chapelle, the name by which the city is generally known; in Latin Aquae Grani, later Aquisgranum. Auxiliary Bishop - A bishop deputed to a diocesan who, capable of governing and administering his diocese, is unable to perform the pontifical functions; or whose diocese is so extensive that it requires the labors of more than one; or whose episcopal see has attached to it a royal or imperial office requiring protracted presence at court. Auxilius of Naples - The name (probably fictitious, according to Hefele) of an ecclesiastic to whom we owe a series of remarkable writings (P. L., CXXIX, 1054 sqq.) that deal with the controversies concerning the succession and fate of Pope Formosus (891-896), and especially the validity of the orders conferred by him. Ava - A German poetess, the first woman known to have written in German and probably identical with a recluse of that name who died in Austria in the vicinity of Melk, A.D. 1127. Avancini, Nicola - Chiefly known as an ascetical writer, born in the Tyrol, 1612; died 6 December, 1686. Augusta - A titular see of Cilicia in Asia Minor. Avarice - The inordinate love for riches. Avatar - The word is used, in a technical sense, in the Hindu religion to denote the descent upon earth of a portion of the essence of a god, which then assumes some coarser material form, be it animal, monster, or man. Avaugour, Pierre du Bois, Baron d' - Sixth Governor General of Canada. Ave Maris Stella - The first verse of an unrhymed, accentual hymn, of seven stropes of four lines each, assigned in Roman Breviary to Vespers in the Common office, the Office of Saturdays, and the Little Office (as well as for Feasts) of the Blessed Virgin. Ave Regina - An antiphon so called from its first line, Ave regina caelorum (Hail, Queen of Heaven). Avendano, Fernando - Priest, native of Lima, spoke Quichua. Died 1665, shortly after being named bishop of Santiago de Chile. Aversa, Diocese of - Comprising twenty-one towns in the Province of Caserta and twelve in the Province of Naples, it is under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See. Avesta, The - The sacred books of Parsees, or Zoroastrians, and the main source of our knowledge concerning the religious and spiritual life the ancient Persians. Avesta, Theological Aspects of the - Explores the subjects of God, dualism, angelology, and man. Avicebron - Jewish religious poet, moralist, and philosopher. He was born at Malaga in 1020 or 1021, and died at Saragossa in 1070. Avicenna - Arabian physician and philosopher, born at Kharmaithen, in the province of Bokhara, 980; died at Hamadan, in Northern Persia, 1037. Avignon - Written in the form of Avennio in the ancient texts and inscriptions, takes its name from the House, or Clan, Avennius. Avignon, Councils of - Details of several councils held here. Avignon, University of - Developed from the already existing schools of the city, was formally constituted in 1303, by a Bull of Boniface VIII. Avila - Diocese; suffragan of Valladolid in Spain. Avila, Francisco de - Curate or vicar in the province of Huarochiri of Peru, later curate at Huánaco, finally Canon of the Church of La Plata, in Bolivia. Avila, Sancho de - Born at Avila of the Kings, in Old Castile, 1546, and named after the place of his birth; died at Plasencia, in the same province, 6 or 7 December, 1625. Aviz, Order of - Military body of Portuguese knights. Avranches, Council of - In 1172 (September 27-28) a Council was held at Avranches in France, apropos of the troubles caused in the English Church by the murder of St. Thomas Becket. Avril, Philippe - Jesuit, born at Angouleme, France, 16 September, 1654; died in a shipwreck in 1698. Axum - A titular metropolitan see of ancient Christian Ethiopia. Ayacucho, Diocese of - A Peruvian diocese, suffragan to Lima. Ayllón, Lucas Vésquez de - This Spanish discoverer of Chesapeake Bay, and the first who tried to find a northwest passage from Europe to Asia, date of birth uncertain; died 18 October, 1526. Aylward, James Ambrose Dominic - Theologian and poet, born at Leeds, 4 April, 1813; died at Hinckley (England), 5 October, 1872. Aymará - Tribe of sedentary Indians inhabiting the northern sections of Bolivia. Azara, Féliz de - Spanish naturalist, b. at Barbunales in Aragon, 18 May, 1746; d. 1811. Azarias, Brother - Educator, essayist, litterateur, and philosopher, b. near Killenaule, County Tipperary, Ireland, 29 June, 1847. Azevedo, Luiz de - An Ethiopic missionary and scholar, born, probably at Carrezedo Montenegro, in the Diocese of Braga, in Portugal, in 1573; died in Ethiopia in 1634. Azor, Juan - Professor of philosophy and later of theology, both dogmatic and moral, at Piacenza, Alcalá, and Rome. (1559-1603) Aztecs - A surname applied to the tribe of the Mexica, or Chichimeca Mexitin, which occupied aboriginal Mexico, in more or less contiguous groups, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, when the Spaniards first came into contact with them. Azymes - Unfermented cakes used by the Jews in their various sacrifices and religious rites. Azymites - A term of reproach used by the schismatic Greeks since the eleventh century against the Latins, who, together with the Armenians and the Maronites, celebrate the Holy Eucharist with unleavened bread. Aurelius - Archbishop of Carthage from 388 to 423. Austin, John - An English lawyer and writer, born 1613 at Walpole, in Norfolk; died London, 1669. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, The - The European monarchy whose dominions have for their main life-distributing artery the River Danube, in its course from Engelhartszell, near Passau, to Orsova. South of the Danube lie the Austrian Alpine provinces and the provinces of Carinthia and Carnola; north of the Danube are the Carpathian and Sudetic provinces. Averbode - A Premonstratensian abbey belonging to the circary of Brabant and situated near Diest in the Archdiocese of Malines. Avellino - An Italian diocese in the Province of Naples, suffragan to Benevento. Avempace - Arabian philosopher, physician, astronomer, mathematician, and poet, b. at Saragossa towards the end of the eleventh century; d. at Fez, 1138. Ayeta, Fray Francisco de - A Spanish Franciscan of the seventeenth century. Aymeric of Piacenza - A learned Dominican, b. at Piacenza, Italy; d. at Bologna, 19 August, 1327. Azaria, Aristaces - A Catholic Armenian abbot and archbishop, b. at Constantinople, 18 July, 1782; d. at Vienna, 6 May, 1854. Azores - An archipelago situated in that tract of the Atlantic Ocean which is known to mariners as the Sargasso Sea. Azotus - Three uses, one of the five great cities of the Philistines, the mountain to which Bacchides pursued the Jews in battle, and a titular see of Palestine situated near the seacoast, between Jaffa and Ascalon. Acton, John Francis Edward - Sixth Baronet of the name. (1736-1811) Agrapha - Term for alleged sayings of Jesus, found in ancient Christian writings, not included in the canonical Gospels.