Identities: How Governed, Who Pays? - Universal principles of governance in history, based on the concept of individual and group identity, by H. B. Paksoy. Five Epochs of Civilization - Summary of William McGaughey's "Five Epochs of Civilization", which splits history into four epochs each centered on a key communication technology. The fifth epoch is his prediction of the future. Feminist History of Philosophy - Addresses the male-centric distortions in the main philosophies of history. Friesian School's Philosophy of History - Essays on philosophy of history from the Proceedings of the Friesian School. Summaries of Asian and ancient European philosophies of history. Forrester, Rochelle - Site attempts to explain the causes of historical social and cultural change, featuring articles about the discovery of agriculture, the invention of the steam engine, chemistry, and the nature of reality. Philosophers of History - Summarizes the works of St. Augustine, Kant, Herder, Hegel, Marx, Spengler and Toynbee. Christian Philosophy of History - Comparison between Jacques Maritain and Nicolas Berdyaev's Christian philosophy of history and their impact on the Christian views of history and of mankind's future. Progressive Socialism Philosophy of History - Philosophy of history by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar - founder of the Progressive Utilization Theory (PROUT) also known as Progressive Socialism. Wikipedia Definition - Brief introductory summary of the Philosophy of History. Geoffrey Elton's Philosophy of History - Summary of the historian Geoffrey Elton's philosophy of history. Enlightenment: Objectivist Scholarship - Articles from authors following the method of objectivity. Ibn Khaldun - Life and Work - Summary of the influential Muslim philosopher's work - in the context of his life experiences. Hayden White's "Metahistory" - Summarizes Hayden White's book "Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe", which categories 19th Century historians and philosophers of history. The End of History and the Last Man - Wikipedia - Wikipedia entry for Francis Fukuyama's essay, which challenges the Marxist philosophy of history Hegel's Philosophy of History - Hegel's philosophy of history from a historian's perspective. Karl Popper - Karl Popper's criticism of the belief that history is determined by rules. About.com FAQ - Brief introductory summary of the Philosophy of History. Variations on a Theme: History as Knowledge of the Past - E-text of lectures by George L. Anderson. Philosophy of History: A Guide for Students - M.C. Lemon's introduction to the Philosophy of History, aimed at students of history. Published by the Questia Online Library. Philosophy of History Archive - A Russian site (in English) offering a listing of philosophy of history resources worldwide. Islamic Philosophy of History - Al-Islam site's explanation of the (Shi'ite) Islamic philosophy of history. Miller, John William - Joseph Fell's summary of John William Miller's philosophy. UnderstandingSociety - Links to documents containing Professor Daniel Little's application of the philosophy of science's approach to the philosophy of history. Theory and History - Ludwig von Mises's book "Theory and History: An interpretation of social and economic evolution", which criticizes historicism, scientism and dialectical materialism.